Photobiomodulation does not influence maturation and mildly improves functional healing of mouse achilles tendons

Tendon rupture can occur at any age and is commonly treated nonoperatively, yet can result in persisting symptoms. Thus, a need exists to improve nonoperative treatments of injured tendons. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has shown promise in the clinic and is hypothesized to stimulate mitochondrial-related metabolism and improve healing. However, the effect of PBM therapy on mitochondrial function during tendon maturation and healing are unknown, and its effect on tendon structure and function remain unclear. In this study, near-infrared light (980:810 nm blend, 2.5 J/cm²) was applied at low (30 mW/cm²) or high (300 mW/cm²) irradiance to unilateral Achilles tendons of CD-1 mice during postnatal growth (maturation) as well as adult mice with bilateral Achilles tenotomy (healing). The chronic effect of PBM therapy on tendon structure and function was determined using histology and mechanics, and the acute effect of PBM therapy on mitochondrial-related gene expression was assessed. During maturation and healing, collagen alignment, cell number, and nuclear shape were unaffected by chronic PBM therapy. We found a sex-dependent effect of PBM therapy during healing on mechanical outcomes (eg, increased stiffness and Young's modulus for PBM-treated females, and increased strain at ultimate stress for PBM-treated males). Mitochondria-related gene expression was marginally influenced by PBM therapy for both maturation and healing studies. This study was the first to implement PBM therapy during both growth and healing of the murine tendon. PBM therapy resulted in marginal and sex-dependent effects on the murine tendon. Clinical significance: PBM may be beneficial for tendon healing because functional remodeling improves without adverse effects.     

瘦素对人牙髓干细胞骨向分化作用的实验研究

目的：探讨瘦素（leptin）对人牙髓干细胞（Human dental pulp stem cells,hDPSCs）增殖和骨向分化的影响。方法：采用酶消化法体外培养人牙髓干细胞,分别加阶梯浓度leptin处理,通过四唑盐（MTT）比色试验和碱性磷酸酶（Alkalinephosphatase,ALP）活性测试来检测瘦素对牙髓干细胞体外增殖分化的影响;再将人牙髓干细胞与羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙材料制作为复合体植入免疫缺陷裸鼠,12周后采用组织学和免疫组化方法检测体内生成物。结果：瘦素对人牙髓干细胞细胞增殖无明显促进作用,但leptin能促进人牙髓干细胞碱性磷酸酶的活性表达;体内试验证明leptin可提高牙髓干细胞向成成牙本质细胞分化及生成类牙本质的能力。结论：瘦素对人牙髓干细胞的增殖活性无明显作用,但人牙髓干细胞与羟基磷灰石磷酸三钙制作为复合体,可明显促进人牙髓干细胞骨向分化。     

辛伐他汀对人牙髓干细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的:研究辛伐他汀对人牙髓干细胞(dental pulpstem cells,DPSCs)增殖和成骨分化的影响。方法:将第3代人DPSCs在矿化培养液中诱导培养,同时加入不同浓度的辛伐他汀(1×10-5mol/L、1×10-6mol/L、1×10-7mol/L、1×10-8mol/L),噻唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium,MTT)法检测细胞增殖情况,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性,茜素红染色鉴定成骨分化。结果:各浓度辛伐他汀均抑制人DPSCs增值,辛伐他汀浓度为1×10-5mol/L时,抑制作用最明显。适宜浓度辛伐他汀(1×10-6mol/L、1×10-7mol/L、1×10-8mol/L)促进人DPSCs向成骨细胞分化,其中,1×10-7mol/L的辛伐他汀促进ALP活性的作用最明显。结论:辛伐他汀抑制人DPSCs的增值,适宜浓度的辛伐他汀可有效促进人DPSCs的成骨分化。     

重组人细胞外基质磷酸化糖蛋白对人牙髓细胞体外矿化的影响

目的:探讨细胞外基质磷酸化糖蛋白(Matrix extracellular phosphogl ycoprotein,MEPE)对人牙髓细胞(human dental pulpcells,HDPCs)在体外的矿化能力的影响,从而了解该蛋白在牙齿生长发育过程中的作用。方法:常规方法培养获得人牙髓细胞,实验组中使用的MEPEs的浓度为100μg/L。通过Vonkossa染色观察MEPE对人牙髓细胞矿化的影响。结果:MEPE蛋白能促进人牙髓细胞的矿化。结论:MEPE具有促进人牙髓细胞的矿化的能力,可能在牙齿生长发育过程中起着重要的作用。     

辛伐他汀对人牙髓干细胞成骨活性的影响

目的：研究辛伐他汀对人牙髓干细胞成骨活性的影响.方法：将体外分离培养的人牙髓干细胞分别接种于含有不同浓度辛伐他汀的矿化培养液中诱导培养,测定碱性磷酸酶活性及骨唾液酸蛋白基因的表达情况.结果：与对照组比较,适宜浓度辛伐他汀（1×10^-6mol/L、1×10-7mol/L、1×10-8mol/L）促进人牙髓干细胞的成骨活性作用更为明显,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,当辛伐他汀浓度为1×10-7mol/L时,促进作用最显著.结论：适宜浓度的辛伐他汀可以有效促进人牙髓干细胞的成骨活性.     

The success rate of nasotracheal intubation using lightwand does not depend on the laryngoscopic view

Purpose  

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Trachlight (TL) for nasotracheal intubation and to determine the relationship between the grade of laryngeal view and the subsequent ease of nasotracheal intubation using TL.     

Protein intake does not depend on the dose of dialysis delivered--provided Kt/V is adequate

BACKGROUND: A link between malnutrition and the dialysis dose has been recentlypostulated on the basis of the direct relationship between Kt/Vand nPCR and an increase in dialysis therapy has been also proposedin malnourished patients or when nPCR is less than 1 g/kg b.w.,but the clinical meaning of such a relationship is unclear. DESIGN: Both dietary protein intake and nPCR were simultaneously determinedin a selected population of 35 well-dialysed patients (Kt/V>0.8)and were related to the delivered dialysis dose. RESULTS: No relationship was found between measured Kt/V (1.10 ±0.20) and dietary protein intake (PI, 0.98 ± 0.20 g/kg)and similarly no relationship was evident between the dialysisdose and nPCR (0.99 ± 0.20 g/kg). Although the mean nPCRvalue was similar to that of protein intake, nPCR exceeded proteinintake when PI was less than 1 g/kg b.w. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that if the dialysis dose is adequate,protein intake is a dialysis—independent or patient—dependentvariable. They also show that at least 0.9 to 1.0 g proteinper kg b.w are required to maintain nitrogen balance even inwell-dialysed patients.     

IGF-I does not affect the proliferation or early osteogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal cells

The ability of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of primitive osteogenic precursors (CFU-F) has been investigated in cultures of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) derived from a large cohort of adult human donors. Treatment with IGF-I (0.1-20 ng/mL, days 0-28) had no consistent effect on the number or size of colonies that formed or the proportion of colonies that expressed the developmental marker alkaline phosphatase (AP). At the end of primary culture, similar numbers of cells were harvested from the control and IGF-I-treated groups and there was no detectable difference in the expression of AP (activity or percentage of positive cells) or the developmental marker STRO-1. This was found to be the case whether IGF-I was added alone or in combination with 10 nM dexamethasone (Dx), a known inducer of osteogenic differentiation in this cell culture system. In contrast, cells derived from the same cohort of donors responded to treatment with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) with an increase in the number and size of the colonies that formed, in proliferation and in the number of cells recovered in STRO-1(+)/AP(+) (osteoprogenitor) fraction. Further analysis revealed that the majority of BMSC expressed the alpha and beta subunits of the type 1 receptor for IGF-I (IGF-IR), in the expected 1:1 ratio. Treatment with Dx did not affect the expression of these receptor subunits (percentage of positive cells or number of sites per cell) but did increase the proportion of cells present in the IGF-I(+)/AP(+) fraction. The results of this investigation suggest that the beneficial effects of IGF-I on the skeleton are not mediated primarily via an effect on osteoprogenitor fraction and are thus consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of IGF-I are differentiation dependent and restricted largely to the more mature cells of the osteoblast lineage.     

Rapamycin does not induce anergy but inhibits expansion and differentiation of alloreactive human T cells

BACKGROUND: Studies in mice have shown that rapamycin inhibits cell cycle progression and promotes the development of clonal anergy. We here addressed the question if rapamycin can induce anergy of human T cells and studied the effects of rapamycin on activation, proliferation and expression of cytotoxic effector molecules of alloresponsive T cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals were labeled with CFSE to monitor subsequent cell divisions. Cells were cocultured with allogeneic irradiated cells in the presence or absence of rapamycin. Flowcytometric analysis was performed after staining for surface CD4, CD8, and CD25 and for intracellular perforin, granzyme B, active caspase-3, and TGF-beta. Bio-Plex cytokine assay was done to measure the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma. RESULTS: Addition of rapamycin at a final concentration of 10 ng/ml strongly decreased precursor frequencies of alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, when these cells were washed and subsequently specifically restimulated in the absence of rapamycin, the proliferative capacity appeared normal. Next to lowering precursor frequencies, rapamycin also inhibited T cell expansion by inducing apoptosis in divided alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Rapamycin did not interfere with the formation of CD25brightCD4+ T cells during allogeneic stimulation and did not inhibit their suppressive function. Furthermore, the drug decreased production of effector molecules perforin and granzyme B by alloreactive T cells and diminished alloreactive cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Our data show that rapamycin strongly inhibits proliferation and effector functions of alloreactive T cells in vitro, but does not induce alloantigen specific nonresponsiveness.     

大鼠牙髓干细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞分化成骨样细胞能力对比研究

目的：以骨髓间充质干细胞作为参考,讨论牙髓干细胞作为骨组织修复种子细胞的可行性。方法：通过酶消化法获得大鼠牙髓干细胞,离心法获得骨髓间充质干细胞,贴壁培养,通过倒置光学显微镜观察二者形态差异;流式细胞技术鉴定骨髓间充质干细胞的间质细胞表面标志物表达;MMT法检测细胞生长曲线;特定的成骨诱导液诱导干细胞成骨分化,免疫荧光法检测成骨细胞表面标志物表达。结果：分离的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞与牙髓干细胞形态学以及生长特性具有相似性,且符合间充质干细胞特性,牙髓干细胞第4天进入对数生长期,第7天进入平台期,骨髓间充质干细胞第4天进入对数生长期,第8天进入平台期;经过成骨诱导后二者都具备成骨样细胞分化能力,牙髓干细胞在成骨诱导后的骨钙素表达上与骨髓间充质细胞有着相似的能力;牙本质泌涎蛋白表达阳性。结论：牙髓干细胞具有与骨髓间充质干细胞都具有成骨分化能力,但牙髓干细胞细胞成分相对复杂,增殖能力较强。     

The human sperm acrosome reaction does not depend on arachidonic acid metabolism via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway, the lipoxygenase pathway, or both has a pivotal role in the human sperm acrosome reaction. To do so, the stimulatory effect of arachidonic acid and a number of its metabolites, as well as the inhibitory effect of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors on the acrosome reaction, was evaluated. Arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2, and prostacyclin (PGI2) induced the acrosome reaction when added to 3-hour preincubated (capacitated) spermatozoa. The arachidonic acid-induced acrosome reaction was dependent upon extracellular calcium. Leukotriene B4 and 15-HPETE only induced the acrosome reaction when present throughout the preincubation period, indicating that they may enhance the capacitation process rather than the acrosome reaction. Thromboxane did not affect the acrosome reaction under any of the conditions tested. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin, phenylbutazone) and lipoxygenase (phenidone, nordihydroguiaretic acid) or FPL 55712 (a leukotriene antagonist) did not prevent the arachidonic acid-stimulated acrosome reaction. Furthermore, 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), the acetylenic analog of arachidonic acid that inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism, induced an acrosome reaction equivalent to that of arachidonic acid. These results strongly suggest that the acrosome reaction induced by exogenous arachidonic acid is not mediated via either the cyclooxygenase pathway or the lipoxygenase pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The extent of muscle hypertrophy in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis does not depend on age and duration of symptoms

There are conflicting views in the literature about the relationship between the extent of muscle hypertrophy in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and the age of the patient and duration of symptoms. This study was undertaken to elucidate the exact nature of these relationships. The degree of muscle hypertrophy was assessed by measurement of the DNA concentration in biopsy specimens, a technique that has been used to quantify organ hypertrophy objectively and accurately. Forty-one patients were studied prospectively over 12 months. The results show that the degree of hypertrophy is not age-related, and that all the patients tend to progress to about the same degree of hypertrophy, which then remains constant regardless of the duration of symptoms.     

牙髓干细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨牙髓干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的神经修复及运动功能恢复情况.方法:培养取材第2代来源于第三磨牙的人牙髓于细胞,鉴定其表面标记物,应用B27、碱性呈纤维细胞生长因子和胰岛素转铁蛋白硒进行神经诱导,并行免疫荧光染色检测.改良Allen's法制作SD大鼠脊髓损伤模型,3d后随机分为实验组及对照组,每组各20只大鼠.分别于脊髓损伤处注入人牙髓干细胞及生理盐水,于造模后1d、治疗前1d、治疗后3d、治疗后7、14、28d进行动物后肢运动功能检测.28d时脊髓取材进行HE染色,观察脊髓空洞形成,计算空洞面积;Tunnel法检测两组细胞凋亡情况;免疫荧光双标法标记HuNu-NeuN和HuNu-GFAP,观察人牙髓干细胞体内生长分化情况.结果:细胞培养传代后呈长梭形,细胞形态均匀,胞浆丰富、胞核增大,细胞平行排列呈漩涡状或螺旋状.流式细胞仪分析人牙髓干细胞诱导分化后高表达CD44、CD90和CD146,低表达STRO-1,CD34、CD45表达阴性.人牙髓干细胞神经诱导14d,免疫荧光标记GFAP、NeuN呈阳性.细胞移植3d、7d,两组间BBB评分无统计学差异;细胞移植14d及28d实验组BBB评分分别为3.8±0.8、7.2±1.6,对照组BBB评分为2.2±0.8、3.6±1.1,两组间比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).28d时HE染色两组均可见脊髓出血、炎性细胞浸润、小血管增生及空洞形成.实验组脊髓空洞面积百分比(26.75±2.50)％,对照组为(49.50±6.25)％,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Tunnel法检测实验组神经细胞凋亡百分比(32.33±1.54)％,对照组为(46.33±1.53)％,实验组显著减少神经细胞的凋亡(P＜0.05).免疫荧光双标法检测到部分细胞为带有HuNu-NeuN和HuNu-GFAP双抗体细胞.结论:人牙髓干细胞能够在体外特定条件下及移植入脊髓损伤大鼠体内可分化为神经细胞,用于治疗脊髓损伤时可减少神经细胞的凋亡,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

Inhibition of caspase activity does not prevent the signaling phase of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases capable of characteristically cleaving after an aspartic acid residue. Various members of the caspase family (e.g., caspases 8 and 9) have been implicated as critical initiators in the signaling phase, while others (e.g., caspases 3, 6, and 7) have been implicated in the effector or execution phase of apoptosis. Thapsigargin (TG) is capable of inducing cell proliferation-independent apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. This study was undertaken to determine if caspase inhibition can prevent TG- or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FrdU)-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. METHODS: Caspase activity was evaluated by Western blot analysis of the cleavage of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a caspase substrate during TG-induced death of prostate cancer cells. In addition, hydrolysis of caspase-specific fluorescent peptide substrates was assayed in lysates from TG-treated cells. Clonogenic survival assays were performed following treatment of rat AT3 and human TSU-Pr1 prostate cancer cell lines with TG and 5-FrdU in the presence and absence of peptide caspase inhibitors. AT3.1 cells transfected with the crmA gene, encoding a viral protein with caspase-inhibitory activity, were also tested for clonogenic survival following TG and 5-FrdU exposure. RESULTS: During treatment with TG, Rb is first dephosphorylated and then proteolytically cleaved into 100-kDa and 40-kDa forms, indicative of caspase activity. A 6-8-fold increase in class II (i.e., caspases 3, 7, and 10) hydrolysis of the caspase substrate Z-DEVD-AFC was observed after 24 hr of TG or 5-FrdU. AT3 cells expressing crmA (i.e., an inhibitor of caspases 1, 4, and 8) were not protected from apoptosis induced by TG or 5-FrdU. The caspase inhibitors Z-DEVD-fmk (i.e., an inhibitor of caspases 3, 7, and 10) and Z-VAD-fmk (i.e., a general caspase inhibitor) were also unable to protect TSU and AT3 cells from apoptosis induced by TG or 5-FrdU. CONCLUSIONS: Caspase activation may play a role in the downstream effector phase of the apoptotic cascade; however, in this study, caspase inhibition did not prevent the signaling phase of apoptosis induced by two agents with distinct mechanisms of cytotoxicity, TG or 5-FrdU. These results suggest that caspase inhibition by recently described endogenous caspase inhibitors should not lead to development of resistance to TG. A strategy for targeting TG's unique cytotoxicity to metastatic prostate cancer cells is currently under development.     

Photobiomodulation isolated or associated with adipose-derived stem cells allograft improves inflammatory and oxidative parameters in the delayed-healing wound in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Lasers in Medical Science - The single and associated impressions of photobiomodulation (PBM) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADS) on stereological parameters (SP), and gene expression (GE) of some...     

脐带间充质干细胞分化为内皮细胞促进血管新生

目的 探讨脐带间充质干细胞能否在体内外分化为内皮细胞,参与血管新生.方法 体外实验采用内皮细胞生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对脐带间充质于细胞进行诱导,观察其形态变化.体内实验将脐带间充质干细胞移植到小鼠后肢缺血模型中,采用免疫组织化学鉴定细胞在体内的迁移和分化,激光多普勒血流成像仪鉴定缺血局部血流恢复情况.结果 在体外脐带间充质干细胞能够形成血管网样结构.在体内脐带间充质干细胞能够分化为内皮细胞,表达CD31抗体,参与实验组的动物血管重建.与小鼠的血管网络发生整合,实验组的动物后肢血流灌注明显好于对照组.结论 脐带间充质干细胞能够分化为内皮细胞,参与血管新生,为治疗性血管新生提供新的细胞选择.     

Acute hemodynamic responses to electroconvulsive therapy are not related to the duration of seizure activity

Study Objective: To test the hypothesis that the magnitude of the acute hemodynamic response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is related to the duration of the seizure activity in patients receiving different dosages of intravenous (IV) lidocaine.

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

Setting: University-affiliated hospital.

Patients: 21 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing four consecutive maintenance ECT treatments for chronic depression.

Interventions: Patients received lidocaine 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg IV, or saline prior to induction of anesthesia via a standardized anesthetic technique.

Measurements and Main Results: Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), as well as the duration of motor and electroencephalographic (EEG) seizure, were measured. The duration of motor and EEG seizures (means ± SD) were 37 ± 13 sec and 64 ± 21 sec, 25 ± 11 sec and 52 ± 43 sec, 17 ± 12 sec and 32 ± 17 sec, 1 ± 3 sec and 18 ± 10 sec in the saline, lidocaine 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg groups, respectively. Although the duration of seizure activity was decreased in a dose-related fashion after lidocaine pretreatment, the peak increases in BP and HR were similar in the lidocaine and saline treatment groups.

Conclusions: Despite producing dose-related decreases in the duration of both motor and EEG seizure activity, lidocaine failed to attenuate the acute hemodynamic response to ECT. Thus, the acute hemodynamic response to ECT is not related to the duration of seizure activity.