Seroepidemiological study on sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis B in African promiscuous heterosexuals in relation to HTLV-III infection

A seroepidemiological study was performed on HTLV-III, T. pallidum, C. trachomatis and Hepatitis B virus (HBV), in Butare, Rwanda, among 33 female prostitutes, 25 male customers of prostitutes, and 60 male and female controls. As compared with female controls the prostitutes had a higher prevalence of antibodies to HTLV-III (29/33 versus 4/33, p<0.001), T. pallidunz (TPHA: 27/33 versus 6/33, p<0.001; RPR: 19/33 versus 233, p<0.001; FTA-Abs: 27/33 versus 5/33, p<0:001) and C. trachomatis (IgG IF: 31/33 versus 13/33, p<0.001). HBV serological markers were more often detected in the prostitutes than in the female controls (31/33 versus 18/33, p<0.001) although HBs antigen carriage rate was similar in both groups. As compared with male controls, the male customers of prostitutes had more frequently detectable antibodies to HTLV-III (7/25 versus 2/27, p = 0.05), and a positive RPR (10/25 versus 1/27, p<0.01). Among the 118 individuals studied, odds ratios and trend analysis disclosed a significant association between HTLV-III seropositivity and a positive TPHA, RPR, FTA-Abs, Chlamvdia IgG IF test and serological markers to HBV. No association was found between HTLV-III seropositivity and IIBs Ag carriage. This study suggests that HTLV-III has to be considered as an infectious agent transmitted among promiscuous Central African heterosexuals by sexual contact and/or parenteral contact with unsterile needles used for STD treatments.     

通辽市涉外人员乙型肝炎和性病、艾滋病筛查情况

目的了解通辽市涉外人员乙型肝炎及性病、艾滋病发病情况,以控制疾病的进一步蔓延。方法对通辽市涉外人员传染病发病及艾滋病筛查情况资料进行统计分析。结果2005-2008年共检测涉外人员978人,其中外籍966人,中国籍12人。男性509人,占52．04％;女性469人,占47．96％;男女性别比1：1．09。乙肝病毒携带率3．68％,发病率1．74％;梅毒发病率0．51％,检出2例HIV感染者。结论对入境涉外人员体检是十分必要的,今后应加大涉外人员健康检查及管理力度,公安部门与卫生部门应进一步加强合作,从不同源头及早发现或阻断艾滋病的传播与蔓延。     

Trends in Vaccine-induced Immunity to Hepatitis B among Canadian Street-involved Youth

In Canada, universal and publicly funded hepatitis B immunization programs have been available since 1998 in all provinces and territories. This present study estimates the proportion of having vaccine-induced immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its associated determinants among street-involved youth aged at 15–24 years old in Canada using the data collected by the Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth. Vaccine-induced immunity was identified by blood test results of anti-HBc negative and anti-HBs positive. Of the 4,035 participants included in this study, the overall proportion of those with vaccine-induced immunity to HBV was 51.7% during the study period compared to over 90% among the general adolescent population. The proportion of street-involved youth immunized with HBV vaccine increased from 34.7% in 1999 to 64.4% in 2005. Immunity was higher among females (aOR = 1.43, 1.17–1.75) and among those with a reported history of sexually transmitted infection (aOR = 1.30, 1.03–1.63). The proportion of youth with the immunity decreased as age increased (aOR = 0.78, 0.76–0.81, per year increase). Despite an overall increase in the proportion of Canadian street-involved youth with vaccine-induced immunity to HBV, the proportion was still significantly lower than that observed in the general adolescent population. This highlights the need to improve the access to basic health care and the immunization programs to HBV for street-involved youth through creative outreach programs and other multi-faceted approaches.     

Delta hepatitis virus infection in ethiopia

The results of Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) antibody determinations carried on 566 HBsAg positive serum samples from a population of 5270 Ethiopian military recruits are reported.The prevalence of anti-HDV among apparently healthy HBsAg carriers was 5.8%. The prevalence increases with age within the available range (18–30 years). Differences might exist by area of origin and ethnic groups. The distributions of HBV markers was similar in anti HDV positive and anti HDV negative individuals, possibly due to the relatively young age of the population and/or the hyperendemic condition of the area.Corresponding author.     

周口市无偿献血者乙型肝炎病毒感染

目的通过对周口市无偿献血者HBV感染的分析,为社会开展乙型肝炎防治工作提供依据。方法采用ELISA法对周口市无偿献血者进行HBV感染的血清学调查。结果35 707例周口市无偿献血者,HBsAg阳性率为6.55%,其中男性为7.71%,女性为5.00%,HBsAg阳性率男性高于女性,以40岁以下年龄段阳性率最高,HBsAg阳性合并抗_HBe、抗_HBc和HBsAg阳性合并HBeAg、抗_HBc是感染的主要模式,分别是26.35%和22.50%。结论本次分析发现社会人群HBV感染水平较高,感染者大多不知情,提示人们应有自我防护意识,加强健康检查,及时采取措施。     

广州市青少年学生乙型肝炎病毒感染状况及危险因素调查

目的了解推广使用乙型肝炎疫苗后,广州市青少年学生乙型肝炎病毒感染状况和感染危险因素。方法选取广州市29所中学的初一和高一学生共14744人作为调查对象,检测乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）和抗体（抗-FiBs）,HBsAg与抗-HBs同时阳性者作乙型肝炎病毒S基因扩增和DNA序列分析。以统一的问卷对HBsAg阳性者进行流行病学调查。结果检出HBsAg阳性者424人,阳性率为2．9％。抗-HBs阳性者12201人,阳性率为82.8％。4人HBsAg、抗-HBs同时阳性,其中1人S基因“a”决定族第126位的异亮氨酸（ATT）变为苏氨酸（ACT）,第143位由丝氨酸（TCG）变为苏氨酸（ACG）,第145位由甘氨酸（GGA）变为精氨酸（AGA）,另外3人未检出S基因“a”决定簇氨基酸变异。流行病学调查提示部分学生问卷可能通过母婴传播以及日常生活密切接触感乙型肝炎病毒。结论乙型肝炎疫苗是预防乙型肝炎的有效制荆。病毒S基因“a”决定簇变异可使乙型肝炎疫苗保护失败,但目前的发生率较低,无须改变疫苗的制备及免疫策略。     

我国性病监测点15岁以下儿童性病流行病学分析

为了解我国性病监测点 15岁以下儿童性病流行趋势及流行特点 ,为制定控制对策提供科学依据 ,对 1987～ 1996年我国性病监测点儿童性病发病情况进行连续监测 ,对监测结果进行流行病学分析。结果发现 15岁以下儿童性病流行特点为 :⑴儿童性病发病呈逐年上升趋势 ,发病率由 1987年的0 .51/ 10万上升至 1996年的 8.62 / 10万 ;⑵以淋病为主 ,平均构成为 85.58% ,但所占比例逐年下降 ,非淋菌性尿道 (宫颈 )炎和梅毒在逐年增高 ;⑶女性发病率均高于男性 ,男女病例数之比为 1∶2 .35;⑷ 0～岁组儿童性病发病率远高于其他年龄组 ,1996年达 4 4 .68/ 10万 ;⑸城市和少数民族地区高于农村。上述表明 ,我国性病监测点儿童性病流行形势日益严峻 ,应引起我们足够的重视。     

Epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection

Markers of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection have been detected all over the five continents. Geographical prevalence varied heavily: HDV infection is very rare in Far East Asia, but extremely frequent in Arabian countries, in Romania and in certain Indian populations of South America. In Europe and in the USA the infection is widely spread among high risk groups such as intravenous drug abusers and haemophiliacs,I Corresponding author.     

Hepatitis B virus infection in children in Sardinia,Italy

Possible hepatitis B immunization of all newborns, regardless of the mother's HBsAg status, is a strategy under consideration for selected hyperendemic areas in Italy. Sardinia is one such area. However, in 1987 in Sardinia, the prevalence of hepatitis B markers in children under 11 years was estimated at 1.7% and the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at 0.2%. A much higher prevalence of HBsAg was recently observed among adults in this area: 8.7% among men and 5.2% among pregnant women. This contrasting pattern is unlikely to be due to bias: the sampling procedures adopted were appropriate and the percentage of refusals was very low (2.2%). The observed low hepatitis B marker prevalence in young age groups might be the result of a cohort effect due to the improved socio-economic conditions and changes in behaviour that have occurred in Sardinia over the last few years.The finding of only 3 HBsAg+ individuals out of 1,826 children tested, in spite of the 5.2% HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women in that region, is probably attributable to the low proportion of HBeAg positive individuals among the HBsAg+ carrier mothers in this area.At present, immunization of all newborns in Sardinia cannot be recommended.     

Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Split region

A seroepidemiologic survey of pregnant women in Split region was performed in order to determine a strategy for prenatal screening for HBsAg. Thirty (7.5%) of 400 women had the markers of past or current HBV infection, while 3/400 (0.75%) were carriers. According to demographic data and risk factors they represent low risk population. General prenatal screening for HBsAg is advisable.     

泉州地区乙型肝炎病毒基因型调查及其流行病学研究

目的:初步确定流行于泉州地区的乙肝病毒的基因型的基本情况,并探讨HBV基因型的流行病学特点及其与HBVDNA、HBeAg阳性率的关系。方法:采用分层多阶段随机抽样法收集慢性HBV感染者的血清,应用荧光定量PCR方法对乙型肝炎病毒进行DNA定量和基因型测定,并用SPSS8.0统计软件进行分析。结果:泉州地区的HBV基因型分布分别为B型52.36%,C型46.06%和B/C混合型1.58%。B型患者平均年龄28.99岁、C型慢性乙肝患者平均年龄31.28,C基因型大于B基因型,但两者差异无统计学意义。性别构成比中B型男性多于女性,C型女性多于男性,它们的差异都具有显著性。HBeAg阳性者中B和C这2种基因型分别占55.64%和47.86%;HBVDNA高载量中B基因型(48.72%)多于C基因型(23.08%)。结论:泉州地区HBV携带者HBVDNA阳性者中以B、C型为主,B型占优越,存在少量B和C基因型混合感染。     

广州地区性病门诊患者生殖支原体感染及致病性分析

目的 探讨广州地区生殖支原体(Mg)的感染情况及其致病性.方法 应用Taqman MGB荧光PCR方法对广东省皮肤性病防治中心2010-2013年性病门诊的2 633例患者宫颈、尿道拭子进行Mg检测,涂片检测念珠菌、阴道毛滴虫和细菌学阴道病,ELISA法检测衣原体,培养法分离淋球菌.结果 2 633例疑似病例经检测Mg阳性209例,总感染率为7.94％,其中男性Mg感染率为8.94％ (175/1 958),女性感染率为5.04％ (34/675),两者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=10.45,P＜0.01).男性感染者主要集中在30～49岁,占77.14％(135/175);女性主要集中在20～39岁,占82.35％(28/34).男性Mg感染者中,30～39岁组占45.14％(79/175),高于其他年龄组,同时也高于女性该年龄组[35.29％ (12/34)],但两者比较差异无统计学意义(x2=1.12,P＞0.05);女性Mg感染者中,20～29岁组占47.06％,高于其他年龄组,同时也高于男性该年龄组[14.29％(25/175)],差异有统计学意义(X2=19.39,P＜0.01).92份男性尿道拭子检出非淋菌性尿道炎(NGU)共33例,其中单纯Mg感染引起的男性NGU占72.73％(24/33).21份宫颈拭子检出宫颈炎17例,其中单纯Mg感染引起的女性宫颈炎占82.35％(14/17).结论 广州地区男性Mg感染率明显高于女性,且不同年龄段男女Mg感染情况并不相同,另外Mg感染可能与男性NGU及女性宫颈炎相关.     

Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections,and related preventive and risk behaviours,among gay,bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Montreal,Toronto and Vancouver: results from the Engage Study

ObjectivesThe last Canadian biobehavioural surveillance study of HIV and other sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) was conducted in 2010. We designed a study to measure STBBI prevalence among GBM in metropolitan Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver and to document related preventive and risk behaviours.MethodsThe Engage Cohort Study used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to recruit GBM who reported sex with another man in the past 6 months. At baseline, we examined recruitment characteristics of the samples, and the RDS-II-adjusted distributions of socio-demographics, laboratory-confirmed HIV and other STBBI prevalence, and related behaviours, with a focus on univariate differences among cities.ResultsA total of 2449 GBM were recruited from February 2017 to August 2019. HIV prevalence was lower in Montreal (14.2%) than in Toronto (22.2%) or Vancouver (20.4%). History of syphilis infection was similar across cities (14–16%). Vancouver had more HIV-negative/unknown participants who reported never being HIV tested (18.6%) than Toronto (12.9%) or Montreal (11.5%). Both Montreal (74.9%) and Vancouver (78.8%) had higher proportions of men who tested for another STBBI in the past 6 months than Toronto (67.4%). Vancouver had a higher proportion of men who used pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the past 6 months (18.9%) than Toronto (11.1%) or Montreal (9.6%).ConclusionThe three largest cities of Canada differed in HIV prevalence, STBBI testing and PrEP use among GBM. Our findings also suggest the need for scale-up of both PrEP and STI testing among GBM in Canada.     

Evaluation of seroepidemiological associations between HIV-infection,hepatitis B and other sexually transmitted diseases in African patients

To assess the possible role of sexually transmitted diseases as cofactors for the spread of AIDS, 248 adult patients were tested for the presence of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis. The survey was conducted in a hospital at Kagondo, Kagera Region, Northwest Tanzania, Africa. Subjects were randomly chosen from the outpatient clinic to include those with and without sexually transmitted diseases, as well as AIDS/pre-AIDS patients. The data were univariately and multivariately analysed by linear logit models, including interactions of demographic parameters. The results obtained reveal a strong association between the presence of antibodies against HIV, syphilis and HBV, respectively. The HBV/HIV-correlation remained stable in the multivariate analysis including interactions of social parameters, in contrast to the syphilis/HIV-correlation. We assume that this reflects the lower virulence of HBV as compared to that of syphilis. The prevalence of anti-HBV antibodies seems to be a more reliable marker for high sexual activity than those against syphilis. The possibility that HBV and HIV act as cofactors for each other's transmission could not be ruled out.     

隐匿性HBV感染的研究

隐匿性HBV感染的存在和临床意义已经被许多研究所证实，且发现在单纯抗-HBc阳性者中发生率最高。此文就各类人群隐匿性HBV感染的若干研究作了综述。     

隐匿性HBV感染的研究

隐匿性HBV感染的存在和临床意义已经被许多研究所证实,且发现在单纯抗-HBc阳性者中发生率最高.此文就各类人群隐匿性HBV感染的若干研究作了综述.     

Modeling HPV vaccination scale-up among urban young men who have sex with men in the context of HIV

IntroductionYoung men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at high risk to contract human papillomavirus (HPV). While an effective vaccination exists, its use among YMSM is markedly lower compared to non-MSM and women. This study compares scaling up HPV vaccination in conjunction with other prevention strategies.MethodsAn agent-based model of urban YMSM (≤26 years of age) reflective of the demography of Philadelphia, PA, simulated for up to ten years of follow-up to examine anal and oral transmission of the HPV genotypes covered in the nonavalent (9v) vaccine: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58. Starting HPV prevalences ranged from a high of 18% (type 6) to a low of 6% (type 31); overall 65% of individuals carried any HPV genotype. Simulated levels of vaccination were ranged from 0% to 13% (present-day level), 25%, 50%, 80% (Healthy People 2020 target), and 100% in conjunction with condom use and HIV seroadaptive practices. The primary outcome was the relative reduction in HPV infection.ResultsCompared to present-day vaccination levels (13%), scaling-up vaccination led to expected declines in 10-year post-simulation HPV prevalence. Anal HPV (any 9v types) declined by 9%, 27%, 46%, and 58% at vaccination levels of 25%, 50%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Similarly, oral HPV (any 9v types) declined by 11%, 33%, 57%, and 71% across the same levels of vaccine uptake. Comparing the prevention strategies, condoms blocked the greatest number of anal transmissions when vaccination was at or below present-day levels. For oral transmission, vaccination was superior to condom use at all levels of coverage.ConclusionsPublic health HPV preventions strategies should continue to emphasize the complementary roles of condoms and vaccination, especially for preventing oral infection. Improving vaccination coverage will ultimately have the greatest impact on reducing HPV infection among YMSM.     

广州市中心城区2008—2011年性传播疾病的流行病学分析

目的了解广州市中心城区近4年性传播疾病（sexually transmitted diseases,STDs）的流行病学特征,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法对广州市某中心城区2008—2011年STDs年报资料及人口数据进行趋势及描述性分析。结果近4年来,广州市中心城区STDs报告病例数为4146例,年均发病率为146．71／10万。除尖锐湿疣发病率呈上升趋势外,其余STDs发病率均呈下降趋势;病种构成,以梅毒比例最高（35．21％）,其次为生殖道沙眼衣原体感染（26．97％）,尖锐湿疣居第3位（15．97％）。4年内STDs男女性别比为0．98：1,总体女性患者多于男性;以20～29岁为发病高峰（34．88％）;家务及待业、商业服务、离退人员和工人等职业为主要发病人群,占总发病人数的50．48％;发病人群集中在该中心城区与广州市其他县区,占总发病人数的95．59％。结论尖锐湿疣、梅毒是今后STDs的防治工作重点,加强健康宣教,增强全民STDs的防范意识,规范疫情的监测、报告及管理,加强普通人群的监测,做好高危人群的干预工作。     

Hepatitis B virus markers among teenagers in the Araguaia region, Central Brazil: assessment of prevalence and vaccination coverage

The Brazilian hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination program for neonates was implemented in 1998 and broadened to include young people up to 20 years of age in 2001. However, HBV coverage of teenagers has not been systematically assessed in Brazil.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the magnitude of HBV infection and vaccine coverage among adolescent students regularly enrolled in the public schools of Barra do Garças, a city located in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A representative sample was randomly obtained and participants were interviewed and had blood samples collected to test for HBV markers.The sample was composed of 576 subjects, 51% of which were females. The average age was 15, with the group ranging from 12 to 20 years of age. There were 29 anti-HBc reactive participants (5.0%). Four out of 29 were HBsAg positive (0.7%). Anti-HBs alone (vaccinated profile) showed in 323 (56.1%) students and 224 (38.9%) were negative for all HBV markers. Increasing age was associated with HBV exposure in a χ² for trend analysis (p = 0.004). The prevalence of anti-HBs alone decreased as the subjects’ age increased. Multivariate analysis showed independent association between HBV infection and the start of sexual activity. Another associated variable was the fact that the some students were enrolled in two low-income neighborhood schools.Our findings classify this area as low endemic for HBV and suggest that there is a progressive decrease in the spread of HBV in the region due to the introduction of universal vaccination of neonates. Approximately half of the adolescents 15 years or older were not immunized, which raises a concern in terms of the need to increase the vaccination rate for this segment of the population.     

Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccine-induced immunity in Madrid (Spain)

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time.MethodsAn observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16–80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys.ResultsIn the population aged 16–80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8–12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5–1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16–20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0–76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection.ConclusionsBased on the prevalence of chronic infection (<1%), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population.