椎神经节麻醉的应用解剖学研究

目的 观测椎神经节的解剖特征，为临床颈部交感干神经节麻醉提供解剖学依据。方法对30具（60侧）成人大体标本进行解剖，根据出现的形式区分颈中神经节与椎神经节，观测椎神经节的形态、位置、大小及其与周围结构的毗邻关系。结果 椎神经节出现率为83.33%，测得椎神经节长，右侧：男（5.06±2.64）mm，女（4.72±2.56）mm，左侧：男（4.43±2.76）mm，女（4.28±2.43）mm；宽，右侧：男（3.31±1.57）mm，女（2.86±1.96）mm，左侧：男（3.14±0.93）mm，女（3.08±1.56）mm；厚，右侧：男（1.52±1.07）mm，女（1.88±1.56）mm，左侧：男（1.57±0.98）mm，女（2.14±1.21）mm，左右侧椎神经节的长、宽、厚未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。椎神经节的形态多为椭圆形（50%），其主要位于椎动脉起始部稍上方，发出分支与颈胸神经节的节后纤维共同分布于相应部位。两侧椎神经节至颈前正中线的距离及至皮肤的深度相近，无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 椎神经节为颈部交感神经节的一部分，可能为低位颈中神经节，是颈...     

大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带的应用解剖

目的 评估大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位的术式可行性及可能的风险,探讨转位肌腱固定方法。 方法 解剖观察30侧尸体标本的大收肌腱及内侧髌股韧带形态及其周围血管神经等毗邻关系;测量收肌结节至内侧髌股韧带股骨止点距离、收肌结节至大收肌腱移行部距离;并在尸体标本上模拟手术。 结果 大收肌腱长度（收肌结节至收肌裂孔距离）为（105±14）mm（77~129 mm）,内侧髌股韧带轴长长度为（46±6）mm（33~57 mm）,收肌结节至内侧髌股韧带股骨止点距离为（9±2）mm（6~13 mm）,收肌结节至大收肌腱移行部距离为（124±11）mm（102~144 mm）。 结论 长约55 mm的大收肌腱通过转位固定于髌骨内侧缘重建内侧髌股韧带可行,大收肌腱作为重建内侧髌股韧带的供体是一个良好的选择。     

髂腹股沟入路相关解剖学研究

目的：为髂腹股沟入路如何避免易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法：对20侧成尸骨盆标本,按照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果：（1）髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支直径为（2.56±0.72）mm,与耻骨联合的距离为（52.41±8.12）mm。（2）股神经由腰大肌和髂肌间穿出处至腹股沟韧带间的距离为（32.58±3.97）mm,在穿腹股沟韧带处与腹股沟韧带的垂直距离为（14.33±3.00）mm。（3）坐骨神经出骨盆时,与坐骨大切迹的距离为（15.53±3.6）mm。结论：在手术先后显露耻骨上支、髂窝及坐骨大切迹时,注意不要损伤髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支、股神经和坐骨神经。     

新型防神经根损伤双螺纹椎弓根螺钉解剖学依据

目的　通过测量正常人双侧的胸椎及腰椎椎体解剖学参数,为新型防神经根损伤双螺纹椎弓根螺钉的设计提供理论依据。 方法　纳入200例健康志愿者,在仰卧位CT片上测量胸椎T1~12及腰椎L1~5椎弓根螺钉进钉路径的分段长度（椎体段、椎弓根段和椎板段）、进钉外展角及椎弓根峡部宽度和高度。计算各解剖参数的均值和标准差。 结果　纳入胸椎志愿者100人,平均年龄31.21岁,腰椎志愿者100人,平均年龄31.05岁。胸椎组螺钉椎体段长度为左侧（19.09±2.36）mm,右侧（19.77±2.54）mm;螺钉椎弓根段长度为左侧（7.67±1.19）mm,右侧（8.17±1.16）mm;螺钉椎板段长度为左侧（9.94±2.02）mm,右侧（9.06±1.71）mm;进钉外展角为左侧（8.61± 2.57）°,右侧（8.44±2.71）°;椎弓根峡部宽度为左侧（8.44 ± 2.71）mm,右侧（5.95 ± 1.16）mm;椎弓根峡部高度为左侧（11.76±1.86）mm,右侧（11.79±2.24）mm。腰椎组螺钉椎体段长度为左侧（26.99 ± 3.37）mm,右侧（27.06±3.24）mm;椎弓根段长度为左侧（10.00±1.58）mm,右侧（10.37 ± 1.53）mm;椎板段长度为左侧（12.74±2.16）mm,右侧（13.96±2.46）mm;进钉外展角为左侧（16.16±2.93）°,右侧（16.31±3.05）°;椎弓根峡部宽度为左侧（9.72±1.59）mm,右侧（9.45±1.84）mm;椎弓根峡部高度为左侧（14.50±2.83）mm,右侧（14.05±2.39）mm,胸椎与腰椎螺钉椎体段长度、椎弓根段长度、椎板段长度、进钉外展角各参数对比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,T1~L5椎弓根峡部高度分别与椎弓根峡部宽度比较,有统计学差异（P<0.05）。 结论　通过对正常人群胸椎及腰椎椎骨较为细致的相关解剖学测量,可获得设计新型双螺纹椎弓根螺钉的较准确依据。     

带血管蒂大收肌腱转位修复胫侧副韧带的应用解剖

目的：为带血管蒂大收肌腱转位修复胫侧副韧带提供解剖学基础。方法：在７０侧成人下肢标本上解剖观测了大收肌腱和胫侧副韧带的形态、毗邻关系以及前者的血管分布等。结果：①大收肌腱的肌腱部长６．７５±１．２２ｃｍ,平均宽度为９．６±２．０ｍｍ,平均厚度２．２±０．６ｍｍ;②胫侧副韧带长约５．８±１．１ｃｍ,平均宽１１．２±２．０ｍｍ,平均厚度１．２±０．２ｍｍ;③大收肌腱的血供源于膝降动脉的关节支,该动脉参与形成膝关节动脉网。结论：大收肌腱血供丰富,肌腱长,位置靠近,可作为胫侧副韧带损伤修复的供体。     

新鲜标本的下胫腓联合韧带解剖特点及临床意义

目的： 研究新鲜标本下胫腓联合韧带的解剖学特点,为下胫腓联合韧带相关损伤及韧带重建提供解剖学依 据。方法： 选取新鲜胫腓下联合标本,剥离新鲜标本的下胫腓联合的肌、血管及筋膜组织,对下胫腓联合前、后、 横韧带进行解剖学测量,包括胫腓下联合前、后、横韧带的近端长度、远端长度、平均宽度、与水平面的夹角、 冠状面的夹角等相关解剖学数据。结果： 下胫腓联合前韧带近、远端平均长度为（8.51±0.70）mm、（19.03±1.35） mm,平均宽度（15.98±1.17） mm,与水平面、冠状面夹角分别为（42.27±3.43）°、（20.50±4.69）° ;下胫腓联 合后韧带近、远端平均长度为（9.32±0.62）mm、（16.92±1.76）mm,平均宽度（14.36±0.88）mm,与水平 面、冠状面夹角分别为（40.96±3.16）°、（13.10±1.99）°;下胫腓联合横韧带近、远端平均长度为（18.46±2.48） mm、（21.87±2.52）mm,平均宽度（4.56±0.17）mm,与水平面、冠状面夹角分别为（30.60±3.65）°、（13.48±1.60）°。 对左右、男女的下胫腓联合前、后、横韧带的解剖学数据进行对比,差异均无统计学意义。结论： 了解下胫腓联 合韧带各解剖结构及其特点,有助于指导下胫腓联合韧带损伤的修复和重建,帮助外科医生制定手术方案,改善 预后。     

女性骶棘韧带区域应用解剖研究

目的　研究女性尸体标本骶棘韧带（sarospinous ligament,SSL）的解剖特点及其毗邻,为骶棘韧带固定术提供解剖学参考。 方法　对24具女性尸体进行解剖,测量相关参数。 结果　SSL长度右侧为（5.11±0.30）cm,左侧为（5.10±0.36）cm;两侧长度无明显差别。24具尸体阴部管最内侧均为阴部神经,其与坐骨棘距离为右侧（1.51±0.35）cm,左侧（1.61±0.31）cm。SSL薄且坚韧,所有标本的平均厚度约0.2 cm。尾骨肌位于SSL盆腔侧,层厚远大于SSL,且覆盖范围更大,二者联系紧密,重合部分可视为整体。臀下动脉均走行于SSL上缘及以上出骨盆,其中7条经坐骨棘端出骨盆。坐骨神经远离SSL。SSL盆腔面未见重要血管神经束。有少量血管及神经走行于SSL背侧。 结论 行骶棘韧带固定术时应选择离右侧坐骨棘至少1.51 cm、左侧至少1.61 cm处作为悬吊点。     

儿童腹白线下段的纤维构筑

本文在70例(男48,女22)童尸上,观察和分析腹白线下段的纤维构筑。结果发现腹白线下段不仅由两侧腹部斜肌和腹横肌腱膜纤维交织而成,而且也有腹直肌、锥状肌和腹白线支座的腱纤维参与构成,并测量腹白线的长度、宽度和厚度。腹白线厚度在锥状肌顶点与耻骨联合上缘间有明显增厚。     

腹股沟区的应用解剖学研究

目的为临床腹股沟疝修补术提供解剖学资料。方法选取经甲醛防腐固定的40具成人尸体(男30具,女10具),逐层解剖并用三角板、游标卡尺、量角器对其进行测量。结果腹股沟韧带长(12.0±0.5)cm,宽0.6 cm;腹股沟管长(4.7±0.6)cm;腹股沟镰长(2.2±0.8)cm。腹股沟镰表现为四种类型:联合腱型55侧、结合型12侧、腹横肌腱膜型4侧、肌-腱膜混合型9侧。腹壁下动脉的行程异常占11.3%。腹股沟管后壁可分为两层紧贴的筋膜层,并形成一个卵圆形的区域,其纵径长(2.9±0.7)cm,横径(1.4±0.38)cm。结论腹横筋膜深层较浅层薄弱,加强和重建腹股沟管后壁是腹股沟疝手术成败的关键。     

腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节不稳的应用

目的：为带血供腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节不稳提供应用解剖学基础。方法：在１２０侧成人下肢标本对腓骨长肌外踝以上段的形态，血供及神经支配进行解剖观测。并在标本上进行模拟术式设计。结果：腓骨长肌腱平均长男６．９±１．３ｃｍ，女６．５±１．６ｃｍ，宽度男０．９±０．３ｃｍ，女０．８±０．３１ｃｍ；营养血管来自胫动脉的占５７．８％，来自腓动脉的占３６．４％；腓浅神经分支入肌处距腓骨头下方，男１．５±０．５ｃｍ，女１．５±０．４ｃｍ。结论：可以上述血管之一为蒂设计腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节交叉韧带及侧副韧带损伤的术式，术式具有可行性。     

Anatomical and mechanical relationship between the proximal attachment of adductor longus and the distal rectus sheath

The objectives of this study were to investigate the anatomical relationship between the proximal adductor longus (AL) and rectus abdominis muscles and to determine whether unilateral loading of AL results in strain transmission across the anterior pubic symphysis to the contralateral distal rectus sheath. Bilateral dissections were conducted on 10 embalmed cadavers. Strain transfer across the pubic symphysis was examined on seven of these cadavers. An AL contraction was simulated by applying a controlled load in the direction of its proximal tendinous fibers, and the resultant strain in the contralateral distal rectus sheath was measured using a foil‐type surface mounted microstrain gage. Adductor longus attached to the antero‐inferior aspect of the pubis. In 18 of the 20 limbs, the proximal attachment of AL was tendinous on its superficial surface and muscular on its deep surface. The proximal AL tendon was found in most instances to have secondary communications with structures such as the contralateral distal rectus sheath, pubic symphysis anterior capsule, ilio‐inguinal ligament, and contralateral proximal AL tendon. Despite these consistent anatomical observations, strain measured in the contralateral distal rectus sheath upon unilateral loading of the proximal AL varied considerably between cadavers. Measured strain had an average ± 1SD of 0.23 ± 0.43%. The proximal attachment of AL contributes to an anatomical pathway across the anterior pubic symphysis that is likely required to withstand the transmission of large forces during multidirectional athletic activities. This anatomical relationship may be a relevant factor in explaining the apparent vulnerability of the AL and rectus abdominis attachments to injury. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

CT血管造影结合三维重建技术对Corona Mortis动脉的解剖学研究

目的:探讨Corona Mortis(CMOR)动脉的发生率、起源、走行及位置,为骨盆前入路手术提供依据。方法:回顾性研究。收集2018年6月—2020年6月行CT血管造影检查的112例患者(224侧半骨盆)的影像资料,其中男68例、女44例,年龄28～92岁。将患者的CT血管造影影像资料进行三维重建,观察CMOR动脉...     

CT图像和重组技术在骶椎临床影像解剖学研究中的应用

目的 观察骶椎的解剖形态及其与耻骨联合的位置关系,为骶椎正位X线摄影体位的优化设计提供解剖学依据。 方法 回顾性随机收集1000例患者骨盆腔CT影像,借助CT图像重组技术观测骶椎的解剖形态及其与耻骨联合的相对位置关系。 结果 骶椎均为前面凹陷、底朝上、尖向下后方走行,骶椎上下端中点连线M与人躯体长轴之间的夹角A均为锐角,耻骨联合位于骶椎的前正中偏下位置,其与骶椎下缘的连线N和躯体长轴垂线间夹角B>0 °（即耻骨联合上缘低于骶椎下缘的位置）占89.7%（897/1000);青少年组（14~45岁）角A为（35.86±6.88）°,明显低于中年组（46~69岁）（37.82±6.34）°和老年组（>69岁）（37.60±6.65）°（P<0.05）,青少年组角B为（10.27±7.02）°,明显高于中年组（8.88±7.23）°和老年组（7.83±6.93）°（P<0.05）,而中年组和老年组间差异均无统计学意义;男性角A（36.12±0.27）°和角B（6.27±0.25）°,均明显低于女性（38.03±0.33）°和（12.79±0.33）°（P<0.05）。 结论 CT图像重组技术可用于观察和分析骶椎的解剖形态及其与耻骨联合的位置关系,不同年龄段和不同性别者骶椎与耻骨联合的相对位置情况差异显著,可为骶椎正位X线摄影检查体位的优化设计提供可靠的解剖学依据。     

Soft tissue connection between rectus capitus posterior minor and the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: a cadaveric study

This investigation determined the variation, prevalence, tissue-type, and sex bias in the soft-tissue bridge between rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPMi) and the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (PAO). Seventy-five cadavers (27 females and 48 males) were surveyed. When RCPMi was revealed, its superior attachment was detached and the muscle was reflected inferiorly to determine if it was attached to the underlying PAO. If a soft-tissue bridge was identified, the fibers found within the bridge were classified by visual inspection into three categories: tendon-like, muscle-like, and fascia-like. A fourth category of no attachment was also noted. These results show that RCPMi was present bilaterally in 93% of all cadavers surveyed (89% of the female cadavers and 96% of the male cadavers). On the right side, a soft-tissue bridge was present in 67% of males and 78% of females. On the left side, the soft-tissue bridge was present in 69% of males and 82% of females. The number of male cadavers possessing tendon fibers in a soft-tissue bridge was 56% on the right side and 55% on the left side. In females, the number of cadavers possessing tendon fibers in a soft-tissue bridge was 44% on the right side and 64% on the left side. In males, muscle fibers were present in the soft-tissue bridge, 34% on the right side and 36% on the left. In females, muscle fibers were found in the soft-tissue bridge, 43% on the right side and 36% on the left. There were no significant associations of sex and the presence of the soft-tissue bridge and a fiber-type within a soft-tissue bridge.     

A variation of the extensor hallucis longus muscle (accessory extensor digiti secundus muscle)

An accessory muscle adjacent to the extensor hallucis longus muscle (EHL) was observed between the EHL and the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) in the anterior side of both legs of the cadaver of a 72-year-old male, during educational dissection, and it was observed that the tendon of this muscle extended to the second toe. The tendon of this muscle united with the second toe tendon of the EDL. These common tendons appeared before reaching the toe media phalanxes and extended to the related media phalanxes of toe. However, an additional tendon separating from this accessory muscle tendon united with the EHL tendon at the left foot. This accessory muscle, unlike the variations identified to date, is considered to extend to the second toe, and the name ??accessory extensor digiti secundus muscle?? is offered.     

The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus muscle in the Bahraini population

Absence of the palmaris longus muscle has been well documented in several populations at a prevalence rate ranging between 2.2 and 63.9% which varies according to race, sex, and side of the body. There is little documentation of the prevalence of absence of this muscle from populations in the Arabian Gulf region. We examined 1,043 subjects, 3-85 years old, from the Kingdom of Bahrain for the presence or absence of the palmaris longus muscle using the conventional test for the presence of this muscle. Statistical analyses investigated the association of muscle absence with sex, hand dominance, and laterality. The palmaris longus muscle was absent in 36.8% of subjects. Bilateral absence (19%) was more common than unilateral absence (17.9%) with preponderance in female subjects. The muscle was absent more often on the left side than the right (P = 0.003). In the right upper limbs the muscle was absent in female subjects more than male subjects (P = 0.031). This study reaffirms that there is population variation in the frequency of absence of the palmaris longus muscle. The tendon of the palmaris longus bifurcated at the wrist in 7.1% of subjects, with male subjects showing this feature more frequently than female subjects in the right hand (P = 0.037) and the left hand (P = 0.030). This has not been reported before. The clinical significance of our findings is discussed.     

浙西南地区中老年人群肾动脉影像解剖学特征

目的　探讨浙西南地区中老年人群的肾动脉影像特征,为临床肾动脉介入手术提供影像解剖学资料。 方法　抽取浙江省丽水市10个城镇社区常住人口中45~75岁者为研究对象,收集问卷资料,行肾动脉CTA检查,采用西门子FORCE CT行腹部CT增强扫描,观察肾动脉的起源、结构,入肾位置及变异等情况,按性别及侧别进行统计分析。 结果 共纳入3090例,男1447例,女1643例,男性和女性在吸烟、饮酒、身高、腰围、舒张压、脉压、服用高血压药物、服用糖尿病药物方面存在显著性差异（P＝0.00）。男性和女性双侧肾动脉的长度和外径无统计学差异（P>0.05）,肾动脉长度和平均外径左侧为（37.43±13.73）、（6.37±6.6）mm,右侧为（24.52±25.5）、（4.4±2.67）mm。肾动脉与腹主动脉夹角均以大于45 °为主,男性左72.3%,右70.9%;女性左74.8%,右71.8%。肾动脉开口位置集中在第2腰椎和第1腰椎（左L2 67.8%,L1 30.1%）;（右L2 75.9%,L1 20.4%）,肾动脉开口位置均为右侧较高（男56.7%,女56.6%）。肾动脉经肾门入肾为主（男48.5%,女47.6%）。肾血管走形左侧以上斜型为主,右侧以平直型为主,两侧有统计学差异（P＝0.00）。肾动脉变异的发生率男性24.5%（95% CI 22.3% ~26.8%）,女性22.3%（95% CI 20.3% ~ 24.4%）。男性副肾动脉检出率为15.4%（95% CI 13.5% ~ 17.3%）,女性为11.1%（95% CI 9.7%~12.7%）。单侧副肾动脉发生率为15.0%,双侧为3.9%。 结论 运用CT可直观、准确地显示肾动脉结构及其变异情况,男性和女性肾动脉的变异差异较大,术前行肾CTA检查可明确肾动脉结构和变异,有利于肾动脉介入术的顺利开展。     

Sonographic anatomy of the pubic symphysis in healthy nulliparous women

Pregnancy‐related symphyseal pain is a condition commonly encountered by clinicians but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The pubic symphysis is readily visualized with ultrasound, yet the normal sonographic anatomy of the joint has not been accurately documented. This study aimed to describe the anatomy of the pubic symphysis in healthy, nulliparous women using ultrasound. An experienced and inexperienced sonographer scanned the joint in 30 female volunteers (mean age 26 years). Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of ultrasound measurements were examined and the accuracy of these measurements was validated by ultrasound and dissection of six female cadaver pelves (mean age 75 years). In healthy young women, pubic symphysis morphology varied, and six categories of anterosuperior joint shape were defined. Mean values of several anatomic parameters were obtained in supine and standing positions: joint width (widest 10.1 mm, narrowest 2.6 mm); superior pubic ligament (SPL) length and depth (41.4 and 3.4 mm, respectively); and pubic crest length (left 24.4 mm, right 24.4 mm). Statistically significant relationships between SPL width and depth and anthropometric variables (body mass index, pelvic width, and body fat percentage) were established. Larger ultrasonographic measurements, such as wide joint width and SPL length, could be measured more reliably than smaller measurements, such as narrow joint width and SPL depth, in both healthy volunteers and cadavers. Findings from this study provide normative reference data for examination of the pubic symphysis in pregnant women and may therefore be relevant to understand pregnancy‐related symphyseal pain. Clin. Anat. 27:1058–1067, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

青少年骶骨骶髂螺钉钉道增龄变化的数字化评估

目的 通过数字化分析、测量青少年骶骨安全骨性螺钉钉道并观察钉道增龄变化的规律。 方法 收集160名10~17岁健康青少年志愿者骨盆CT扫描数据,三维重建测量S1、S2横向骶髂螺钉最优置钉通道的轴向狭窄处的宽度,测量S1、S2最优钉道经“骶骨经髂骨”（trans-sacral trans-iliac,TSTI）螺钉通道长度,测量S1、S2 TSTI通道投影长短轴长度并观察通道随年龄增长的变化规律。 结果 S1骶髂螺钉安全通道宽度,男性：左（8.96±2.02）mm,右（9.03±2.24）mm;女性：左（8.26±1.96）mm,右（8.37±2.11）mm。S1处TSTI螺钉长度,男性（141.25±5.92）mm,女性（134.37±5.68）mm。S2骶髂螺钉安全通道宽度,男性：左（6.49±1.98）mm,右（6.38±1.88）mm;女性：左（6.21±1.76）mm,右（6.14±1.55）mm。S2处TSTI螺钉长度,男性（126.28±4.94）mm,女性（122.31±5.13）mm。 结论 青少年在S1、S2均存在影像学上安全的骨性髂骶螺钉通道,随着年龄的增长,通道投影长短轴比例逐渐加大,高度的增长速度快于宽度的增长速度。     

喉返神经入喉处的精细解剖学研究

目的　通过对喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve, RLN)入喉处的精细解剖,为临床上甲状腺手术提供有意义的参考标志与数据。 方法　40具甲醛固定的男性成人尸体标本,解剖双侧RLN,以同侧气管侧缘与RLN的交点作为角的顶点,记录双侧RLN入喉处与同侧气管侧缘的夹角,双侧RLN入喉处与第1、第2气管环前上缘的垂直距离,与同侧第1、第2气管环侧缘的水平距离。 结果　（1）分析双侧RLN入喉处与同侧气管侧缘夹角(α),0°≤α＜5°的共21例,占26.25%,5°≤α＜10°的共46例,占57.50%,10°≤α＜15°的共11例,占13.75%,α≥15°的仅2例,占2.50%。左侧的夹角为（6.0±0.5）°（0~21°）,右侧的夹角为（7.0±0.5）°（0~25°）。(2) 左、右侧RLN距第1气管环前上缘的垂直距离分别为：（19.72±0.52）mm,（21.21±0.43）mm;距第2气管环前上缘的垂直距离分别为（20.91±0.49）mm,（21.42±0.39）mm;距同侧第1气管环侧缘的水平距离分别为：（2.96±0.11）mm,（2.96±0.10）mm;距同侧第2气管环侧缘的水平距离分别为：（3.49±0.12）mm,（3.50±0.52）mm。 结论　双侧RLN入喉的角度及在第1、第2气管环的位置较为固定。了解更为精细的RLN入喉处解剖,可在术中更高效且安全的找到RLN入喉处,减少甲状腺手术中对RLN的损伤,从而降低手术并发症的发生率。