三阴性乳腺癌精准治疗的机遇

三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer ,TNBC）是一类有着极大异质性的疾病,个体间生物学行为差异较大,根据基因表达谱分析,TNBC 细分为生物学行为各异的6 个类别,各类别对不同治疗表现出不同的敏感性。在医疗行业步入精准的时代,寻找TNBC 可治疗的各类靶点对不同类别TNBC 的精准靶向治疗可能具有指导作用。     

精准医学时代三阴性乳腺癌治疗的研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）是指雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人表皮生长因子受体2表达均为阴性的乳腺癌,占所有乳腺癌病理学类型的10%~20%。TNBC术后近期复发率较高,易发生内脏转移,尤其是肺和脑的转移,且晚期化疗效果欠佳。与其他亚型乳腺癌比较,TNBC恶性程度高,预后差,一直是临床研究关注的重点和难点。而在精准医学时代基因检测技术的应用,TNBC的分类更加准确,出现了针对不同靶点的靶向治疗和针对免疫检查点的免疫治疗等多种治疗手段,现就TNBC治疗的研究进展进行综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌的治疗现状及研究新方向

三阴性乳腺癌是乳腺癌的一种亚型,具有易侵袭、复发率高且生存期短的临床特征。局部手术与全身化疗是目前对三阴性乳腺癌主要的治疗手段。化疗毒性反应重,且一旦耐药肿瘤会迅速出现复发转移。目前对三阴性乳腺癌的主要研究方向集中在新靶向治疗、免疫治疗与新内分泌治疗三个方面。本文总结三阴性乳腺癌的研究进展及新的研究方向作一综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌的分子分型及靶向治疗进展

摘 要：三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC )具有高度侵袭性,组织学分级较高,易发生早期复发转移,对于内分泌治疗及HER2靶向治疗往往不敏感。因此准确识别三阴性乳腺癌有效靶点及积极研制新型靶向治疗药物是临床科研中亟待解决的问题。全文就三性阴乳腺癌的分子分型及靶向治疗最新进展作一综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌分子分型与异质性的研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer ,TNBC）是指ER、PR及HER-2 均为阴性的乳腺癌,占乳腺癌15% ～20% 。随着基因组学的发展,乳腺癌的分型已不仅局限于基于免疫组织化学的传统分子分型,其中TNBC 也被认为是一类异质性疾病,其异质性在分子水平、病理学以及临床特征上也各不相同。因此,对TNBC 进一步行分子分型将为靶向治疗带来极大获益,但TNBC分子分型尚无被广泛认可的统一标准,现就最新相关研究做一综述。      

三阴性乳腺癌免疫治疗研究新进展

三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是一种雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)阴性和人类表皮生长因子2(HER-2)低表达的乳腺癌,与其他乳腺癌相比,它的复发、转移率高且临床预后差.免疫治疗作为继手术治疗、化疗、内分泌治疗以及分子靶向治疗之后的又一治疗手段,对于三阴性乳腺癌的治疗具有重大意义.本文就三阴性乳腺癌免疫治疗的研究进展作一综述.     

三阴性乳腺癌基因学分子分型和个体化治疗新进展

目的 三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)作为乳腺癌的一种特殊类型,具有高侵袭性,极易出现局部复发和远处转移.近年来关于TNBC进一步亚分类,并且针对各亚型进行相应靶向治疗的基础研究和临床研究均较多.本研究对国内外TNBC的分子分型和个体化治疗新进展进行综述分析.对国内外三阴性乳腺癌(triple negarive breast cancer,TNBC)的分子分型以及个体化治疗新进展进行综述分析.方法 应用PubMed及CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统,以“三阴性乳腺癌、TNBC、分子分型、治疗”等为关键词,检索2011-01-2016-05相关文献,共检索到英文文献240条,中文文献449条.纳入标准:(1)TNBC的生物学功能;(2)TNBC的分子分型;(3)TNBC的个体化治疗.剔除标准:(1)乳腺癌的分子分型;(2)乳腺癌的个体化治疗.根据剔除标准剔除中文文献130条,英文文献141条,最后纳入分析63篇文献.结果 TNBC从基因学角度分为6个亚型,针对每个亚型均有不同的个体化治疗靶向药物,包括表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)抑制剂、铂类、聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶(poly-AD-ribose polymerase,PARP)抑制剂、蒽环/紫衫、免疫治疗、血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)抑制剂、雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)拮抗剂以及各靶向治疗手段的联合使用.结论 TNBC是异质性疾病,其分子分型的确定对于理解肿瘤的生物学特征和临床行为,以及发展TNBC个体化治疗都是必需的.由于TNBC肿瘤信号通路之间的交联,发展不同靶向药物的联合应用才有望真正的提高该疾病的总生存.     

三阴性乳腺癌分子分型与个体化靶向治疗现状

目的 三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast caner,TNBC)异质性大,恶性程度高,预后差,对内分泌治疗及抗HER2治疗均不敏感.本研究总结TNBC的分子分型及靶向治疗的临床研究进展,以明确TNBC靶向治疗的研究现状和前景.方法 应用PubMed及CNKI数据库检索系统,以"TNBC、分子分型、和靶向治疗"等为关键词,检索2011-04-2016-04的相关文献.纳入标准:TNBC的分型与靶向治疗.根据纳入标准,最后纳入分析66篇文献.结果 根据基因表达谱,TNBC可分为多种分子亚型,主要为"基底细胞样亚型、间充质/间充质干细胞亚型、免疫调节亚型、管腔雄激素受体亚型".TNBC主要的靶向治疗方式分为5大类:针对DNA修复缺陷的靶向药物、酪氨酸激酶抑制相关的靶向药、PI3K-AKT-mTOR通路抑制剂、免疫检查点抑制剂和雄激素受体抑制剂.其中PARP抑制剂、铂类、PD-L1抑制剂、AKT抑制剂的研究均已进入Ⅲ期临床试验;酪氨酸酶抑制相关靶向药物及PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路抑制剂单药使用的价值有限,可能更适宜多药联合或与传统化疗药物联合应用;雄激素受体抑制剂的治疗价值尚需进一步临床试验的验证.结论 TNBC有多种分子亚型,多种靶向治疗药物处于临床研究阶段,其中PARP抑制剂、铂类、PD-L1抑制剂最具有研究前景.     

三阴性乳腺癌分子靶向治疗的研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)是雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)均阴性的乳腺癌,具有独特的病理和分子生物学特性,表现为复发早、进展快、生存期短和预后较其他类型乳腺癌差的特点。除手术治疗外,化疗是其主要的全身治疗手段。目前靶向治疗正逐步应用于乳腺癌的临床治疗中,对TNBC靶向治疗的深入研究,将有助于临床采取有效的治疗方法以提高其疗效。     

三阴乳腺癌化疗的研究进展

三阴乳腺癌(TNBC)因浸润性较强是乳腺癌中预后不佳的一种亚型,其治疗已受到广泛关注,但尚无明确的标准.TNBC在新辅助化疗中可获得12％～48％的病理完全反应率(pCR),高于其他类型乳腺癌,但其pCR在文献报道中波动幅度较大.辅助化疗在早期TNBC中的应用仍存在争议,有学者主张使用不含蒽环类药物的化疗方案.紫杉类、蒽环类等细胞毒性药物仍是目前TNBC解救化疗的主力药物,临床试验显示,联合应用吉西他滨或卡培他滨可延长患者生存期.ADP-核糖聚合酶(PARP)成为TNBC靶向治疗新的研究靶点,对其抑制剂如BSI-201和Olaparib的深入研究有望为临床治疗提供更多有效的选择.     

Targeting triple-negative breast cancer: A clinical perspective

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a disease with often an aggressive course and a poor prognosis compared to other subtypes of breast cancer. TNBC accounts for approximately 10%–15% of all diagnosed breast cancer cases and represents a high unmet need in the field. Up to just a few years ago, chemotherapy was the only systemic treatment option for this subtype (1). To date, TNBC is considered a heterogeneous disease. One of the existing classifications is based on the analysis of mRNA expression in 587 TNBC cases, in which Lehman et al. proposed six subtypes of TNBC as follows: two basal-like (BL1 and BL2) subtypes, a mesenchymal (M) subtype, a mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) subtype, an immunomodulatory (IM) subtype, and a luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype (2). Later studies have demonstrated that the IM and MSL subtypes do not correlate with independent subtypes but reflect background expression by dense infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or stromal cells. According to this finding, the classification of TNBC has been revised into the following four subtypes: basal 1, basal 2, LAR, and mesenchymal subtypes (3). Over the last years, several new strategies have been investigated for the treatment of patients with TNBC. Among them, immunotherapy, antibody drug conjugates, new chemotherapy agents, and targeted therapy have been and are currently being developed. The present article aims to provide an updated overview on the different treatment options that are now available or are still under investigation for patients with TNBC.     

Immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: A literature review and new advances

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly complex, heterogeneous disease and historically has limited treatment options. It has a high probability of disease recurrence and rapid disease progression despite adequate systemic treatment. Immunotherapy has emerged as an important alternative in the management of this malignancy, showing an impact on progression-free survival and overall survival in selected populations. In this review we focused on immunotherapy and its current relevance in the management of TNBC, including various scenarios (metastatic and early -neoadjuvant, adjuvant-), new advances in this subtype and the research of potential predictive biomarkers of response to treatment.     

肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞在三阴性乳腺癌和HER2阳性乳腺癌中作用的最新研究进展

在乳腺癌的所有亚型中,三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）和人表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ,HER2）阳性型乳腺癌的恶性程度较高,越来越多的证据提示这两种亚型肿瘤病灶中肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,TIL）所占百分比越高,患者的预后越好。但TIL并非单一种类细胞,其复杂的内部细胞成分导致在不同亚型乳腺癌患者或接受不同治疗的乳腺癌患者中,发挥的预后预测作用差异较大。本文就TIL的分类,TIL在TNBC、HER2阳性乳腺癌中的作用和TIL相关免疫治疗策略的最新研究进展作一总结。     

Nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: Rationale,clinical data and future perspectives

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for ∼10–20% of breast cancers and is associated with relatively poor prognosis, earlier disease recurrence and higher number of visceral metastases. Despite an increasing understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of TNBC, clinical trials of targeted agents have thus far been disappointing; chemotherapy, in particular with anthracycline and taxanes, remains the backbone medical management for both early and metastatic TNBC. Nab-paclitaxel is a solvent-free, albumin-bound, nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel and represents a novel formulation of an established, effective chemotherapeutic agent. Nab-paclitaxel has been specifically designed to overcome the limitations of conventional taxane formulations, including the barriers to effective drug delivery of highly lipophilic agents. It has shown significant efficacy and better tolerability than conventional taxanes in metastatic breast cancer and is approved for use in this setting. Increasing evidence suggests that nab-paclitaxel is effective in patients with more aggressive tumours, as seen in TNBC. Indeed, results of Phase II/III studies indicate that nab-paclitaxel may be effective as neoadjuvant treatment of TNBC. This article reviews the rationale and evidence supporting a role for nab-paclitaxel in the treatment of TNBC, including ongoing studies such as ADAPT-TN and tnAcity. In addition, the article reviews ongoing research into targeted therapies and immuno-oncology for the treatment of TNBC, and explores the potential role, current evidence and ongoing studies of nab-paclitaxel as the chemotherapy partner in combination with immunotherapy, where the unique properties of this taxane, including the lack of requirement for steroid pre-medication, may present an advantage.     

三阴性乳腺癌新的认识与研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）呈高度异质性,具有独特的危险因素、分子生物学特点、临床表现及预后。TNBC术后易复发且复发后生存率低、治疗方式少。化疗仍然是目前TNBC患者的主要治疗方式。为了提高TNBC疗效,需要不断地寻找新的分子预测标志物及新的药物靶点。     

New therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with poor survival. Of all newly diagnosed patients, only about 20% can benefit from a potentially curative surgical resection, the remaining 80% presenting with unresectable locally advanced (LAPC) or metastatic (MPC) disease. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options for LAPC and MPC patients. Furthermore, despite intensive research efforts to better understand the molecular bases of PDAC and the biological relevance of its tumor microenvironment, treatments still largely consist of classical cytotoxic chemotherapy agents.Several studies of genetic and epigenetic sequencing have demonstrated the existence of 4 molecular PDAC subtypes, with heterogeneous genetic characteristics and different biological behaviour: squamous, pancreatic progenitor, immunogenic and aberrantly differentiated endocrine exocrine (ADEX). These distinct subtypes derive from alterations at multiple levels. Apart from the DNA repair pathway, however, none of these has so far been validated as a clinically relevant therapeutic target.Also, PDAC is unique from an immunological perspective and many studies have recently tried to elucidate the role of intratumoral effector T-cells, RAS oncogene, immunosuppressive leukocytes and desmoplastic reaction in maintaining the immunological homeostasis of this disease. However, there still remains much to be learned about the mechanisms whereby the pancreatic immune microenvironment promotes immune escape of cancer cells. Furthermore, while therapies targeting the stroma as well as immunotherapies hold promise for the future, these are not yet standard of care.This review aims to outline the state-of-the-art of LAPC and MPC treatment, highlighting data on the target therapies failure and current ongoing clinical trials on new promising therapeutic strategies.     

三阴性乳腺癌靶向治疗最新进展

三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是一种特殊类型的乳腺癌,占乳腺癌总确诊的15%~20%。其雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和人表皮生长因子受体(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)表达均阴性,具有独特的生物学特性和临床病理特征,肿瘤异质性很高,临床上具有复发高、转移早和预后差等特点。目前,临床上缺少有效的治疗手段。该综述介绍了TNBC的临床病理特征、分子亚型、几条重要的通路和靶点,以及目前各靶向药物临床试验研究进度,希望为今后TNBC的治疗提供新的临床思路。