Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复处理研究进展

主动脉夹层(aortic dissection,AD) 是临床一种死亡率极高的心血管危急重症，是由于主动脉中层破裂,血液通过主动脉内膜裂口,进入主动脉壁,造成正常动脉壁的分离形成血管内假腔。根据夹层病变累及范围，可分为Stanford A、B型，病变累及近端主动脉者称为A型 ；病变范围仅涉及左锁骨下动脉开口以远降主动脉称为 B 型。胸主动脉腔内修复术（throacic endovascular aortic repair，TEVAR）作为治疗 Stanford B 型主动脉夹层的重要选择，已得到全世界的认可。胸主动脉腔内修复术（throacic endovascular aortic repair，TEVAR）作为治疗 Stanford B 型主动脉夹层的重要选择，已得到全世界的认可。随着微创治疗方式和器具的创新，越来越多的弓部病变可采用微创腔内治疗，近年来，“烟囱”技术、“开窗”技术、分支支架技术的发展使得TEVAR治疗累及主动脉弓部病变成为可能。本文就几种常用处理弓部病变腔内技术做一综述。     

Endovascular repair for retrograde type A intramural hematoma with focal intimal disruption in descending aorta

BackgroundThis study aims to report the experience of a single center using thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) to treat retrograde type A intramural hematoma (IMH) with focal intimal disruption (FID) in descending aorta.MethodsA total of 24 consecutive patients with retrograde type A IMH and complicated with FID in descending aorta underwent TEVAR in our center from 2015 to 2020. Their clinical data, imaging manifestation and follow-up results were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.ResultsThe median age of patients was 57.9 years (range, 42–80 years) and 18 were men (75%). As the preoperative CT angiography showed, the 24 patients developed IMH complicated with different kinds of FIDs in descending aorta [5 had intramural blood pool (IBP), 15 had ulcer-like projection (ULP), 2 had penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU), and 5 had localized dissection]. Successful deployment of aortic stent graft was achieved in all patients. There was no endoleak, stent graft migration, spinal cord ischemia, stroke, or 30-day mortality observed after TEVAR. The median duration of follow-up was 30.0 months (range, 3–60 months). As the last follow-up CT angiography showed, most of the patients (23 in 24, 96%) had favorable aortic remodeling. The maximum hematoma thicknesses and maximum diameters of both ascending and descending aorta were significantly decreased. During follow-up, 1 patient developed retrograde type A aortic dissection (RAAD) and underwent open surgery 3 months after TEVAR. 1 patient died of lung cancer 2 years later. There was no aorta-related death observed.ConclusionsTEVAR provides a safe and effective treatment strategy for selected patients with retrograde type A IMH, and FID developed in descending aorta could be the possible treatment target. However, RAAD remains one of the most serious postoperative complications of concern.     

Treatment of thoracic aortic disease using endovascular stent-grafts: from therapeutic indications to possible complications

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a minimally invasive technique which is increasingly used in different thoracic aortic pathologies such as aortic aneurysm, complicated type B aortic dissection, aortic trauma, intramural hematoma and penetrating aortic ulcer. In this paper we discuss the main indications for endovascular stent-grafts in the treatment of thoracic aortic disease, based on three cases in which this procedure was used for three different conditions: degenerative aneurysm, complicated type B dissection and post-traumatic injury. These case reports add to the evidence that TEVAR is a safe and feasible therapeutic alternative in selected patients with thoracic aortic disease, improving aortic remodeling, with relatively low morbidity and mortality. The main complications and difficulties related to the procedure are also discussed.     

胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的 总结胸主动脉腔内修复术（thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR）治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析134例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,分析并发症发生的原因及随访近、远期效果.结果 术前死亡4例,未手术1例,施行TEVAR 129例,手术操作均成功,部分封堵左锁骨下动脉27例（20.9％）,完全封闭左锁骨下动脉12例（9.3％）;Ⅰ型内漏13例（10.1％）,夹层逆剥为Stanford A型1例,低氧血症23例（17.8％）,肾功能衰竭需血液滤过9例（7.1％）,术后精神症状37例（28.7％）,脑梗死3例.随访2个月～5年,随访110例,随访率85.7％,1例术后1年和1.5年出现支架远端夹层,两次手术植入覆膜支架,部分封闭了腹腔干动脉,1例术后2个月时因肠梗阻在外院行手术治疗,1例术后4年时支架远端发生夹层破裂死亡,1例术后3个月突然死亡.Ⅰ型内漏消失11例,持续存在2例.结论 急诊TEVAR治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层安全、可靠,近期效果良好,加强并发症的防治,可进一步改善临床效果.     

Ulcer-like projections into the dilated false lumen after stent-graft placement for aortic dissection: A case report

Rationale:Acute type A aortic dissection and chronic type B aortic dissection (TBAD) occurs simultaneously in rare cases. Although the development of ulcer-like projection (ULP) is associated with an increase in adverse aorta-related events, the false-lumen enlargement caused by the ULP progression is uncommon.Patient concerns:A 72-year-old female with chronic TBAD was admitted to our unit with back and chest pain. Computed tomography revealed acute type A aortic dissection and a hematoma caused by rupturing of the descending aorta due to chronic TBAD. After endovascular intervention, the false lumen thrombosed and shrunk.Diagnosis:After 9 months, a developing ULP, which projected into a dilating false lumen, was found. An impending ruptured descending aortic aneurysm was confirmed.Interventions:Emergency Total arch replacement and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was performed.Outcomes:The procedure was successful. One year later, regular follow-up showed that the false lumen had completely shrunk.Lessons:ULP can arise and cause progressive dilation of false lumen after TEVAR. Careful and regular computed tomography examinations are required for early diagnosis of false lumen becoming thrombosed after TEVAR. Close follow-up and timely intervention, including TEVAR, should be considered in cases of aortic enlargement due to a newly developed ULP.     

Case Report and Review of Literature: Late Retrograde Type A Aortic Dissection With Rupture after Repair of Type B Aortic Dissection with a GORE TAG Endovascular Prosthesis

Acute aortic dissection is the most common catastrophic condition of the aorta. Treatment options include open surgery and thoracic endovascular aortic reconstruction (TEVAR). We present a late Type A dissection as a complication of the management of descending aortic dissections with TEVAR and a review of the literature. TEVAR of the thoracic aorta is a viable treatment option for the management of complicated descending thoracic aortic dissections. Careful patient selection is necessary as medical therapy successfully treats the majority of uncomplicated Type B dissections. TEVAR should be reserved for patients with complicated Type B dissections or those who fail nonoperative management. Close postoperative monitoring is necessary when TEVAR is performed and should be accompanied by lifelong surveillance. A high level of suspicion is important to identify retrograde Type A dissections in these patients given its rarity and the ambiguity of its clinical presentation.     

急性期Standford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术后早、中期随访结果

目的 评价急性期StanfordB型胸主动脉夹层(TAD)腔内修复术后早、中期手术效果.方法 2009年11月至2012年6月完成80例急性期Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层腔内修复术,手术在发病72 h内完成.手术前行胸腹主动脉夹层强化CT检查,在DSA手术室全麻下切开股动脉进行支架置入术,出院前进行CTA检查,手术后半年至一年内复查CTA.结果 14例患者手术后失去随访.5例术后造影提示有Ⅰ型内漏,4例1年内复查消失或造影剂溢出量明显减少,1例手术后仍有明显Ⅰ型内漏,1年后接受再次支架手术成功.其余支架安装后造影显示破口封闭,无内漏.住院期间死亡2例,1例为高龄患者降主动脉破裂,1例为夹层逆行撕裂至升主动脉后破裂.住院期间发生严重低氧血症8例,急性肾功能不全6例,均经治疗后恢复.结论 急性期Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层进行腔内修复术,术后早期并发症发生率高,中期效果理想.     

急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复治疗的疗效评价

目的:评价腔内修复术（TEVAR）治疗急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的中、远期疗效。方法: 2001年12月～2009年6月,对急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层进行血管腔内支架植入治疗患者288（男237,女51）例,年龄21～79（平均51.2）岁。局部或全身麻醉,在 X线透视下将支架型人工血管经股动脉放置在主动脉夹层第1裂口位置,实现腔内修复。应用多排CT等技术进行38个月（6～102月）的随访,观察假腔血栓形成情况、有无内漏、血流动力学变化、移植物位置及形态、内脏动脉供血等情况,评估该方法的安全性及有效性。结果: 全组患者无移植物错放、移位、瘤体破裂、中转手术和截瘫等并发症。围术期死亡6例,分别为:腹腔脏器缺血/再灌注损伤2例、升主动脉逆行夹层1例、夹层破裂1例、心肌梗死1例及死亡原因不明1例。住院期间并发症发生率25.3%,包括术后即刻内漏、发热、肾功能不全、切口感染、肺炎、神经系统并发症、心功能不全、左肱动脉假性动脉瘤、截肢等。随访中共有7例死亡(2.4%),4例患者行二次TEVAR术后治愈。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示5年累积生存率达96%。结论: TEVAR术是治疗急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的一种有效方法,中期疗效满意,患者远期生存状况良好。     

Virtual angioscopy assessment for acute type B aortic dissection endovascular repair

Introduction : Virtual angioscopy 3D reconstruction (VA) based on Multidetector computed tomography (m‐CT) can be an important tool in endovascular aortic repair assessment. Here, we present a case of an acute type B aortic dissection, evaluated with preoperative virtual angioscopy 3D reconstruction (VA). Case Report : A 60 years‐old‐man presented with type B acute aortic dissection. Due to renal malperfusion and uncontrolled hypertension TEVAR and renal stenting was performed based on m‐CT and VA images. Discussion : Aortic dissection endovascular repair requires an accurate evaluation based on M‐CT or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). VA is a CT‐based 3D reconstruction that provides a sort of information comparable to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) that can be very helpful when it is not available and has many other potential applications in vascular surgery. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术后近端Ⅰ型内漏的影响因素分析

目的 探讨DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层患者行主动脉腔内隔绝术（thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR）后近端Ⅰ型内漏的影响因素.方法 对东莞康华医院2009年6月至2014年7月期间83例行TEVAR术的DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.术中及术后分别采用主动脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）以及螺旋三维计算机断层扫描对内漏进行评估.术后随访时间为2-63个月.结果 83例患者中出现近端Ⅰ型内漏10例,术中出现内漏者6例,迟发性Ⅰ型内漏4例.结论 Ⅰ型内漏是TEVAR术的常见并发症,血管因素、移植物的选择以及术者的经验均可影响内漏的发生.     

“杂交”手术治疗弓部主动脉夹层的疗效评价

目的:评价人工血管旁路移植术结合腔内隔绝术的“杂交”手术用于主动脉弓部夹层动脉瘤的治疗效果。方法:对12例破口位于主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者进行了人工血管旁路移植术+腔内隔绝术的“杂交”手术治疗。评价该方法围手术期死亡率、并发症以及术后桥血管通畅率,进行了6~48(28±11)个月的随访观察。结果:全组1例死亡,原因为等待二期腔内手术期间发生动脉瘤破裂。1例患者因并发医源性升主动脉夹层而改行全主动脉弓置换+支架植入术,随访中1例患者出现90%人工血管狭窄,1例患者出现轻度I型内漏,经18月观察无明显变化,其余患者生存良好,未出现截瘫及其他严重并发症。结论:本文所指的“杂交”手术治疗主动脉弓部夹层动脉瘤具有良好效果。     

主动脉夹层合并下肢灌注不良临床治疗分析

目的：探讨主动脉夹层合并下肢灌注不良的治疗经验。方法：南京军区南京总医院2010年1月～2015年5月收治伴有下肢灌注不良的主动脉夹层患者13例,回顾分析其治疗方法及近中期随访结果。结果：所有患者均接受手术,7例B型夹层患者行胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR),其中4例植入裸支架。6例支架释放后造影见原发破口隔绝,真腔扩张,受累髂动脉显影良好。1例术后右下肢缺血坏死行截肢术,后因多器官功能衰竭死亡。6例A型夹层患者,2例术前评估下肢缺血症状明显,急诊行内膜开窗恢复髂动脉血流,二期行杂交手术。其余4例一期行升主动脉、主动脉弓置换 降主动脉覆膜支架植入术,术后造影见下肢动脉恢复真腔供血。术后患者存活12例,下肢缺血症状明显缓解。所有患者均获随访,患者无胸背部剧痛及下肢缺血表现,髂动脉显影良好。结论：主动脉夹层合并下肢灌注不良应尽早干预,主动脉腔内修复术可消除原发破口,恢复真腔血流,改善大部分患者的缺血症状。     

“象鼻”支架术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层胸主动脉腔内修复术后Ⅰ型内漏

目的:回顾应用支架"象鼻"术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)术后Ⅰ型内漏的临床效果。方法:2009年3月至2013年1月,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院,收治的Stanford B型主动脉夹层TEVAR术后Ⅰ型内漏12例患者进行回顾性分析。12例患者均为男性,平均年龄(50.2±6.2)岁,平均身高(171.92±4.98)cm,平均体质量(77.50±8.43)kg,所有患者均无相关家族遗传病史,均有高血压病史,与第一次TEVAR术间隔时间平均34.4个月。支架"象鼻"术均在全麻体外循环下进行。如漏口暴露清楚,可缝闭漏口;如置入支架裸区妨碍象鼻支架缝合,可剪除部分裸露部分金属支架或将置入支架取出;如漏口累及左锁骨下动脉开口,可将左锁骨下动脉近端缝闭,截断左锁骨下动脉,其远端与左颈总动脉行端侧吻合,建立左颈总动脉至左锁骨下动脉转流或8mm人工血管行升主动脉至左腋动脉或左锁骨下动脉转流。于之前置入的支架内置入26~30mm Microport术中支架血管,覆盖内漏破口。术后随访6~48个月,平均6.53个月。结果:12例支架"象鼻"术均为择期手术,其中7例患者漏口位置累及左锁骨下动脉,4例剪除置入支架金属裸区;1例将置入支架取出;3例术中支架血管近端吻合于左锁骨下动脉以远,8例吻合于左颈总动脉与左锁骨下动脉之间;4例同期行左颈总动脉至左锁骨下动脉转流术;2例行升主动脉-左锁骨下动脉转流术;2例行升主动脉-左腋动脉转流术;1例患者因合并二尖瓣关闭不全同期行二尖瓣置换术;1例合并迷走右锁骨下动脉的患者同期行升主动脉-右腋动脉转流术。12例患者手术时间为平均(5.92±1.14)小时,平均住院时间为(21.92±9.14)天,2例患者术后出现围术期并发症,其中1例胸骨哆开,行再次胸骨固定痊愈;1例术前肾功能不全,术后出现急性肾衰竭,经透析治疗后肾功能恢复。本组患者均顺利出院。所有患者术后内漏均消失,术后随访6~48个月,平均6.53个月,均无复发。在术后随访期间,3例患者支架远端病变需再次处理,1例患者术后7个月出现支架感染、咯血、死亡。结论:应用支架"象鼻"术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层TEVAR术后Ⅰ型内漏,有较好的临床疗效,但远期效果仍需进一步观察。     

主动脉腔内修复术对B型主动脉夹层患者肾动脉血流及肾脏功能的影响

目的探讨主动脉腔内修复术对于B型主动脉夹层患者主动脉腔内修复术前、术后肾动脉血流及肾脏功能的影响。方法选择B型主动脉夹层患者110例,根据男性肾动脉受累类型不同分为ⅠA组(单侧或双侧肾动脉均为动力型缺血)10例、ⅠB组(单侧肾动脉为静力型缺血)36例、ⅠC组(双侧肾动脉为静力型缺血)8例;根据男性肾动脉受累数目分为双侧肾动脉未受累(未受累组)20例、单侧肾动脉受累(单侧受累组)38例、双侧肾动脉受累(双侧受累组)34例;根据女性肾动脉受累数目分为双侧肾动脉未受累(未受累组)8例、单侧肾动脉受累(单侧受累组)7例、双侧肾动脉受累(双侧受累组)3例。术前及术后观察双侧肾动脉的缺血情况及肾功能检查指标。并将各项指标进行对比。结果 220支肾动脉中动力型缺血共42支(19.1%);静力型缺血共80支(36.4%),主动脉腔内修复术后肾动脉动力型缺血全部得到显著改善,静力型缺血者可得到不同程度改善。随着肾动脉受累数量的增加,男性或者女性患者的肾功能受累情况呈进行性加重,且术后较术前呈下降趋势。结论对于B型主动脉夹层患者,主动脉腔内修复术能够开大主动脉真腔,提升肾动脉灌注,改善患者肾功能情况。     

Standford B型主动脉夹层累及内脏动脉的腔内重建

目的:探讨Standford B型主动脉夹层累及内脏动脉的腔内重建方法、适应证和疗效。方法:2006年7月至2010年6月共85例Standford B型主动脉夹层患者接受腔内隔绝术,13例累及内脏动脉并引起脏器缺血,其中8例累及肠系膜上动脉,5例累及肾动脉。7例胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)后缺血改善,4例行1期支架重建内脏动脉,2例未予处理。结果:4例支架重建内脏动脉均获成功,无围手术期死亡。随访1～18个月,平均7.5个月,随访率100%;4例重建病例无内脏缺血;2例未处理病例,1例存在慢性肾功能不全,另1例于术后2个月因全身衰竭死亡。结论:正确判断主动脉夹层累及内脏动脉的供血方式、TEVAR术后血供改变情况以及选择适当的处理方式,是保证内脏血供的重要因素。腔内重建内脏动脉创伤小,疗效确切。     

Intravascular iliac artery lithotripsy to enable transfemoral thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is performed with large‐bore delivery systems. Small‐size access vessels may be a contraindication for TEVAR, particularly in case of severe calcifications. In this case report, we describe the first‐in‐man use of intravascular lithotripsy to enable transfemoral delivery of TEVAR stent grafts in a patient with severely calcified iliac arteries. A 69‐year‐old female with multiple sclerosis and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) was referred for percutaneous TEVAR. Both common iliac arteries were severely calcified with circumferential calcifications and a minimum diameter below 5.5 mm. In order to enable percutaneous delivery of 20 French Valiant Navion stent grafts (Medtronic), the circumferential calcified plaques were treated by use of a Shockwave? Peripheral Intravascular Lithotripsy Balloon (Shockwave Medical Inc.). Subsequently, the aortic stent grafts were safely and successfully passed through the iliofemoral artery and the TAA was excluded by TEVAR. Final angiography showed normal flow in the iliofemoral artery without any signs of perforation or overt dissection. This case report demonstrates successful application of intravascular lithotripsy in calcified iliofemoral arteries enabling percutaneous transfemoral TEVAR. If confirmed in future cases and trials, indications for transfemoral TEVAR may further expand toward patients with severely calcified peripheral arterial disease.     

Bentall procedure for retrograde type A dissection after endovascular repair in type A aortic dissection: A case report

Rationale:The management of retrograde type A dissection (RTAD) after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type A aortic dissection (TAAD) has rarely been reported. We report the management of RTAD after TEVAR with in situ fenestration for TAAD.Patient concerns:A 59-year-old man with TAAD had undergone TEVAR with in situ fenestration 4 months prior to presenting to our emergency room complaining of acute chest and back pain. Computed tomography angiography showed RTAD starting from the proximal endograft and extending to the aortic root.Diagnosis:The patient was diagnosed with RTAD.Interventions:We performed only the Bentall procedure, and the patient did not require total arch replacement. We removed the bare spring of the proximal endograft and anastomosed the prosthetic graft with the endograft and the native ascending aortic wall.Outcomes:The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient remained asymptomatic for 3 years after surgery. Computed tomography angiography at the 3-year follow-up showed no perivalvular or anastomotic leakage.Lessons:RTAD after TEVAR for TAAD was safely and effectively treated by anastomosing the prosthetic graft with the endograft and the native ascending aortic wall instead of total arch replacement.     

急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复治疗时机与预后的关系

目的：探讨急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层（AADB）腔内修复治疗时机与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析接受经皮主动脉腔内修复术（TEVAR）的156例AADB患者的临床资料,分为发病至TEVAR时间≤7 d组（G1组）、发病至TEVAR时间为7～14 d组（G2组）和发病至TEVAR时间＞14 d组（G3组）,比较三组术后3个月主动脉修复情况、院内死亡、平均住院时间及住院费用。结果术前三组患者最小真腔直径与最大假腔直径的比值分别为（0.47±0.33）、（0.42±0.18）及（0.47±0.27）（P＞0.05）,术后3个月最大真腔直径与最大假腔直径比值分别为（1.76±0.51）、（1.42±0.30）及（1.34±0.34）,组间两两比较G1组显著大于G2组和G3组（P＜0.05）,G2组与G3组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;术后3个月12例达到主动脉完全修复（G1组8例和G2组4例）;院内死亡患者8例,其中5例因脏器缺血致死,2例因近段夹层形成在术中死亡,1例为不明原因猝死;G1组和G2组的平均住院时间显著少于G3组（P＜0.05）,与G3组相比,G1组及G2组的住院费用减少了20000元/人。结论 AADB早期进行TEVAR术有利于术后主动脉修复,可以减少住院时间及费用且安全性可以接受。     

Short term outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with thoracic aortic diseases

Aim and background

Open surgical repair for thoracic aortic diseases is associated with a high perioperative mortality and morbidity. Most of type B aortic dissections are uncomplicated and are medically treated which carries a high mortality rate. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is the first-line therapy for isolated aneurysms of the descending aorta and complicated type B aortic dissection. The aim of this study is to test the safety of early thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with uncomplicated type B aortic dissection and patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms.

复杂DeBakey III型夹层腔内隔绝术后1年的疗效及其影响因素

目的 观察和分析复杂DeBakey III型夹层行腔内隔绝术（TEVAR）后1年的疗效及其影响因素。方法 搜集2013年1月~2015年7月诊断DeBakey III型患者40例，术后随访1年,分为假腔内血栓完全形成组及部分形成组，两组行对比分析。结果 行多重线性回归分析，假腔内血栓形成与手术时间(B=-0.058,P=0.000)、多发破口(B=-0.031，P=0.032）呈线性相关。假腔内血栓完全形成与手术时间行Pearson分析(r=-0.731,P=0.000)。结论 DeBakey III型患者行TEVAR术后假腔内血栓形成与手术时机的选择、多发破口密切相关。