Biomarkers in post‐reperfusion syndrome after acute lower limb ischaemia

Ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischaemia. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cytokines are biomarkers involved in several vascular complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MMPs, NGAL and inflammatory cytokines in I/R syndrome. We conducted an open label, multicentric, parallel group study, between January 2010 and December 2013. Patients with acute limb ischaemia were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups: (i) those subjected to fasciotomy and (ii) those not subjected to fasciotomy, according to the onset of compartment syndrome. Plasma and tissue values of MMPs and NGAL as well as plasma cytokines were evaluated. MMPs, NGAL and cytokine levels were higher in patients with compartment syndrome. Biomarkers evaluated in this study may be used in the future as predictors of I/R injury severity and its possible evolution towards post‐reperfusion syndrome.     

Acute and chronic lower limb ischaemia

Limb ischaemia is a common clinical condition that causes considerable morbidity and mortality and represents a major drain on healthcare resources. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the leading cause of both acute and chronic limb ischaemia. Chronic limb ischaemia may also be caused by non-atherosclerotic processes such as arterial entrapment, fibrosis or arteritis. Acute limb ischaemia may be also due to embolism, thrombosis or trauma. Duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography are now conventional forms of arterial imaging, with catheter angiography reserved for intervention. Risk factor modification is extremely important for all these patients, since many will also have significant coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Those with claudication often improve with structured exercise and if symptoms progress they may benefit from angioplasty or stenting. Arterial bypass remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with critical limb ischaemia if they are fit enough for surgery. Acute limb ischaemia is a surgical emergency and can be treated with surgical embolectomy or catheter-directed thrombolysis (depending on local expertise). Patients with irreversible limb ischaemia should be treated with primary amputation or palliation as appropriate.     

不同吻合术式及测定部位对自体动静脉内瘘术后超声流量评估的影响

目的:探讨不同吻合术式及测量部位对自体动静脉内瘘术后超声流量评估的影响。方法:选取2017年12月1日至2018年6月1日在本院行首次自体动静脉内瘘手术的患者30例,按照不同吻合术式分为端端吻合组(10例)和端侧吻合组(20例)。收集患者一般资料,并使用彩色多普勒超声在患者首次内瘘穿刺前,测量计算肱动脉、桡动脉、自体内...     

VAC therapy to promote wound healing after surgical revascularisation for critical lower limb ischaemia

Vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) therapy is a new emerging non‐invasive system in wound care, which speeds up wound healing by causing vacuum, improving tissue perfusion and suctioning the exudates, and facilitating the removal of bacteria from the wound. The application of sub‐atmospheric pressure on the lesions seems to alter the cytoskeleton of the cells on the wound bed, triggering a cascade of intracellular signals that increase the rate of cell division and subsequent formation of granulation tissue. The aim of this study is to analyse the results of VAC therapy used as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of foot wounds in patients affected by critical limb ischaemia (CLI) (Rutherford 6 class) after distal surgical revascularisation, to promote and accelerate the healing of ulcers. Twenty‐nine patients (20 males, 9 females; mean age 68·4) affected by CLI of Rutherford 6 class, after surgical revascularisation of the lower limb, underwent VAC therapy in order to speed up wound healing. Complete wound healing was achieved in 19 patients (65·51%), in an average period of 45·4 ± 25·6 days. VAC therapy is a valid aid, after surgical revascularisation, to achieve rapid healing of foot lesions in patients with CLI.     

原位二次动静脉内瘘吻合术后穿刺效果的回顾性分析

目的 比较原位二次动静脉内瘘(AVF)吻合术后不同时间穿刺的临床效果.方法 选择近年来本院收治的AVF失功能后行原位二次AVF吻合术的血透患者50例,随机分为对照组(n=25,术后即行深静脉临时置管维持正常透析,1个月后再进行内瘘穿刺)和观察组(n=25,术后首次透析即行内瘘穿刺),比较两组患者术后l、3、6、12个月时的AVF血流量及术后12个月穿刺并发症的发生率.结果 两组患者在术后1、3、6、12个月时的AVF血流量均达到230mL/min以上,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);对照组和观察组出现穿刺并发症的总发生率分别为58.3％、17.4％,其中两组假性动脉瘤和内瘘狭窄的发生率分别为20.8％、25％和4.3％、8.6％,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而两组内瘘闭塞、皮下血肿、内瘘感染的发生率分别为4.2％、4.2％、4.2％和4.3％、4.3％、0％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 原位二次AVF吻合术后首次透析即进行内瘘穿刺不仅能确保充足的血流量,如穿刺方法适宜,还可能会减少术后并发症.     

Stem cell therapy for critical limb ischaemia — a review

Critical limb ischaemia is an intractable condition associated with high levels of amputation, leading to a low quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. It is often not treatable by standard therapeutic modalities. Neoangiogenesis has been proposed as a novel method of treatment of such patients. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) have been shown to elicit neoangiogenesis. Stem cells are progenitor cells which can differentiate in vivo into different types of cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cells which have an immunomodulatory effect. Stem cell therapy has been used in animal studies to improve limb vascularity in rat and rabbit models. Several clinical studies have also validated their use for critical limb ischaemia. However many issues are still unresolved. These include the dosage, delivery and safety issues in relation to stem cell therapy. However stem cells are likely to be an important therapeutic modality to treat critical limb ischaemia in the near future.     

经皮机械性血栓清除联合导管溶栓与单纯导管溶栓治疗急性下肢缺血的疗效比较

目的比较PMT联合CDT与单纯CDT治疗急性下肢缺血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年12月苏州大学附属第一医院收治的64例急性下肢缺血患者的临床资料,其中24例行PMT联合CDT治疗(PMT组),40例行单纯CDT治疗(CDT组)。比较两组手术成功率、尿激酶用量、手术时间、溶栓时间、住院时间、住院期间并发症发生率和术后30 d内截肢率、再次手术率及死亡率。结果两组手术均取得成功,技术成功率为100%;PMT组和CDT组的尿激酶用量分别为(56.67±8.16)万U和(106.50±47.56)万U,手术时间分别为(103.33±25.57)min和(72.13±25.74)min,溶栓时间分别为(24.96±12.52)h和(61.20±29.24)h,住院时间分别为(7.13±2.52)d和(9.35±2.65)d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组住院期间并发症发生率(16.7%vs 17.5%)、术后30 d内截肢率(12.5%vs15.0%)、再次手术率(4.2%vs 7.5%)及死亡率(8.3%vs 2.5%)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同缺血时间患者的缺血改善情况,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采取PMT联合CDT治疗急性下肢缺血患者在手术疗效、并发症发生情况结果和单纯CDT相似,但可降低溶栓药物用量、缩短溶栓时间和住院时间。     

人工血管移植动静脉瘘术后超声检测价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对人工血管移植动静脉瘘及其并发症的检测价值.方法 对18例人工血管移植动静脉瘘术后4～6周的患者,应用彩色多普勒超声测量动脉侧吻合口和移植人工血管动脉端内径、峰值流速和血流量,同时对上肢出现不适症状患者进行超声检测.结果 术后4～6周彩色多普勒超声显示吻合口和移植人工血管血流充盈良好,动脉侧吻合口内径、峰值流速和血流量分别为(3.61±0.68)mm、(298.56±93.42)cm/s、(583.62±216.77) ml/min;人工血管动脉端内径、峰值流速和血流量分别为(4.47±0.61)mm、(219.37±68.42)cm/s、(325.23±117.12)ml/min.7例患者手术侧上肢出现不适症状,超声检查发现1例血清肿;3例移植血管血栓;1例假性动脉瘤;2例单纯性皮下组织水肿.结论 超声对人工血管移植动静脉瘘术后人工血管及其并发症的检测有重要的临床应用价值.     

Acute and chronic ischaemia of the lower limb

Limb ischaemia is an important clinical problem due to the high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the UK. The main risk factors are smoking and diabetes mellitus. In young patients, alternative diagnoses of embolus, thrombosis, arteritis, congenital anomaly, fibrosis and traumatic (including iatrogenic) arterial injury must be considered. Intermittent claudication, critical ischaemia and acute ischaemia are clinical diagnoses easily confirmed by ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI) measurement. Non-invasive arterial assessment by duplex, magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomographic angiography are used to confirm the diagnosis and to plan intervention. Angiography is usually reserved for therapeutic intervention. Best medical therapy for PAD includes smoking cessation, aspirin, blood pressure control (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) and statin therapy. These interventions are proven to reduce heart attack and stroke. For claudicants, structured exercise classes improve maximum and pain-free walking distance; in addition, percutaneous angioplasty may be considered if they have a suitable lesion in the iliac, femoral or popliteal arteries. Patients with critical limb ischaemia require intervention to avoid limb loss; arterial reconstruction (angioplasty or bypass) is preferable to primary amputation, as preservation of mobility is an important determinant of quality of life. The acutely ‘threatened’ limb is a surgical emergency and requires immediate intervention, best performed in a specialized vascular unit.     

急性下肢缺血动脉再通后并发骨筋膜室综合征的诊治

目的：探讨急性下肢缺血动脉再通后并发骨筋膜室综合征的临床表现、早期诊治及预后。方法：回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年1月因急性下肢缺血在我科行动脉再通治疗后并发急性下肢骨筋膜室综合征病人的临床资料,包括发病原因、时间、治疗方式、治疗效果、骨筋膜室综合征的处理方法及预后。结果：126例病人因急性下肢缺血行动脉再通治疗,发病至再通时间平均为26h（3h至6d）,其中24例（共27条肢体）并发骨筋膜室综合征而行筋膜切开（包括3例行双侧肢体预防性切开）。21例动脉再通术后延迟切开时间平均为10（5—48）h,其中2例术中行血液透析,1例行术后血液透析。本组3例截肢,2例死亡（包括1例截肢）。结论：骨筋膜室综合征是急性下肢缺血动脉再通后的严重并发症,动脉再通后持续疼痛或疼痛加重伴局部张力升高者应高度怀疑为骨筋膜室综合征,其治疗方法是充分切开4个筋膜腔减压,同时动态监测病人电解质和肾功能指标,维持肾功能和内环境的稳定,必要时应早期进行透析。     

球囊扩张成形术处理透析用动静脉内瘘狭窄性病变及短中期结果

目的:探讨球囊扩张成形技术在治疗血液透析用动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月—2015年12月间采用球囊扩张成形技术治疗的31例血液透析用AVF狭窄性病变患者的临床资料。结果:31例患者中,男18例,女13例;桡动脉-头静脉内瘘27例,桡动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例,尺动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例;均接受球囊扩张技术治疗。28例(90.3%)获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡。1例患者术后出现动脉穿刺处假性动脉瘤,1例患者术后出现AVF血栓形成,1例患者出现前臂皮下血肿,其他所有患者AVF恢复通畅并能够以正常流量进行血液透析治疗。术后随访3~12个月,3、6、12个月初次通畅率分别为92.9%,75.0%,50.0%。结论:球囊扩张成形术处理AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,但其中长期疗效仍有待于进一步改善。     

Diabetes and the outcome of infrainguinal bypass for critical limb ischaemia

Aim: To examine the influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the outcome of infrainguinal bypass operations performed for critical foot ischaemia in Chinese patients. Methods: A prospective audit of 265 consecutive infrainguinal bypass operations. Results: Diabetic patients suffered more frequently from ischaemic heart disease (48%vs 25%, P= 0.001) and tissue loss (90%vs 79%, P = 0.01) at presentation. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent in the non‐diabetic (NDM) group (72%vs 51%, P = 0.001). Arterial segments distal to the common femoral artery were more often used as inflow to bypass graft in DM patients (36%vs 22%, P = 0.02). Operative mortality (seven DM vs one NDM, P = 0.19). Early graft failure (7% in DM group vs 10% in NDM group, P = 0.24), wound infection rate (24% in DM group vs 17% in NDM group, P = 0.21), early limb loss (9% in DM group vs 6% in NDM group, P = 0.66) were comparable. However, hospital mortality was higher in DM patients (8%vs 1%, P = 0.04). DM patients more frequently required further surgical debridement postoperatively (20%vs 9%, P = 0.04). Long‐term, patient survival was inferior in the DM group (43% NDM vs 33% DM at 5 years, P = 0.03). Primary graft patency (46% DM vs 34% NDM at 4 years P = 0.19), secondary graft patency (57% DM vs 47% NDM at 4 years P = 0.14) and limb salvage rate (78%vs 81% at 5 years, P = 0.79) were comparable. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus adversely affects hospital mortality and long‐term survival. Graft patency and limb salvage are not compromised by the presence of DM.     

两种不同吻合方法在前臂动静脉内瘘手术中的随机对照研究

目的 比较间断结节吻合与连续吻合两种不同方法在前臂动静脉内瘘手术中的临床效果,结合文献总结治疗经验,以期进一步提高手术效果.方法 76例施行前臂动静脉内瘘术的患者被随机分为两组:其中间断结节吻合38例,连续吻合38例,两组均采用端-侧吻合.比较两种吻合方法在血管吻合时间、总体手术时间、术后血管通畅度及血管并发症的差异并作统计学分析.结果 血管吻合时间间断结节吻合组平均为(27.4±5.2)min、连续缝合组为(18.4±4.6) min,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);总体手术时间间断结节吻合组平均为(68.6±18.4) min、连续缝合组为(54.8±12.2)min;差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).内瘘成熟后血流量间断结节吻合组平均为(647.6±102.8) ml/min、连续吻合组为(604.8±82.5)ml/min,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后1个月、6个月和1年通畅率分别为间断结节吻合组100％(38/38)、97.4％(37/38)、97.4％(37/38),连续缝合组97.4％(37/38)、94.7％(36/38)、94.7％ (36/38);两组间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 连续吻合建立动静脉内瘘血管吻合时间及总体手术时间比间断结节吻合更短,而近远期通畅率与间断吻合无明显差异,但内瘘成熟后血流量较间断结节吻合小.因此,采用个体化方案决定吻合方式可能对患者更有利.     

Spinal cord stimulation to achieve wound healing in a primary lower limb critical ischaemia referral centre

Critical lower limb ischaemia is a diffuse pathology that could cause claudication, severe ischaemic pain and tissue loss. The common treatment includes modification of risk factors, pharmacological therapy and endovascular or surgical revascularisation of the lower limb to restore a pulsatile flow distally. Spinal cord stimulator is seen as a valid alternative in patients unsuitable for revascularisation after endovascular or surgical revascularisation failure and as adjuvant therapy in the presence of a functioning bypass in patients with extensive tissue loss and gangrene presenting a slow and difficult wound healing. We report our experience on spinal cord stimulation (SCS) indication and implantation in patients with critical lower limb ischaemia, at a high‐volume centre for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease.     

急性下肢缺血130例的临床特点分析和治疗体会

目的探讨急性下肢缺血（ALLI）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年12月收治的ALLI患者的临床资料,根据病因将其分为急性动脉栓塞组（AE组）和急性血栓形成组（AT组）,比较两组起病特点和治疗方法的异同,分析影响保肢的因素。结果共收治130例ALLI,其中AE组82例,发病率略高,合并冠心病、风湿性心脏病、房颤者多,起病情况急,症状重,就诊时间多较短;AT组48例,冬季发病率较高,男性较多,平均年龄大,多有吸烟史,就诊时间相对较迟,并且多数有肢体慢性缺血病史。AE组脉搏消失、运动障碍症状出现率较AT组为高（P值分别为0．001和0．031）,其他症状发生率两组之间差别无统计学意义。死亡9例,死亡率6．9％。一期截肢13例,二期截肢8例,总体保肢率为80．70％（88／109）,AT组的总体截肢率、一期截肢率和二期截肢率均高于AE组（JP值分别为1．0×10-4,4．2×10-3,0．051）。吸烟史、合并糖尿病和起病时间超过24h是影响保肢的独立危险因素。结论ALLI应当尽早治疗,动脉切开导管取栓是治疗急性动脉栓塞的有效方法,而治疗急性血栓形成应尽可能地完善术前评估,选择合适的综合治疗方案,必要时联合置管溶栓和（或）旁路治疗。     

暂时性动静脉瘘在血栓消融术治疗急性深静脉血栓形成中的作用

目的评估暂时性动静脉瘘(arteriovenousfistula,AVF)在Amplatz血栓消融器(Amplatzthrombectomydevice,ATD)治疗急性深静脉血栓形成(deepvenousthrombosis,DVT)中的作用。方法76例急性DVT患者采取ATD血栓消融术治疗,其中50例患者在介入治疗的基础上辅以暂时性AVF。结果1例术后第1天死于肺栓塞。72例术后第1天患肢肿胀明显消退、疼痛缓解。2例术后第7天对侧肢体继发DVT。暂时性AVF通畅率86%(43/50)。术后随访10～42个月,随访率90.7%(68/75)。59例肿胀消失,6例轻度下肢肿胀,1例继发下腔静脉血栓形成,2例死于其他疾病。结论暂时性AVF可提高取栓后静脉的血流量和加快其血流速度,提高静脉通畅率,是ATD的一个有益的辅助手段。     

69例急性下肢缺血的诊治分析

目的探讨急性下肢缺血的治疗方法及预后。方法回顾性分析我科2007年1月～2012年1月治疗69例急性下肢缺血患者的临床资料,其中急性动脉栓塞14例,动脉硬化闭塞基础上继发急性血栓形成50例,血栓闭塞性脉管炎3例,不明原因2例。根据病情采用:动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓8例,人工血管旁路17例;球囊扩张成形/支架置入15例;置管溶栓后进一步行腔内治疗12例;低位静脉动脉化2例;单纯药物治疗9例;I期截肢6例。结果 12例(17.4%)治疗成功,50例(72.5%)治疗好转,1例(1.4%)治疗无效。57例(82.6%)患者获得随访,随访时间3～62(平均26.4)个月,42例症状不同程度改善,7例Ⅱ期截肢,5例死于心、肺疾病。结论急性下肢缺血早期诊断与及时采用合适的治疗方法是治疗成功的关键。     

Prognostic risk factors for recurrent acute lower limb ischemia in patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess factors predisposing patients to recurrent acute lower limb ischemia (RALLI).MethodsAcute lower limb ischemia patients treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) at Tampere University Hospital and Turku University Hospital between March 2002 and December 2015 were included. The patients' baseline demographics, comorbidities, and other characteristics were assessed retrospectively. Significant factors revealed by univariable analysis were tested in a multivariable model for associations with RALLI. A patency analysis was performed, and the risks of reocclusion were identified. The limb salvage rates after reocclusion were evaluated.ResultsAltogether, 303 consecutive patients with a mean age of 71 years (standard deviation, 11.8 years) were included. Of them, 159 (52.5%) were men. A total of 164 (54.1%) native arterial and 139 (45.9%) bypass graft occlusions were initially treated with CDT. On completion of CDT, 204 additional endovascular or conventional surgical procedures on 203 patients were performed to obtain adequate distal perfusion. During a median follow-up of 40 months (interquartile range, 69 months), 40 (24.4%) cases of RALLI occurred in native arteries and 90 (64.7%) in bypass graft patients (P < .001). In native arteries, the absence of appropriate anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication was independently associated with the development of acute reocclusions (hazard ratio, 6.51) in the Cox multivariable regression analysis. The patency rates were 86.6%, 72.2%, and 68.0% at 1 year, 5 years, and 9 years, respectively. In bypass grafts, worsened tibial runoff (crural index III: hazard ratio, 2.40) was independently associated with RALLI. The respective patency rates were 60.5%, 34.0%, and 29.2% for synthetic conduits and 30.8%, 20.5%, and 13.7% for autologous vein grafts at 1 year, 5 years, and 9 years. Altogether, 38 (29.2%) major amputations were performed on patients with reocclusions. Patients with synthetic conduits demonstrated superior limb salvage rates after reocclusion in comparison to native arteries or vein grafts (P = .025).ConclusionsAppropriate post-thrombolytic antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment after native arterial events is of great importance, but additional data are needed to improve treatment algorithms. Adequate outflow in bypass graft patients is crucial. Patients with prosthetic bypass grafts have superior limb salvage rates after reocclusion.