乳腺癌前哨淋巴结规范化处理

前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB）标志着乳腺癌淋巴结手术进入微创时代,循证医学I类证据支持SLNB是临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌患者安全、有效的腋窝诊断技术,前哨淋巴结阴性及低肿瘤负荷患者行SLNB替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术后,腋窝淋巴结复发风险和并发症极低。作为乳腺癌区域淋巴结微创诊断技术,SLNB安全有效替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术应建立在规范化操作前提下。目前SLNB在我国早期乳腺癌患者中逐渐趋于规范化和普及化,本文将对临床实践中SLNB的适应证、示踪剂应用、学习曲线掌握、手术规范操作和组织标本处理等问题进行综述。      

乳腺癌伴1～2枚前哨淋巴结转移腋窝外科处理的研究进展

摘 要：乳腺癌腋窝手术对确立临床分期、辅助治疗选择及预后判断均有重要价值。临床淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌,应用前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）确定腋窝淋巴结分期已成为标准。对于前哨淋巴结（SLN）阴性的乳腺癌,腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）可以避免;而对于SLN阳性的乳腺癌,ALND仍是标准的腋窝处理方式。然而,在SLN阳性患者中进一步行ALND后发现,在仅1～2枚SLN阳性患者中,61.4%～64.5%非前哨淋巴结（nSLN）为阴性。已有大量的临床研究探索了特定条件下的1～2枚SLN阳性患者免除ALND的可行性与安全性。全文就乳腺癌伴1～2枚SLN转移腋窝外科处理的相关研究进行综述。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检规范化操作指南（2022精要版）

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤，区域淋巴结状况作为重要的预后指标，可指导患者的淋巴结分期，并对后续治疗策略产生影响。前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB）标志着乳腺癌淋巴结外科处理进入微创时代，但其安全有效替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术应建立在规范化操作前提下。中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会组织业内专家依据循证医学方法制定《乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检规范化操作指南》，内容涉及SLNB适应证、示踪剂选择与应用、组织标本处理、腋窝SLNB、新辅助治疗与SLNB、内乳SLNB。本指南将为乳腺癌相关医务工作者的临床实践提供有益指导和参考。      

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检术的研究进展

新辅助化疗（neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC）为乳腺癌患者的临床分期降期带来可能,使不可手术变为可手术,不可保乳变为可保乳。前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）极大降低了早期乳腺癌患者的腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillarylymph node dissection,ALND）率。目前,由于检出率较低而假阴性率较高,NAC后乳腺癌患者能否采用SLNB方法评估腋窝淋巴结状态仍有争议。本文将针对NAC后解决SLNB检出率低和假阴性率高的方法以及处理腋窝淋巴结等方面进行综述。      

乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结探查术的研究进展

摘 要：前哨淋巴结活检术 (sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB)凭着高安全性、高准确性已成为腋窝淋巴结阴性早期患者腋窝处理标准术式。随着对SLNB深入研究，其示踪技术及临床应用也发生变化。荧光成像、超顺磁性氧化铁等有着更高综合性能的新型技术也逐渐应用于临床。SLNB在新辅助化疗患者中应用一直存在争议，其可行性仍需更多研究验证。此外，有学者尝试开发数学模型评估腋窝状态，筛选部分前哨淋巴结阳性患者避免腋窝淋巴结廓清。近年甚至有研究表明SLNB存在过度治疗可能，现有针对该问题的临床研究尚在进行中，探索免去腋窝淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者腋窝处理的可行性。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术的发展历史及研究进展

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）是一项兼具诊断及治疗目的的外科技术，是近年来乳腺外科领域具有里程碑意义的重大进展之一。作为一种腋窝微创外科术式，在乳腺癌综合治疗效果不断提高的背景下，SLNB在近40年的发展呈现出降阶梯趋势，也从侧面反映出乳腺癌作为一种全身性疾病的生物学本质。首先，米兰SLNB185、NSABP-B32等一系列前瞻性随机对照临床试验证实，SLNB可以作为临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌准确的腋窝分期手段。ACOSOG Z0011、IBCSG 23-01等临床试验结果则进一步丰富了腋窝外科手术降阶梯的概念，前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）阳性的患者手术范围缩小，即SLN低肿瘤负荷患者中，SLNB可以安全替代腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）。随后，SLNB以及由此衍生而来的标记淋巴结活检将腋窝微创手术的可行性人群范围进一步扩展到了新辅助治疗的患者。近年来，以EUBREAST-061为代表的回顾性研究及有限的前瞻性研究数据初步证实了腋窝降阶梯...     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的安全性

循证医学Ⅰ、Ⅱ级证据支持乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）的安全性。本文就SLNB对腋窝淋巴结的准确分期、前哨淋巴结阴性患者SLNB替代腋清扫术后腋窝复发率和并发症、SLNB的放射安全性、SLNB新的适应症进行讨论。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中分子诊断的研究进展

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）能准确反映腋窝淋巴结的状况。前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）已成为临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌患者的标准腋窝处理模式。准确、快速、客观的SLN术中诊断可以使SLN阳性患者通过一次手术完成腋窝淋巴结清除,避免二次手术带来的风险及并发症,为患者和术者节约了时间,降低了手术风险,并减少了二次手术带来的费用负担。近年来,术中分子诊断已成为乳腺癌SLN研究的热点之一。     

前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌保腋窝治疗中的应用

目的：探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术（sentonel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）对SLN阴性者进行保腋窝的可行性。方法：联合应用专利蓝（patent blue-v）和^99mTc标记的硫胶体（^99mTc-Sulphur colloid,^99mTc-Sc）行乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术。对SLN阴性并同意保腋窝者免除腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）,对SLN阳性或虽SLN阴性但不同意保腋窝者仍行ALND。结果：2002年3月～2006年3月入组临床分期T1～2N0M0乳腺癌患者135例,均行SLNB。SLN阳性44例,其中42例行ALND,2例镜下有微小转移灶者仅行SLNB术后加腋窝淋巴结区域放疗;SLN阴性91例（67.4%）,其中的39例仅行SLNB,52例仍行ALND。全组SLNB准确率97.8%（132/135）,假阴性率6.8%（3/44）。全组中位随访43个月（24～72个月）,SLNB保腋窝者术后并发症明显低于ALND者（P〈0.05）,区域淋巴结无复发,ALND者区域淋巴结亦无复发。结论：SLNB保腋窝近期疗效满意具有良好的微创效果。     

前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌保乳术中的应用

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinellymph node biopsy,SLNB）在早期乳腺癌保乳术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析56例pT1.2N0M0期乳腺癌行保乳术＋前哨淋巴结活检术的临床资料。56例SLN阴性,未行腋窝淋巴结清扫术（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）。术后辅以化疗、放疗,激素受体阳性患者行内分泌治疗。结果56例成功施行保乳手术,保乳术后双乳对称。SLNB替代ALND者各项术后并发症少。中位随访时间36个月（1～72个月）,1例发现局部复发,行乳腺癌改良根治术时发现腋窝淋巴结转移;1例发现腋窝淋巴结复发转移。结论SLNB可以缩小手术范围,减少术后并发症,保留腋窝形态,提高保乳质量。     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients: the medical oncology perspective

Recent data indicates that the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a possible alternative to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in early breast cancer patients, with minimal risk of complications. From the medical oncologist's point of view, the impact of SLNB on the management of patients should consider if SLNB is useful to choose adjuvant treatment, if it is adequate to provide local control, and what is the significance of lymph node micrometastases on treatment and staging. Lymph node involvement has always been recognised as the most important prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer, even if many other parameters have been evaluated in recent years. However, the lack of knowledge of nodal status in patients with false-negative SLNB seems to result in an undertreatment in a very low percentage of patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy with tamoxifen are associated with an absolute reduction of the risk of recurrence and death both in node-positive and in node-negative patients, then if patients are treated with modern adjuvant systemic therapy, any effect associated with false negative SLN should be minimised. The impact of axillary treatment on survival is still controversial, but in recent times axillary lymph node positivity is considered as an indicator for high risk of systemic diffusion of the disease rather than a possible origin of systemic metastases. The significance of occult sentinel lymph node metastases detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or molecular biology on prognosis is still uncertain. The new version of the staging system of breast cancer has recognised the need for a standard diagnostic approach and of a nomenclature system which also takes SLNB into account.     

Axillary surgery in breast cancer patients

Surgeons have routinely removed ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes from women with breast cancer for over 100 years. The procedure provides important staging information, enhances regional control of the malignancy and may improve survival. As screening of breast cancer has increased, the mean size of newly diagnosed primary invasive breast cancers has steadily decreased and so has the number of women with lymph node metastases. Recognising that the therapeutic benefit of removing normal nodes may be low, alternatives to the routine level I/II axillary lymph node dissection have been sought. A decade ago sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was introduced. Because of its high accuracy and relatively low morbidity, this technique is now widely used to identify women with histologically involved nodes prior to the formal axillary node dissection. Specifically, SLNB has allowed surgeons to avoid a formal axillary lymph node biopsy in women with histologically uninvolved sentinel nodes, while identifying women with involved sentinel nodes who derive the most benefit from a completion axillary node dissection. Despite the increasing use of SLNB for initial management of the axilla in women with breast cancer, important questions remain regarding patient selection criteria and optimal surgical methods for performing the biopsy. This article discusses the evolution of axillary node surgery for women with breast cancer.     

精准治疗理念下乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结的评估与处理

腋窝淋巴结状态是乳腺癌分期、治疗决策以及预后判断的重要依据。精准医疗时代的到来更突显了腋窝淋巴结状态评估的重要性。除查体、超声等常规检查外,乳腺核磁、PET/CT以及近红外荧光、超顺磁性氧化铁、光声造影剂等新方法也可提供指导,其中前哨淋巴结活检是最重要的检查方法。新的临床证据表明前哨淋巴结阴性和前哨淋巴结1~2枚阳性的患者可以免除腋窝淋巴结清扫。炎性反应指标的比值可能是预测淋巴结转移的有用指标。部分高龄患者可以免除腋窝手术并获得良好预后。本文将围绕腋窝淋巴结的评估方法和处理争议进行梳理和总结,以期为精准治疗理念下乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结的处理提供新的指导。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检的临床意义

目的探讨新辅助化疗后乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的可行性。方法对57例行^99Tc联合亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检术和腋窝淋巴结清扫术乳腺癌患者的资料进行分析,其中31例ⅡB、Ⅲ期患者先行2～3个疗程新辅助化疗后再行前哨淋巴结活检及腋窝淋巴结清扫术,另26例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者直接行前哨淋巴结活检及腋窝淋巴结清扫术。结果新辅助化疗组和非新辅助化疗组平均腋窝淋巴结数、前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）数、SLN检出率、SLN假阴性率均无显著差异（P均〉0．05）。新辅助化疗纽化疗前临床分期在N2以上者,SLN检出率均显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检能准确预测腋窝淋巴结的状况。化疗前的N分期是SLNB检出率的影响因素。     

Controversies and recommendations regarding sentinel lymph node biopsy in primary breast cancer: A comprehensive review of current data

In primary breast cancer, sentinel lymph node biopsy has been established as the gold standard for regional axillary staging. A robust body of randomized data support its accuracy and safety in patients with early, clinically node negative disease. However, the role of SLNB remains debatable in various patient subgroups, and recent advances in histopathology, dedicated axillary ultrasound imaging and chemotherapy regimens, put its role under a new perspective. Herein, we review the current literature data on the indications for SLNB and discuss the challenges in management germane to special patient subgroups and patterns of disease. We also present emerging data on the optimal management of the SLN+ patient, in light of recent trials challenging the dogma of completion axillary dissection after a positive sentinel node biopsy.     

前哨淋巴结活检对乳腺癌外科导航的临床分析

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)对乳腺癌手术导航的临床价值及可靠性。方法 用染料法(1％亚甲蓝)对30例乳腺癌病人进行腋窝前哨淋巴结(SLN)染色切除。术中冰冻切片，术后石蜡切片，并常规行腋窝淋巴结清除术(ALND)。结果 SLN染色成功率96．7％(29／30)，失败1例。SLN阳性10例，后站淋巴结有癌转移6例(60％)，无癌转移4例（40％)。SLN阴性19例，其中假阴性1例，后站淋巴结均无癌转移。SLNB评价：检出率96．7％、准确率93．3％、敏感度90．9％、假阴性率9．1％、假阳性率0。结论 只要提高技术水平，SLN染料着色和检出率都相对较高，对外科术式选择有实际指导意义。相信SLNB取代传统的ALND已为时不远。     

Role of FDG PET-CT in evaluation of locoregional nodal disease for initial staging of breast cancer

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is not indicated or recommended in the initial staging of early breast cancer. Although it is valuable for detecting distant metastasis, providing prognostic information, identifying recurrence and evaluating response to chemotherapy, the role of FDG PET/CT in evaluating locoregional nodal status for initial staging of breast cancer has not yet been well-defined in clinical practice. FDG PET/CT has high specificity but compromised sensitivity for identifying axillary nodal disease in breast cancer. Positive axillary FDG PET/CT is a good predictor of axillary disease and correlates well with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). FDG PET/CT may help to identify patients with high axillary lymph node burden who could then move directly to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and would not require the additional step of SLNB. However, FDG PET/CT cannot replace SLNB or ALND due to unsatisfactory sensitivity. The spatial resolution of PET instruments precludes the detection of small nodal metastases. Although there is still disagreement regarding the management of internal mammary node (IMN) disease in breast cancer, it is known that IMN involvement is of prognostic significance, and IMN metastasis has been associated with higher rates of distant metastasis and lower overall survival rates. Limited clinical observations suggested that FDG PET/CT has advantages over conventional modalities in detecting and uncovering occult extra-axillary especially IMN lesions with upstaging the disease and an impact on the adjuvant management.     

国产亚甲蓝标记乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检64例分析

[目的]评估乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）对预测腋窝淋巴结转移状态的价值。[方法]64例临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发女性乳腺癌，体检无腋淋巴结肿大或虽有肿大而估计非转移性，术中在原发肿瘤周围注射亚甲蓝示踪定位，进行SLNB和腋淋巴结清扫（ALND）。术后对全部前哨淋巴结（SLN）和腋淋巴结（ALN）行常规病理检查。[结果]64例中检出SLN者53例，检出率为82．8％。其中Nn组腋窝淋巴结预测准确度为91.4％，阳性预测符合率100％（5／5）；无假阴性，阴性预测符合率100％（30／30）。N1组准确度仅72．2％（13／18）。腋窝淋巴结肿大不影响SLNB成功率，但降低SLN预测ALN准确度；肿块切检后行SLNB可降低成功率；注射亚甲蓝后60min内解剖SLN不影响SLNB成功率。[结论]在肿块切检前注射亚甲蓝示踪定位，SLNB成功率高，能准确预测（T1，T2）N0M0乳腺癌患者的转移状态。