Factors Affecting Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Men: Systematic Review

BackgroundDespite the high risks associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), the HPV vaccination rate of men is far lower than women. Most previous review studies have focused on female vaccination and related affecting factors. However, previous studies have reported that the factors affecting HPV vaccination differ by gender.ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to identify the factors affecting HPV vaccine initiation in men through a systematic review approach.MethodsA literature review was conducted across 3 central electronic databases for relevant articles. A total of 30 articles published between 2013 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in this study.ResultsIn total, 50 factors affecting HPV vaccination in men were identified, including 13 sociodemographic factors and social structure factors, 12 belief-related variables, 4 family factors, 4 community factors, 14 variables related to needs, and 3 environmental factors.ConclusionsTo increase HPV vaccination rates in men, strategies targeting young males and their families should consider frequent visits to or contact with health care providers so that health care professionals can provide recommendations for HPV vaccination.     

芦山地震灾区疫苗可预防传染病的初步风险评估

目的评估四川省芦山地震灾区疫苗可预防传染病的发生、传播风险,为灾后预防控制（防控）传染病提供有针对性的建议。方法采集2008—2013年4月20日灾区的传染病报告数据,进行回顾性疫情分析;收集疫苗接种率数据和免疫规划服务体系受损情况,分析地震灾害对灾区疫苗可预防传染病发生、传播可能产生的影响;对甲型肝炎（甲肝）等12种疫苗可预防传染病的发生和传播进行风险评估,并提出防控建议。结果芦山地震灾区2012年国家免疫规划疫苗实际接种率可能被高估。震后免疫规划服务体系遭受严重破坏,对疫苗可预防传染病发生、传播造成影响的因素主要有：安置点卫生条件差、疫源动物和媒介昆虫活动变化、人群流动性加大以及免疫规划服务可及性下降等。综合评估甲肝、流行性腮腺炎（流腮）在灾区传播的风险较高,其次麻疹、风疹和水痘易发生局部爆发疫情。结论震后灾区疫苗可预防传染病的防控,应开展甲肝疫苗和麻疹一流腮-风疹联合疫苗的群体性预防接种,做好水痘和流行性乙型脑炎等疫苗储备,加强疫苗可预防传染病的监测和报告,并尽快恢复常规免疫服务。     

Factors that affect voluntary vaccination of children in Japan

Some important vaccinations are not included in the routine childhood immunization schedule in Japan. Voluntary vaccinations are usually paid as an out-of-pocket expense. Low voluntary vaccination coverage rates and high target disease incidence are assumed to be a consequence of voluntary vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to explore factors associated with voluntary vaccination patterns in children. We conducted an online survey of 1243 mothers from a registered survey panel who had at least one child 2 months to <3 years of age. The voluntary vaccination mainly correlated positively with annual household income and mothers’ positive opinions about voluntary vaccinations, but negatively with number of children. Financial support, especially for low income households and households with more than one child, may motivate parents to vaccinate their children. Communication is also an important issue. More opportunities for education and information about voluntary vaccinations should be provided to mothers without distinguishing between voluntary and routine vaccination.     

如皋市甲型肝炎疫苗免疫接种成本效益分析

采用ＷＨＯ推荐的“国民收入法”评价指标，分析研究推广接种甲肝疫苗预防和控制甲肝的成本效益。１９９５～１９９９年如皋市实施甲肝疫苗接种，甲型病毒性肝炎发病率明显下降，测算减少甲型肝炎病人１０７７４例，取得的经济效益为４２４８．９７万元，去除成本后的净效益为３７７９．４６万元，成本效益比为１：９．０５。结果表明，接种甲肝疫苗其经济效益显。     

Social and Behavioral Factors Associated with Lack of Intent to Receive COVID-19 Vaccine,Japan

Persons in Japan who did not intend to receive COVID-19 vaccines after widespread rollout were less likely than others to engage in preventive measures or to be afraid of getting infected or infecting others. They were also not less likely to engage in potentially high-risk behaviors, suggesting similar or higher exposure risks.     

2009～2010年潍坊市6～12岁儿童吸附白喉破伤风联合疫苗漏种补种情况调查

[目的]了解潍坊市吸附白喉破伤风联合疫苗(白破二联疫苗)漏种与补种情况,为降低白喉、破伤风发病提供科学依据。[方法]2009～2010年,对潍坊市1997年1月1日至2002年12月31日出生的儿童进行调查,对未接种者进行补种。[结果]调查目标儿童510 990人,查出漏种白破二联疫苗的240 255人,漏种率为47.02%,补种229 209人,补种率为95.40%。其中常住儿童漏种232 630人,补种221 874人,补种率为95.38%;流动儿童漏种7 625人,补种7 335人,补种率为96.20%。[结论]潍坊市6～12岁儿童白破二联疫苗漏种率较高,本次补种率达到95%以上。     

甲肝减毒活疫苗与麻疹减毒活疫苗联合免疫的实验研究

目的观察甲肝减毒活疫苗与麻疹减毒活疫苗联合免疫对甲肝疫苗免疫学效果的影响。方法对筛选出的甲肝易感者分两组,分别接种国内A、B两厂家甲肝疫苗,一部分接种者同时在对侧上臂接种了麻疹疫苗,一年时所有观察对象均又加强了一剂甲肝疫苗,于每次疫苗接种后24、48、72h观察局部及全身反应。一年半时检测接种对象血清标本中的抗-HAV。结果甲肝及麻疹疫苗接种后未见明显副反应。B厂家苗联合免疫组抗-HAV几何平均滴度(GMT)高于单纯甲肝疫苗接种组,A厂家苗组未见显著差异。结论甲肝疫苗与麻疹疫苗联合免疫安全性好,接种后不会降低甲肝疫苗免疫学效果。     

Vaccinology of poliomyelitis

Vaccinology requires not only an understanding of the fundamental properties of the immune system and specific immunogens, but also the application of basic knowledge to develop effective immunization programmes for particular social, political, and environmental conditions. Two problems exist in the use of oral, live poliovirus vaccine: the occurrence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and the uncertain antibody response in tropical climates. These difficulties can be overcome by the use of killed poliovirus vaccine formulated to be effective with a single dose. Application of basic principles can bring poliomyelitis fully under control in all parts of the world.     

乙脑灭活与减毒活疫苗联合免疫的前瞻性研究

目的　为合理利用乙脑灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗各自的优点 ,降低预防接种反应的发生率 ,提高免疫学效果 ,开展了乙脑灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗联合免疫的前瞻性研究。　方法　对 6～ 11月龄初次免疫且免疫前抗体测定阴性的婴儿用灭活疫苗基础免疫 2针、次年用减毒活疫苗加强免疫 1针 ,追踪观察两年。另设立单一使用灭活疫苗组和减毒活疫苗组作为对照组 ,比较两种疫苗联合免疫与单一使用的免疫学效果。　结果　联合免疫组、灭活疫苗组和减毒活疫苗组基础免疫后的阳转率分别为 82 .3%、89.9%和 83.1% ,经统计学检验 ,差异不显著 (χ2 =3.2 2 ,n=2 ,P>0 .0 5 )。加强免疫后 ,联合免疫组中和抗体阳性率可升至 10 0 % ,与单一使用灭活疫苗组的阳性率 (95 .3% )和减毒活疫苗组的阳性率 (97.4 % )相比 ,差异不显著。　结论　对婴幼儿用灭活疫苗基础免疫 2针与减毒活疫苗加强免疫 1针的联合免疫法有很好的免疫学效果 ,且安全性也较高     

High HPV vaccination uptake rates for adolescent girls after regional governmental funding in Shiki City, Japan

Background

In Japan, the bivalent HPV vaccine was approved in October, 2009 and became available as a non-routine vaccine from December, 2009. While routine vaccinations are free, the cost and responsibility for non-routine vaccinations are left to the individual. In exceptional circumstances regional governments fund non-routine vaccinations. This was the case in Shiki City, Saitama Prefecture, where a high uptake rate for individual (non-school based) HPV vaccination was obtained.

Materials

On January 20, 2010, the mayor of Shiki City announced to the media his decision to vaccinate adolescent girls in Shiki City against HPV. A project team for HPV vaccination was set up in the city's Health Promotion Center. To gain mutual consent for HPV vaccination, senior health professionals, city officials, the head of the board of education, school principals and health-care teachers met several times. The cohort to be vaccinated was 1254 girls aged 12–15 years. Individual notifications were mailed to each girl on April 23, 2010, along with information about the HPV vaccine.

Conclusions

As of April 10th, 2011, the uptake rate for girls aged 15 years old was 90.7% for the 1st dose. The vaccine registry is managed by the health care system of the city. The success of the HPV vaccination program and high uptake rates in Shiki City is a good model for the nationwide HPV vaccination program that started in February, 2011.     

日本居家护理现状的启示和探索

居家护理在日本已经普及,主要服务对象是老年人及身体残疾者,服务地点是家庭。由于日本有一系列的居家护理保障措施,使老年人及身体残疾者在自己的家里接受护理服务,安享晚年。     

大同市儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及影响因素的探讨

为制定有效的免疫措施和策略 ,提高乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种率 ,对大同市 11个县 (区 ) 2 0 0 0年 7月 1日～2 0 0 1年 6月 30日出生的儿童乙肝疫苗接种率及影响因素 ,采用标准组群抽样的方法进行了调查。结果显示 :2 311名调查儿童的乙肝疫苗全程接种率为 71 83% ,首针及时接种率为 18 2 2 % ,全程及时接种率为 15 84 %。首针及时接种率、全程及时接种率均远远低于全程接种率 ;住院分娩儿童的全程接种率、首针及时接种率、全程及时接种率均高于家庭分娩儿童 ;第 1胎的儿童高于≥ 2胎的儿童 ;母亲乙肝防治知识知晓程度良好的高于差的 ;有户口的高于无户口的 ,差异有显著的统计学意义。由此可见 ,住院分娩有利于新生儿乙肝疫苗的接种 ,家长对乙肝防治知识的知晓程度是影响接种率提高的重要因素 ,超生儿童、流动儿童乙肝疫苗接种是今后工作的重点。     

瑞安市流动人口免疫规划接种率及其影响因素调查

目的了解瑞安市流动儿童免疫规划的接种率及其影响因素,为制定有针对性的相关策略提供依据。方法用随机抽样的方法．对居住在全市7个乡镇的2001年以后出生的流动儿童免疫规划接种率与其影响因素进行了调查。结果共调查503名流动儿童．流动儿童家长的文化程度以初中及以下为主．占93．06％;家庭年平均收入5000元以上的占68．98％,5000元以下的占31．02％。流动儿童建证率为89．26％,四苗全程接种率仅为70．78％。家长对目前乡镇预防接种门诊提供服务中所存在的问题中。认为接种对象多、等候时间长和没地方候诊的问题占了42．75％。结论流动儿童的免疫接种已成为制约我市免疫规划工作深入开展的重要因素之一．今后要加大免疫规划工作的宣传力度,提高流动儿童家长的预防接种意识;开展流动儿童的调查和管理。同时充分发挥农村公共卫生服务人员的作用,及时掌握流动儿童的接种信息,提高流动儿童的建卡率和接种率;搞好免疫接种门诊规范化建设以及争取政府支持和各部门的配合,促使流动人口免疫规划管理制度科学化,使实施工作更具体、更有效。     

麻疹疫苗及麻腮风联合疫苗免疫成功率监测分析

目的了解实施扩大儿童免疫规划所用麻疹疫苗及麻腮风联合疫苗的免疫效果,为消除麻疹、控制风疹及腮腺炎疫情提供参考依据。方法对120名8月龄儿童、117名18~24月龄儿童分别在麻疹疫苗及麻腮风联合疫苗免疫前及免疫后4周采集血清进行相关抗体测定。结果 8月龄婴儿的麻疹母传抗体已基本消失,麻疹疫苗初免后易感者麻疹抗体阳转率为100%。117名18~24月龄儿童在麻腮风联合疫苗复种前麻疹抗体阳性率已为99.15%,复种后抗体阳性率为100.00%,复种前麻疹抗体活性量为5 077.11 mIU/ml,复种后麻疹抗体活性量为14 410.57 mIU/ml;风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳转率分别为93.91%和96.46%。结论麻疹疫苗的免疫原性良好,现行的麻疹疫苗和8月龄免疫程序、免疫剂量是可行及有效的;麻腮风联合疫苗的复种是有意义的,它能大幅提高麻疹抗体水平,有效保护儿童免受麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹病毒的侵袭。     

鄂尔多斯市婴儿乙肝疫苗接种率及其影响因素的多元Logistic回归研究

目的了解我市婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫接种率及其影响因素。方法采用整群分层抽样方法,用EPI—data软件处理数据,用SPSS软件统计分析。结果全市婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫接种率99．2％：新生儿乙肝疫苗及时接种率为91．7％。不同出生地点和地区间有显著的统计学差异。在医院出生的新生儿,影响首针接种率的因素主要是低体重儿和早产儿,占所有原因的64．9％。多元Logistic回归研究结果表明,户口状况、文化程度、乙型肝炎知识了解度、产前检查、接种点距离具有极高的相对危险度。结论我市婴儿乙肝疫苗接种率及首针及时接种率近年有了大幅度提高。医院产科医生正确把握注射乙肝疫苗禁忌症、加强对孕产妇进行乙肝知识的宣传是进一步提高新生儿首针乙肝疫苗接种率的关键。     

2016-2020年脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫策略调整后禄劝县脊灰疫苗接种情况调查

目的了解禄劝彝族苗族自治县实施新脊髓灰质炎(简称“脊灰”)疫苗免疫策略后脊灰疫苗接种情况,为推进脊灰疫苗接种提供参考依据。方法2020-12采用多级抽样的方法在云南省免疫规划信息管理系统中抽取禄劝县儿童个案,对个案信息和脊灰疫苗接种信息进行调查,采用SPSS 25.0软件进行χ²检验,以P<0.05有统计学意义。结果调查481名儿童全程接种率为94.49%,基础免疫针次调查接种率达98%以上,加强免疫针次调查接种率为72.92%,IPV占总脊灰疫苗比例41.73%。开展查漏补种工作后,所调查儿童IPV补种率为75%,无脊灰疫苗“零”剂次儿童。结论应进一步加大培训和督导力度,加强大年龄组儿童剂次预防接种管理,落实查漏补种工作,消除空白人群,加强输入性脊灰野病毒和脊灰疫苗衍生病的风险防控管理,巩固无脊灰状态。     

济宁市任城区免疫规划疫苗针对传染病流行特征与监测

目的了解任城区免疫规划疫苗针对传染病流行特征与监测情况，为免疫策略的制定提供科学依据。方法从个案调查表和监测统计报表分析任城区2006—2007年免疫规划疫苗针对传染病发病资料；数据用Excel系统处理。结果脊灰、百日咳、白喉、新生儿破伤风和流脑无发病；乙脑与麻疹发病率在0．15／10万～4．24／10万，呈低水平发病，有明显季节性；肺结核发病率48．87／10万，乙肝发病率高达123．76／10万，以成人乙肝为主，占68．37％，肺结核和成人乙肝依然高发。结论预防和控制免疫规划疫苗针对传染病在继续保持高水平基础免疫或初免接种率的基础上，对发病率高的疫苗针对传染病的重点人群实施针对性有效的免疫策略。     

兰州市城关区儿童家长对免疫规划疫苗知晓度调查及接种率影响因素分析

目的了解儿童家长对免疫规划疫苗接种时间、预防作用的知晓程度及接种的影响因素,探索接种点开展疫苗接种的宣传方式,以便更好地推动免疫规划工作。方法选择常住人口和流动人口数量较大、且相对稳定的城关区,随机选取4个免疫接种站（点）,采用问卷调查及抽样访问相结合的方法。结果家长主要的知晓途径是专业人员宣传以及电视和报纸等传统媒体。家长职业、文化程度对疫苗知识知晓率及接种率有较明显的影响：流动人口对疫苗知识知晓率及接种率明显低于常住人口。结论根据不同人群类型制订不同的宣传方法．加强网络平台的运用。