沙颍河水邻苯二甲酸酯污染对儿童甲状腺功能及智力的影响

目的探索淮河流域沙颍河水邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)污染现状及其对儿童智力发育和甲状腺相关激素的影响。方法在沙颍河出河南省的S县段内,分别距河床2km以内和20km以外,各选取1个村庄作为污染区和对照区,分别采集河水和居民生活饮用水。高效液相色谱法检测河水和饮用水水中4种PAEs(DEP、DBP、DMP、DEHP)水平;整群抽取两区8～13岁在校学生作为观察对象进行问卷调查;采用联合型瑞文测验方法对两区学生进行智力测验,化学发光法测定促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)和游离四碘甲腺原氨酸(FT4)含量。结果沙颍河S段各断面DEP、DBP水平均超过国家地表水环境质量标准;同对照区相比,污染区饮用水中DEP、DBP均明显高于对照区,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。污染区儿童血清中FT4明显高于对照区儿童(P<0.05)。污染区儿童智力低于对照区儿童(P<0.05)。结论污染区儿童体内甲状腺相关激素及智力发育受到一定影响,是否与水质PAEs污染有关,尚需进一步调查。     

Interacting effects of toxicants and organic matter on the midge Chironomus riparius in polluted river water

Toxicants and organic matter in river water have contrasting impacts on macrofauna. Through manipulations of both factors, their interactive effects on organisms were evaluated. This way, an attempt was made to clarify the presence or absence of pollution-"tolerant" and -"sensitive" species in rivers affected by mixed sources of pollution. Under controlled conditions, larval growth of the "tolerant" midge Chironomus riparius was measured in different types of river water containing varying levels of particles (obtained by selective filtration) and toxicants (either complex mixtures or metals). Exposure of first-instar larvae to water from the polluted rivers Meuse and Dommel revealed that growth was less inhibited by toxicant levels in river water than expected based on laboratory toxicity tests. Factors present in polluted river water stimulated growth of midges to such an extent that inhibiting effects of high toxicant concentrations were neutralized, and at low toxicant levels, were overcompensated for. It was found that particulate matter has great potential to reduce inhibiting effects of toxicants on C. riparius, not (only) by reducing the bioavailability of toxicants, but by serving as a supplementary, superior food source. The success of the "pollution-tolerant" midge was not explained by tolerance of this species to toxicants, but by its ability to take advantage of coinciding organic enrichment. It is hypothesized that the extent to which beneficial effects of organic compounds on organisms occur is species specific.     

山西某地区汞环境污染及对居民肾功能的影响

[目的]探讨山西某地区土法炼金活动影响环境中汞（Hg）的分布以及对当地居民肾功能的影响。[方法]用原子荧光光谱法测定大气、水、粮食Hg含量以及居民尿Hg含量，尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）用速率法测定，尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）和尿微量白蛋白（mALB）测定采用终点法。[结果]污染区一年四季监测的大气Hg浓度为79～240ng／m^3，远高于对照区（P〈0．05）；河水中Hg含量超标19倍，达到（0．025±0．006）μg／L。污染区所产的玉米和粟米Hg含量分别为（0．006±0．003）mg／kg和（0．013±0．006）mg／kg，高于对照区（P〈0．05）；污染区居民尿Hg为（1．24±3．80）μg/L、尿β2-MG含量为（228．98±4．34）μg/gCr，均明显高于对照区（P〈0．05）。[结论]污染区炼金过程中产生的Hg对当地环境造成污染，并通过一定途径进入人体，引起当地人群体内Hg负荷水平的改变及肾功能异常。     

Interacting Effects of Toxicants and Organic Matter on the Midge Chironomus riparius in Polluted River Water

Toxicants and organic matter in river water have contrasting impacts on macrofauna. Through manipulations of both factors, their interactive effects on organisms were evaluated. This way, an attempt was made to clarify the presence or absence of pollution-“tolerant” and -“sensitive” species in rivers affected by mixed sources of pollution. Under controlled conditions, larval growth of the “tolerant” midge Chironomus riparius was measured in different types of river water containing varying levels of particles (obtained by selective filtration) and toxicants (either complex mixtures or metals). Exposure of first-instar larvae to water from the polluted rivers Meuse and Dommel revealed that growth was less inhibited by toxicant levels in river water than expected based on laboratory toxicity tests. Factors present in polluted river water stimulated growth of midges to such an extent that inhibiting effects of high toxicant concentrations were neutralized, and at low toxicant levels, were overcompensated for. It was found that particulate matter has great potential to reduce inhibiting effects of toxicants on C. riparius, not (only) by reducing the bioavailability of toxicants, but by serving as a supplementary, superior food source. The success of the “pollution-tolerant” midge was not explained by tolerance of this species to toxicants, but by its ability to take advantage of coinciding organic enrichment. It is hypothesized that the extent to which beneficial effects of organic compounds on organisms occur is species specific.     

矿山废水对饮用水水质及人群肿瘤死亡的影响

目的 评价某矿山废水对农村居民饮用水水质及肿瘤死亡的影响。方法对观察村和对照村分别进行家庭自用井水的水质分析和全人口死因调查。结果 某矿山废水在污染附近河流的同时,也对附近农村居民饮用井水水质产生影响,其铅、砷、汞元素含量分别高于对照点;观察村居民5a死亡率(3．09％)是对照村(1．55％)的1．99倍,其中观察村死亡以肿瘤为主(占50％),食道癌死亡占肿瘤死亡的54．24％;而对照村死亡以其他原因为主,肿瘤死亡仅占20％,多见于肝癌。结论 矿山废水已对附近农村居民饮用水水质和健康产生影响。     

桂东南某河流铊污染后人群铊暴露状况初步调查

目的 了解桂东南某河流铊污染3年后沿岸某村井水、土壤、地产食用农产品以及居民重金属铊含量水平,评估当地居民健康风险.方法 于2016年,选择2013年发生铊污染事件的某河流沿岸某村作为污染区,选择该河流污染段上游沿岸的1个自然村作为对照区.采集井水、土壤、地产食用农产品及(18-75)岁常住居民尿液样品,采用电感耦合等...     

Bioassays Using the Midge Chironomus riparius and the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha for Evaluation of River Water Quality

To evaluate if the water quality of the river Meuse affects macrofauna species, the impact of water from this river on two representative species was tested under controlled conditions. Short-term bioassays with reference populations of the midge Chironomus riparius and the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha were performed simultaneously, using growth and filtration rate as sublethal parameters, respectively. Filtration rates of mussels seemed to be slightly inhibited by Meuse water in 1994 and 1995, although this was only significant in the first year. Apparently, although this species is inhabiting the river Meuse, the water quality still causes sublethal effects. In contrast to the mussel, midges were less sensitive to Meuse water in laboratory experiments; growth inhibition was never observed, while in some experiments growth was even enhanced. In the period of testing, it was not possible to relate effects on macrofauna species in laboratory tests to individual substances in polluted river systems. Because the response of the test species was marginal, it is recommended to include more sensitive species as tested in the present study, especially in view of a general improvement of the water quality in the river Meuse. Received: 25 March 1997/Accepted: 6 November 1997     

Inhibition Effect on the Allium cepa L. Root Growth When Using Hexavalent Chromium-Doped River Waters

The effect of Cr⁶⁺ on Allium cepa root length was studied using both clean and polluted river waters. Seven series of Cr⁶⁺-doped polluted and non-polluted river waters were used to grow onions. Chromium concentration (Cr⁶⁺) of 4.2 mg L⁻¹(EC₅₀ value), doped in clean river water caused a 50% reduction of root length, while in organically polluted samples similar root growth inhibition occurred at 12.0 mg Cr⁶⁺ L⁻¹. The results suggested that there was a dislocation to higher values in toxic chromium concentration in polluted river water due to the eutrophization level of river water.     

Potential exposure to inorganic mercury in people living near a sewage sludge dumping site: urinary excretion of mercury, subjective symptoms and renal function

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of exposure to inorganic mercury and its health effects among people living near a sewage sludge dumping site in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. In this area, sewage sludge and industrial waste have been dumped since 1975, and total mercury levels exceeding the water quality standards (0.0006-0.0020 mg/l) have been detected in seeping water and river water since July 1997. METHODS: The population for the present study comprised 48 subjects (aged 11-91 years) living near a sewage sludge dumping site and 49 subjects (aged 10-82 years) living in a non-polluted area. In November and December 1998, subjective symptoms of inorganic mercury exposure, history of occupational exposure to inorganic mercury, frequency of fish intake, sources of drinking water and other health habits were inquired by a self-administered questionnaire. Total mercury and total protein levels and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in morning urine specimens were also measured. RESULTS: Among males, the proportion of subjects who complained of tremor in the hands (P = 0.02) and increased irritability (P = 0.10) was higher in the polluted area than in the control area. In addition, the proportion of those who did not report being easily fatigued was lower in the polluted area than in the control area (P = 0.07). Among females there was no significant difference in the prevalence of self-reported symptoms related to the central nervous system disturbance between the two areas. After adjustment for gender and age using logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of increased irritability was significantly higher (P = 0.05) and the proportion of those who did not report being easily fatigued was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in the polluted area than in the control area. However, there was no significant difference in the geometric mean of urinary total mercury concentration (microgram/g creatinine) between the polluted area (0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-0.91 for men and 0.96, 95% CI 0.70-1.33 for women) and the control area (0.81, 95% CI 0.60-1.09 for men and 0.83, 95% CI 0.57-1.22 for women). There was no individual whose total mercury concentration in urine exceeded 30 micrograms/g creatinine, at which level of urinary total mercury toxic effects on the central nervous system have been reported in industrial workers. There was also no significant difference in the geometric means of urinary total protein level and NAG activity. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence of excessive exposure to inorganic mercury among residents in the polluted area. Thus, we concluded that the difference in the prevalence of subjective symptoms was not due to the direct effect of exposure to inorganic mercury. To prevent the contamination of water by taking measures against pollution sources, monitoring of the quality of drinking water, and finally to secure safe water supply by public waterworks are required.     

黑河河水及沿岸饮用水对蚕豆根尖细胞微核诱变性的研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验,检测了严重污染的黑河河水及其沿岸居民生活饮用水的诱变效应。结果表明：黑河源水水样及其沿岸居民饮用水的微核率均明显高于对照组（郑州市自来水）（分别为Ｐ＜００１）。该结果提示：不仅在严重污染的河水中,而且在沿岸居民的饮用水中也存在有诱变活性物质,长期直接或间接暴露的沿岸居民癌症高发,健康受损可能与此有一定关系。