慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者血清HA、LN、PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C水平与肝组织纤维化程度的关系

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者血清透明质酸（HA）、层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）和Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－C）在肝纤维化诊断中的应用价值。方法 采用放射免疫法检测150例慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者血清HA、LN、PVⅢ和Ⅳ－C水平，并与活检肝组织纤维化程度进行相关性分析。结果 各组慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HA、LN、PCⅢ和Ⅳ－C水平均高于正常对照组，与肝纤维化活动水平及程度呈密切正相关。结论 血清HA、LN、PCⅢ和Ⅳ－C水平能较好地反映乙型肝炎纤维化程度，联合检测可明显提高肝纤维化诊断的准确性和可靠性。     

肝纤维化分期和血清生化学关系的研究

目的：探讨肝纤维化程度与血清纤维化标志物的关系。方法：67例肝炎患者均作肝脏活组织检查,标本行苏木精伊红染色（HE）和免疫组化染色,用光镜确定肝组织纤维化分期。采用放 射免疫法测定血清透明质酸（HA）,Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）,层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（ⅣC）含量。结果：随着肝组织纤维化程度增加（S1→S4）,血清HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC水平呈同步升高,在纤维化分期为S4时,含量最高。血清HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC含量与慢性肝炎疾病进展呈一致性,随疾病加重而升高,在肝硬化阶段处于最高水平。结论：肝组织纤维化分期与血清HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC有较好的相关性,血清纤维化指标可作为反映肝纤维化程度的指标之一。     

青蒿鳖甲汤与大黄Zhe虫丸抗肝纤维化疗效比较

目的：观察温病经典方剂青蒿鳖甲汤抗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的作用。寻找抗肝纤维化的有效方剂。方法：选择慢性乙肝炎肝纤维化患者143例，随机分为青蒿鳖甲汤治疗组75例和大黄Zhe虫丸对照组68例，进行疗程相同的对照治疗，观察项目为血清透明质酸（HA），Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ），层粘蛋白（LN），Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－C）。结果：治疗组HA，PCⅢ，LN，Ⅳ－C均有明显下降，两组比较有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。在中医辨证施治方面。治疗组对各证型的肝纤维化均有显著疗效（P＜0．01），而对照组较适合于气滞血瘀型的肝纤维化患者。结论：青蒿鳖甲汤联合辨证用药的抗纤维化作用比大黄Zhe虫丸疗效更好，是一种抗肝纤维化较好的治疗方法。     

慢性病毒性肝炎血清纤维化诊断指标评估

目的 评估血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（PCⅢ）、层粘蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－C）对病毒性肝炎肝硬化的诊断意义。方法 检测129例慢性病毒性肝炎患者血清HA、PCⅢ、LN、Ⅳ－C水平,同时每例均行肝穿刺活检,以了解血清上述指标与肝脏病理炎症分级和纤维化分期的关系,并通过受试者特征工作曲线（ROC）评价它们对肝纤维化的诊断价值。结果 随肝脏炎症及纤维化程度加重,各项指标逐渐升高。ROC曲线下面积分析HA0．8204、LN0．7586、Ⅳ－C0．7090、PCⅢ0．6891。结论 四项指标对肝硬化均有一定诊断价值,其中HA优于其它指标。     

联合检测血清肝纤维化指标及总胆汁酸在慢性肝病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨慢性肝病患者血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）、层粘连蛋白（LN）和总胆汁酸（TBA）水平及其临床意义。方法：应用放射免疫法和酶法分别检测171例慢性肝病毒患者的血清HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、LN及TBA水平升高有显著差异（P＜0．01）,除慢性肝炎轻度组血清LN水平与对照组无差异（P＞0．05）外,其余各组患者血清HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ－C、LN、TBA水平均随病程的延长而逐渐升高。结论：联合检测慢性肝病患者血清HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、LN、TBA水平即能反映肝纤维化的轻重,又能了解肝细胞炎症活动及损害程度,对临床诊断、治疗及预后判为有重要价值。     

去纤软肝胶囊抗肝纤维化的实验研究

目的：研究去纤软肝胶囊抗肝纤维化作用。方法：制备大鼠肝纤维化模型,以去纤软肝胶囊治疗,观察肝组织病理形态及血清肝纤维化指标等变化;并对胶原、网状、弹性纤维面积进行真彩图像定量分析。结果：治疗组大鼠肝纤维化程度减轻,胶原纤维含量下降,血清透明质酸（HA）,层粘蛋白（LN）,Ⅲ型前胶原（PcⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（CⅣ）含量及丙氨酸转氨酶活性显著下降,白蛋白含量显著上升,与模型组大鼠差异显著（均P＜0．01）。结论：去纤软肝胶囊有一定的抗肝纤维化作用。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清肝纤维化指标与病理的关系

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者血清肝纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、Ⅳ型胶原（IV—C）、层粘连蛋白（LN）及Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）与肝脏病理的关系。方法慢性乙肝患者40例,行肝穿刺,制片,HE染色及浸银染色后作病理学检查;取血,分离血清,应用放射免疫法检测HA、IV—C、LN及PCⅢ水平,对肝组织进行炎症活动度分级（G）及纤维化分期（s）。结果40例慢性乙肝患者血清HA、Ⅳ-C、LN及PCⅢ水平随肝脏炎症活动度升高而升高,随肝组织纤维化程度的加重而升高。结论血清HA、Ⅳ-C、LN及PCⅢ水平与肝组织纤维化程度呈正相关。检测上述指标有助于判断肝炎疾病的严重程度,并能反映肝组织纤维化程度。     

ROC曲线评价血清纤维化指标对诊断肝纤维化的价值

目的：明确肝纤维化血清学指标对诊断肝纤维化的临床价值。方法：对114例肝穿病理确诊的慢性肝炎轻、中、重度患者，同时用放射免疫法进行血清Ⅲ型胶原的前胶原氨端肽原（PⅢNP）、透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（C－Ⅳ）、层黏蛋白（LN）的检测。应用受试者工作持征（ROC）曲线分析方法，以肝纤维化病理分期作为金标准对以上肝纤维化血清学指标诊断肝纤维化价值进行分析。结果：通过ROC 分析，PⅢNP、HA、PCⅢ、C-Ⅳ、LN的曲线下的面积（AUC）分别为0．800、0．728、0．727、0．583和0．463。联合检测可提高肝纤维化诊断的特异性，但灵敏度尚不高。结论：血清纤维化指标对于临床诊断有一定的指导意义，但尚不能代替肝活检，血清学联合检测尚有一定的可取之处。     

安珐特联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化28例

目的观察安珐特片联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的临床疗效。方法52例慢性乙型肝炎患者，分治疗组28例，口服安珐特联合恩替卡韦治疗；对照组24例，单纯1：3服恩替卡韦。追踪观察两组治疗前、后肝功能：总胆红素（Tbil）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、自蛋白（ALB）及血清Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-c）等指标变化情况。结果治疗组在血清肝纤维化各项指标和A／G比值等方面较治疗前均有明显改善（P〈0．01），与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论安珐特联合恩替卡韦对慢性乙型病毒性肝炎在抗纤维化方面有协同作用，同时可促进白蛋白的合成。     

肝纤溶颗粒抗实验性肝纤维化治疗中血清HA、LN、PCⅢ的动态变化

目的观察肝纤溶颗粒对肝纤维化大鼠血清透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）含量的影响，探讨其抗肝纤维化的作用机制。方法采用四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型，同时以肝纤溶颗粒、复方鳖甲软肝片进行干预，并分别在给药后第2、4、8周，用常规方法检测肝功能及肝纤维化程度的变化，用放射免疫法检测大鼠血清中透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、PCⅢ含量的变化。结果各实验组大鼠血清中HA、LN、PCⅢ均明显高于正常对照组，模型组自造模第2周起各项指标开始升高，且随着实验的进行，肝功能损害不断加重，血清纤维化各项指标的含量不断增加；肝纤溶颗粒治疗组肝功能损害减轻，血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量明显降低。结论肝纤溶颗粒可以通过降低血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量而具有抗肝纤维化的作用。对细胞外基质代谢的调节是其抗肝纤维化的作用机制之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.