山西省出生缺陷高发区居民饮水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量研究

目的了解山西省出生缺陷高发地区饮水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。方法选择山西省太原市、太谷县和平定县作为研究现场,采集当地居民不同类型的饮用水测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。结果研究地区饮水中硝酸盐平均含量为3·5mg/L,有4·0%的样品超过我国的饮用水卫生标准。井水中的硝酸盐含量(5·1mg/L)高于自来水(2·7mg/L)。饮水中亚硝酸盐平均含量为0·004mg/L,以泉水含量最高(0·015mg/L)。结论研究地区居民饮水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量并没有显著高于文献报道的其它地区。饮水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐暴露在山西省出生缺陷高发中的作用可能不大。     

胃癌高发区居民饮食与营养状况研究

本文分析了我国北方胃癌高发区山东省临朐县1131名居民不同时期的饮食和营养状况,当地居民膳食中热量、铁、硫胺素等能满足需要;而蛋白质、钙、VA、核黄素、VC、等营养素低于供给量标准。本文还分析了79名当地居民其中维生素和铜水平较低。本研究表明当地居民膳食中上述几种营养素供给不足,膳食中豆类及动物性食品摄入较少,缺少新鲜蔬菜水果。     

河北省城市居民饮水中硝酸盐等与胃癌,食管癌死亡率关系的初步分析

本文通过对河北省11个市(区)城市居民胃癌、食管癌死亡率与饮水中硝酸盐等含量的关系、相关及逐步回归分析表明,男、女食管癌与硫酸盐、硝酸盐含量呈正相关,男、女胃癌与硝酸盐含量呈正相关。     

用流式细胞仪分析人胚胃成纤维细胞长期暴露于胃癌高发区饮水后的变化

为了研究人胚胃成纤维细胞长期暴露于胃癌高发区饮水后的变化，用流式细胞仪分析了细胞周期中各期细胞比例、增殖指数和ＤＮＡ指数，并观察了细胞形态学改变。结果发现该饮水可使胃成纤维细胞Ｓ期和Ｇ２Ｍ期细胞比例和增殖指数明显增加，ＤＮＡ指数超出正常范围，细胞出现明显形态学改变，这些结果提示胃癌高发区饮水可能含有致癌物质，与当地胃癌高发密切相关     

趋势面分析在农村饮水硝酸盐含量地理分布研究的应用

目的探讨趋势面分析在水质指标地理分布研究中的可行性。方法采用统计软件对某地区水质监测点的地理坐标和硝酸盐含量进行趋势面方程拟合和等值线图绘制。结果建立了该地区饮水硝酸盐含量的最优趋势面方程,并制作了趋势面等值图;该地区饮水的硝酸盐含量在东北部地区有个高峰区域,呈现东高西低的特点。结论趋势面分析可以用于饮水指标的地理趋势分布研究。     

胃癌高发区境内饮用水、玉米及居民头发中微量元素含量对比

胃癌高发区境内饮用水、玉米及居民头发中微量元素含量对比张秀兰，李学东，刘恬格，米建民，梁索元胃癌的发病率和死亡率与地质、土壤、水质、气候有密切关系，说明环境因素在胃癌发病中占有重要地位。微量元素与人体健康又休戚相关。为此，于８８年对我省胃癌高发区赞皇...     

胃癌高发区饮水对整体动物DNA合成抑制及其致癌性研究

为探讨赞皇县胃癌高发区居民饮水与胃癌发生的关系，用整体动物ＤＮＡ合成抑制实验与 行病学调查相结合的方法进行研究。结果发现胃癌高发区饮水浓缩物对ＤＮＡ合成有明显抑制作用，并有明显的剂量－效应关系；饮水污染越严重，该水对ＤＮＡ合成抑制作用越强，饮此水的居民胃癌死亡率也越高；饮水中可能含有的致突致癌物质，既有ＤＮＡ损伤剂，又有ＤＮＡ合成代谢抑制剂，提示饮水可能与当地居民胃癌高发有密切关系。     

无锡市不同类型饮水中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量检测结果

生活饮用水中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐是造成中毒性疾病的常见化学性毒物,当饮用水中硝酸盐含量较高时,在体内硝酸盐被还原为亚硝酸盐,与血红蛋白结合成为高铁血红蛋白症。长期饮用被较高浓度亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐污染的水,可引起消化道癌症、膀胱癌、非何杰金氏性淋巴瘤、甲状腺病、糖尿病,加快脾脏淀粉     

肝癌高发区居民饮用水质与肝癌病因研究

首次在广西肝癌高发区扶绥县进行居民饮用水质的全面调查。结果发现，该地区居民饮用水源中，塘水污染最重，河水次之，井水最轻。主要的化学污染指标为、腐殖酸、悬浮物、化学耗氧量（ＣＯＤ）和生化需氧量。肝癌高发区饮用水质较低发区差。肝癌的死亡率与水质中腐殖酸、ＣＯＤ等含量成正相关。本结果为肝癌病因学进一步研究提供了依据。     

福建省莆田市黄石乡饮用水亚硝胺污染的调查

福建省莆田市黄石乡是我国胃癌高发区之一。流行病学调查表明这与提供居民饮用水的木兰溪水系受严重污染有关。本文对32份沿此水系不同地点采集的冬、夏两季水样亚硝酸根及亚硝胺进行了测定。经GC-TEA和LC-TEA共检出6种致癌亚硝胺及3个非挥发性亚硝胺未知峰。冬季因受上游工厂污水的污染,水样中亚硝胺的种类及含量皆明显高于夏季,多层沙石过滤不能有效降低其含量。饮用水的亚硝胺污染可能与该地上消化道癌的高发有关。     

Pilot study on the relationship between male stomach and liver cancer death and mutagenicity of drinking water in the Huangpu River area.

A quasi-historical cohort study method was used to collect the data of male stomach and liver cancer death from 1984 to 1988 in male residents (> or = 30 years old) of three tap-water-drinking communities at the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Huangpu River. Total person-years observed are 184,645. The result shows that the world standard population standardized cut-off mortalities (> or = 30 years old) of male stomach and liver cancer increase gradually from the upper to lower reaches. The mortalities from the upper to the lower reaches are 62.7, 86.2 and 146.0/100,000 person-years for male stomach cancer and 56.9, 67.7 and 81.3/100,000 person-years for male liver cancer, respectively. This trend is consistent with the change of the rate of positive Ames Test results of drinking water from the upper to lower reaches (0, 70, 100%). It suggests that a causal correlation may exist between the two. The distribution of other possible risk factors in the three communities is also described.     

赞皇县胃癌高发区饮用水的微核效应观察

Mutagenicity/Carcinogenicity of samples of drinking water supplies in the high risk area of stomach cancer was studied with micronucleus test and the epidemiologic method in Zanhuang county, Hebei. The results showed that the micronucleus cell rates in NIH mice induced by concentrated drinking water samples from the high risk area of stomach cancer were higher than those from low risk area and there was close correlation between degree of water concentration and micronucleus cell rates. This corresponded with the results obtained by the epidemiological method showed that the drinking water was obviously mutagenic and that it was closely correlated with the production of stomach cancer.     

Association between gastric cancer mortality and nitrate content of drinking water: Ecological study on small area inequalities

The carcinogenic feature of N-nitroso compounds has been well established. Similarly, the transformation of ingested nitrate to N-nitroso compounds in the stomach has been thoroughly documented, nevertheless nitrates' carcinogenic effect has not been proved convincingly in human. The present study was aimed to investigate a population of small villages provided by drinking water with high and widely variable nitrate content (72 mg/l median, 290.7 mg/l 95-percentile concentration). Empirical Bayes estimates for settlement-specific age-, sex-, and year-standardised mortality ratios of gastric cancer (GC) were related to the settlement level average nitrate concentrations in drinking water controlling for confounding effects of smoking, ethnicity and education. The log-transformed average nitrate concentration showed significant positive association with stomach cancer mortality in linear regression analysis (p = 0.014). The settlements were aggregated according to the nitrate concentration into 10-percentile groups and the standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated. Those groups with higher than 88 mg/l average nitrate concentration showed substantial risk elevation and the log-transformed exposure variables proved to be significant predictors of mortality (p equals; 0.032) at this level of aggregation also. The association seemed to be fairly strong (r ² equals; 0.46). Although this investigation constituting an ecological study has certain limitations, it supports the hypothesis that the high level of nitrate in drinking water is involved in the development of GC.     

Risk analysis of nitrate contamination in wells supplying drinking water in a rural area of Chile]

OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk associated with nitrate contamination of wells that supply drinking water in the rural, Parral region of central Chile. METHODS: The nitrate concentration levels were determined using water samples from 94 wells. An analysis of the distribution of nitrate concentration levels was performed in order to assess possible geographic correlations. For the risk analysis, two exposure situations were identified among the population (for adults and for infants), and the health risks were mapped. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of the wells studied had nitrate concentration levels greater than what the Chilean health standards allow for drinking water. There was no geographic correlation for the nitrate concentration levels. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) for adults in the study area was 0.12, indicating an absence of risk for this population group. For infants, the HQ values had a maximum value of 3.1 in some locations, but the average was 0.69 (still below 1.0), indicating that the well water in the study area was generally not hazardous for infants. CONCLUSIONS: In the Parral region of Chile, nitrate contamination of wells is primarily linked to certain factors such as construction practices and the proximity of livestock. These factors affect the quality of drinking water in isolated cases. There was no risk found for the adult population, but there was for infants fed on formula mixed with water coming from the contaminated wells.     

中国生活饮用水有机污染与肝癌死亡率的相关研究

本文根据全国生活饮用水水质调查资料及中国恶性肿瘤资料,进行了以县为单位的统计学分析,数据包括全国29个省、市、自治区中的2072个县,约8亿人口的资料。分析结果表明,全国大范围内饮水的有机污染程度(用水耗氧量作为指示指标)的分布与肝癌死亡率的分布基本符合,男、女肝癌死亡率与水耗氧量呈正相关(P<0.01)。说明饮水有机污染可能是肝癌致病的重要原因之一。     

Evaluation of nitrate and nitrite accumulation in drinking water supplies]

Levels of the nitrate and nitrite content in water sources of Kiev and Cherkassy regions were studied. Highest concentrations of nitrite (1.33 mg N/l) and nitrate (168 mg N/l) were defined in local water sources. Peculiarity of nitrate and nitrite distribution is discussed.     

Associations between stomach cancer incidence and drinking water contamination with atrazine and nitrate in Ontario (Canada) agroecosystems, 1987-1991

BACKGROUND: Nitrate and atrazine are two chemicals that are heavily used in certain sectors of agriculture. They are suspected to be associated with the development of certain types of tumours. METHODS: Existing data were obtained on the incidence of specific types of cancers, contamination of drinking water with atrazine and nitrate, and related agricultural practices for the 40 ecodistricts in the province of Ontario. The data were merged into a georelational database for geographical and statistical analyses. Weighted (by population size) least squares regression analyses were conducted while controlling for confounding socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Maximum likelihood spatial error models were estimated when least square regression error terms were found to be spatially autocorrelated using the Moran's I statistic. RESULTS: Atrazine contamination levels (range 50-649 ng/l, maximum acceptable concentration [MAC] = 60000 ng/l) were positively associated (P < 0.05) with stomach cancer incidence and negatively associated with colon cancer incidence. Nitrate levels, (range 0-91 mg/l, MAC = 10 mg/l) were negatively associated with stomach cancer incidence. CONCLUSION: The associations found at the ecodistrict level, both positive and negative, if confirmed by other studies, raise serious questions about maximum allowable limits for atrazine, as well as possibilities of complex trade-offs among disease outcomes, and interactions of biophysical and social mechanisms which might explain them. Although the negative associations appear to have no direct biological explanations, such counter-intuitive outcomes may occur in complex systems where social and biological variables interact.     

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite

We conducted a population-based case-control study of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus in Nebraska, U.S.A. Nitrate concentrations in public drinking water supplies were linked to residential water source histories. Among those using private wells at the time of the interview, we measured nitrate levels in water samples from wells. Dietary nitrate and nitrite were estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire. Among those who primarily used public water supplies (79 distal stomach, 84 esophagus, 321 controls), average nitrate levels were not associated with risk (highest versus lowest quartile: stomach OR=1.2, 95% CI [0.5-2.7]; esophagus OR=1.3, 95% CI [0.6-3.1]). We observed the highest ORs for distal stomach cancer among those with higher water nitrate ingestion and higher intake of processed meat compared with low intakes of both; however, the test for positive interaction was not significant (p=0.213). We did not observe this pattern for esophagus cancer. Increasing intake of nitrate and nitrite from animal sources was associated with elevated ORs for stomach cancer and with a significant positive trend in risk of esophagus cancer (P-trend=0.325 and 0.015, respectively). Larger studies with higher exposures to drinking water sources of nitrate are warranted to further evaluate N-nitroso compound precursors as risk factors for these cancers.     

胃癌高、低发区饮用水中化学元素、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量调查

目的分析比较胃癌高、低死亡区饮用水中化学元素、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量,探讨其与胃癌死亡率的关系。方法收集胃癌高死亡区（长乐市）和低死亡区（福安市）饮用水水样各45份和30份,按《生活饮用水检验规范》分析化学元素、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量,采用非参数秩和检验进行比较。结果长乐市饮用水硝酸盐和Mn均值高于生活饮用水卫生标准上限值,长乐市饮用水中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、Mn、Mg、Cl显著高于福安市（P〈0.05）,As、F、Fe、Hg显著低于福安市（P〈0.05）。结论长乐市胃癌高死亡率可能与饮用水硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量偏高存在联系,饮用水中化学元素与胃癌死亡率间的关系需要进一步深入研究。