恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗短期疗效影响因素的研究

目的：探讨影响恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿胆道引流（PTBD）联合胆道支架置入术（PTBS）短期疗效的相关因素。方法：分析2004年6月—2009年6月经PTBD和PTBS治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者107例,参照胆红素下降程度和术后30 d内生存情况分为短期治疗有效（91例）和无效（16例）2组,应用卡方检验进行单因素分析,非条件Logistic进行多因素分析。结果：单因素分析显示患者年龄、性别、梗阻时间、梗阻部位、术前胆道感染和肝功能Child-Pugh评分、TBIL、HGB、Cr 9个因素与恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗预后相关。多因素分析示术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥9分、Cr≥111μmol/L是恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的高危因素。结论：术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥9分、Cr≥111μmol/L与恶性梗阻性黄疸短期预后关系密切,对梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的术前评估有重要参考意义。     

ERCP术后发生胆道感染的危险因素

目的探讨梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后胆道感染的危险因素及治疗策略。方法回顾性分析我院普外科自2010年1月至2014年7月内因梗阻性黄疸在我院行ERCP治疗的149例患者临床资料,分析发生感染的相关因素,包括年龄,性别,疾病的良恶性质(胆管结石组与恶性梗阻性黄疸组),发生梗阻的部位(肝门部及以上部位组与胆总管下段组),ERCP操作的时间(>30 min组与≤30 min组),是否置入胆道支架,胆道支架的材质(塑料与金属支架)。对发生胆道感染的患者行血培养及药敏实验,指导临床用药。结果按是否发生胆道感染分为胆道感染组24例与非胆道感染组125例,单因素分析结果显示两组间疾病的良恶性质及梗阻的部位差异有统计学意义,而年龄、性别、ERCP操作时间、胆道支架的置入、支架的材质间无明显统计学差异。24例胆道感染组血培养阳性11例,药敏结果显示所有细菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟及头孢哌酮舒巴坦敏感率大于95%。结论疾病的良恶性质及胆道梗阻的部位是ERCP术后胆道感染的独立危险因素,对高危患者应采取相应措施预防胆道感染的发生。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸术前胆道引流术式合理选择

恶性梗阻性黄疸是指恶性肿瘤直接浸润或压迫肝外胆道致胆汁排出受阻。根据肿瘤起源及胆道阻塞部位一般可分为低位胆道梗阻及高位胆道梗阻，分别包括胰头癌、胆总管下端癌、壶腹部周围癌及肝门部胆管癌等。胆囊癌和肝十二指肠韧带肿瘤病灶浸润、堵塞胆道，同样也可引起梗阻性黄疸。[第一段]     

在高度危险的患者施行胆道手术中,使用预防性头孢羟唑的前瞻性随机对照研究

在正常情况下,胆汁是无菌的;但是有些因素可增加胆道手术并发脓毒症的危险,如年满70岁的、胆汁污染、胆总管部分或完全性梗阻、原有胆道手术史、黄疸、近期严重胆囊炎发作和伴行的手术。不伴并发症的胆囊切除术中,阳性培养率为16～17%,术后伤口感染率为2.8～10.0%;相反,在胆总管结石病例,阳性培养率为37～62.5%,至于胆汁流出受阻以及出现黄疸者阳性培养率高达46～81%,伤口感染率为36%。脓毒症的发生率高主要是污染的胆汁污染了手术野所致,年龄也是一个很重要的因素。     

胆汁细菌培养阳性的危险因素分析

抗生素对于预防胆道手术部位感染的作用是肯定的.为合理使用预防性抗生素,进一步减少耐药菌株、药物毒副作用以及医疗费用,我们对2007年6月至2008年3月在我院行胆道手术195例患者术中抽取胆汁行细菌培养,同时留取24例我院肝移植科活体肝移植供体的健康人正常胆囊胆汁行细菌培养,分析胆汁细菌培养阳性的危险因素.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸伴急性化脓性胆管炎处理方式的选择

恶性梗阻性黄疸容易引发胆管炎，发生率在8%～19％，其中壶腹癌的发生率最高。研究发现，肿瘤破坏了壶腹部的结构和功能，使肠道中的细菌通过壶腹反流引发胆管炎。恶性梗阻性黄疸使胆道压力增高，影响肝脏细胞的分泌，容易产生不含胆红素和胆盐的无色胆汁。出现白胆汁的病人预后更差，死亡率明显增高。恶性疾病引发的胆道梗阻往往是完全性梗阻，胆道内导管压力明显增高，增加了胆血反流和内毒素血症，同时增加了彻底、有效胆道引流难度，比良性胆道梗阻更严重，甚至采取手术引流后也难以改善其预后。     

肝胆手术中的粪链球菌菌血症

在良、恶性胆道狭窄的患者中胆汁细菌培养的阳性率分别为100%和33～36%,以大肠杆菌最为常见,阳性率约为40～48%。术中,如胆汁内存在细菌则更易引起菌血症,所以在梗阻性黄疸的手术中,常常选用头孢菌素和氨基糖甙类抗菌素作为预防。但是这些抗菌素对粪链球菌无明显疗效。本文对胆道粪链球菌菌血症患者应用预防性抗菌素的选择作了研究。全组14例患者的平均年龄为56.1岁(24～71岁),良、恶性梗阻者分别为5例和9例。所有患者术前、后每天取引流管内胆汁作培养,术中均作胆汁     

不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸68例治疗体会

目的探讨不能手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸给予介入治疗及术后行放射治疗的效果。方法对笔者所在单位2006年6月至2011年6月期间收治的68例不能手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者在X线导向下行经皮经肝胆道内外引流及金属内支架引流术,对胆道金属内支架置入术后行放射治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析与总结。结果行内外引流管引流28例次,金属内支架置入63例次。55例胆管癌患者胆道金属内支架置入后再行放射治疗,13例患者单纯行胆道内外引流管引流,全部患者的黄疸均得到改善。行胆管肿瘤组织活检51例和胆汁脱落细胞学检查68例,总阳性率为58.8%(40/68),术后0.5、1及3年存活率分别为95.6%(65/68),70.6%(48/68)和14.7%(10/68)。结论恶性梗阻性黄疸在失去手术治疗机会后采用介入治疗解除胆管梗阻,减轻肝脏损害,胆道金属内支架置入术后再行放射治疗,有助于提高患者生存质量,延长患者生存时间。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道造影下胆管钳夹活组织检查对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的 探讨PTC下胆管钳夹活组织检查(PTCB)对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析2001年4月至2011年12月郑州大学第一附属医院连续收治的826例接受PTCB的梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,统计病理学结果、PTCB阳性率及并发症等.总结PTCB的安全性、可行性及导致梗阻性黄疸的恶性肿瘤的病理学特点.PTCB对于胆道系统与非胆道系统恶性肿瘤活组织检查阳性率的差异分析采用x2检验.结果 826例梗阻性黄疸患者行PTCB,成功率为100％.术后86例患者出现并发症,其中一过性胆汁血症47例,胆汁漏11例,暂时性胆道出血28例,无严重并发症发生.恶性胆管狭窄740例,良性胆管狭窄86例.PTCB阳性者727例(包括癌性狭窄641例、胆道炎性或纤维增生86例),假阴性99例,总体阳性率为88.01％ (727/826).胆道梗阻因素中,恶性肿瘤占89.59％(740/826).病理检查结果示高、中、低分化癌所占比例分别为57.88％(371/641)、19.97％(128/641)和22.15％(142/641),其中腺癌占96.41％(618/641).胆道系统恶性肿瘤与非胆道系统恶性肿瘤PTCB阳性率分别为89.50％(469/524)和79.63％(172/216),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=12.87,P＜0.05).结论 PTCB对梗阻性黄疸病理学诊断阳性率高,临床应用安全可行.胆源性肿瘤是PTCB的最佳适应证.导致梗阻性黄疸的恶性肿瘤的主要病理类型为高分化腺癌.     

恶性黄疸术前减黄的争议

恶性梗阻性黄疸系指由恶性肿瘤直接浸润或压迫肝外胆道所致的胆汁排出阻碍,根据其梗阻部位,一般可分为低位胆道梗阻及高位胆道梗阻.低位胆道梗阻指壶腹周围恶性肿瘤所致的梗阻,通常包括胰头癌、胆总管下端癌及壶腹癌等.高位胆道梗阻即指肝门部胆管癌所致的胆道梗阻,部分胆囊癌可向肝管方向浸润发展,也可致高位胆道梗阻.低位胆道恶性梗阻的经典治疗手段是行胰十二指肠切除,高位胆道恶性梗阻的经典治疗手段是行胆管癌切除(或肝脏部分切除)及肝内胆管空肠吻合(或肝肠吻合).     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.