SB203580对烟雾暴露的哮喘大鼠的影响

目的建立烟雾暴露的支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)大鼠模型,观察p38有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对其的治疗作用。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即正常对照组、哮喘组、烟雾暴露的哮喘组及SB203580干预组。动物肺功能仪测定大鼠呼气阻力、吸气阻力及肺顺应性,观察肺组织病理学改变,通过ELISA检测大鼠肺组织中IL-4、IL-5和IL-8的表达。结果与烟雾暴露的哮喘组相比,SB203580干预组大鼠的气道阻力显著下降,肺顺应性显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);气道炎症明显减轻;肺组织中IL-4、IL-5和IL-8的含量显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580可以改善烟雾暴露的哮喘大鼠的气道炎症,减轻其支气管收缩反应。     

特异性p38蛋白激酶抑制剂SB203580对小鼠感染肺炎衣原体后细胞因子变化的影响

目的 探讨特异性p38蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对小鼠感染肺炎衣原体后细胞因子变化.方法 使用TLR4基因缺失(C3H/HeJ)小鼠90只,随机分为正常组、感染组和SB203580组,每组再分别按0、1、4、7、14 d分成5小组.正常组鼻内接种二磷酸蔗糖缓冲液,感染组鼻内接种肺炎衣原体约4.0×106 IFU/ml,SB203580组在感染肺炎衣原体后腹腔注射SB203580(100 mg/kg).分别在接种后第0天,第1天、第4天、第7天、第14天预定的时间处死小鼠,取肺组织分别采用Western blot法测p38 MAPK蛋白的表达,用酶联免疫吸附法检测肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素1(IL-1)的表达,同时观察各组小鼠肺组织病理变化.结果 感染组肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1的表达水平在各时间点均高于正常组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),并在第4天出现高峰,14天以后开始下降.SB203580组肺组织中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1的表达水平在各时间点均低于感染组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).同时,SB203580组p38 MAPK蛋白表达强度弱于感染组.结论 p38 MAPK参与小鼠感染肺炎衣原体的炎症反应,特异性p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580能抑制小鼠感染肺炎衣原体后的细胞因子表达,减轻炎症反应.     

p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对脓毒症大鼠心功能的影响及机制探讨

目的 探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对脓毒症大鼠心功能的影响及其机制.方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、干预组,各10只.模型组和干预组采用盲肠结扎穿刺术（CLP）制备脓毒症大鼠模型.干预组给予p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580干预.干预后1、3、6、12、24h检测各组血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、IL-6水平,24h后行心脏彩超检测各组大鼠的左室射血分数（EF）及短轴缩短率（FS）;并分离左室心肌采用Western blot方法检测p38MAPK蛋白表达.结果 模型组、干预组术后血清TNF-α、IL-6水平迅速升高,于24h到达高峰,但干预组升高幅度小于模型组（P均＜0.05）.术后24h模型组、干预组左心室EF和FS较对照组显著降低（P均＜0.05）.干预组左心室EF和FS下降程度小于模型组（P均＜0.05）.与对照组比较,术后24h模型组、干预组心肌组织中p38MAPK蛋白相对表达量升高,干预组低于模型组（P均＜0.05）.结论 p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对脓毒症大鼠心功能有保护作用,降低TNF-α、IL-6水平可能为其主要机制.     

p38MAPK抑制剂对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎合并肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠合并肺损伤的保护作用.方法 54只雄性SD大鼠按数字表法随机分为对照组、ANP组和SB203580(干预)组,每组18只.以左旋盐酸精氨酸腹腔注射建立大鼠ANP模型,对照组大鼠腹腔注射等容积生理盐水,干预组在制模前腹腔注射SB203580(用二甲基亚枫溶解配制成10 μmol/L)5 mg/kg体重.术后3、6、12 h分批处死大鼠,取血测淀粉酶、TNF-α和IL-6含量,行胰腺及肺组织病理学检查,计算肺组织湿/干重比,测髓过氧化酶(MPO)含量,RT-PCR法检测中性粒细胞趋化因子(C1NC) mRNA表达,蛋白质印迹法检测磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)蛋白表达.结果 术后6h,对照组的血淀粉酶、TNF-α和IL-6含量、肺组织湿/干重比、MPO活性、CINC mRNA及p-p38MAPK蛋白表达量分别为(1035±73) U/L、(0.94±0.16) μg/L、(4.77±0.86) μg/L、3.92±0.29、(0.39±0.02) U/g、0.28 ±0.04、0.09±0.04;ANP组分别为(5848±656)U/L、(3.84±0.32) μg/L、( 103.54±15.32) μg/L、4.97±0.47、(1.03±0.08) u/g、0.62±0.06、0.52±0.14;干预组分别为(4259±286) U/L、(1.64±0.21) μg/L、(76.56±11.46) μg/L、4.32±0.34、(0.78±0.05)U/g、0.37±0.04、0.27 ±0.08.ANP组的各项指标均显著高于对照组,干预组的各项指标均显著低于ANP组,但仍显著高于对照组(P值均＜0.01).结论SB203580可通过阻断p38MAPK信号通路,在一定程度上减少炎症因子的产生,减轻ANP大鼠胰腺及肺组织损伤.     

P38 MAPK在大鼠体外循环肺组织炎症反应中的作用

54只SD大鼠随机分为3组,全麻开胸组(S组)、体外循环组(CPB组)、体外循环 P38 MAPK阻断剂组(SB组).Western blot法检测大鼠肺组织中P38 MAPK、磷酸化P38 MAPK,EMSA法检测激活蛋白(AP-1)的DNA结合活性变化,ELISA法检测TNF-α和IL-1β产量,并留取肺组织做HE染色病理检查.发现在磷酸化P38 MAPK、AP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β方面,CPB组较S组明显增高,SB组较CPB组明显减少.认为P38 MAPK通过影响AP-1的激活而参与体外循环术后肺炎症反应的发生,SB203580通过阻断P38 MAPK的激活而减轻体外循环术后肺炎症反应的发生.     

p38蛋白激酶抑制剂SB203580对重症胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(p38MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对重症胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机均分为3组:假手术组、重症胰腺炎组(模型组)、p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580+重症胰腺炎组(抑制剂组),12 h后取左肺下叶测组织湿/干重比,用Western印迹法检测右肺上叶环氧合酶(COX)-2、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)9、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)和磷酸化p38(p-p38)蛋白的表达,右肺下叶行病理学观察。结果与假手术组比较,模型组肺组织湿/干重比明显增加(P<0.05),肺组织p-p38、i NOS、MMP9、COX-2蛋白表达明显增高(P<0.05),与模型组比较,抑制剂组肺组织湿/干重比明显降低(P<0.05),p-p38、i NOS、MMP9、COX-2蛋白表达量明显(P<0.05)。结论 P38抑制剂SB203580通过减轻肺组织中p-p38、MMP9、i NOS和COX-2的表达,从而减轻肺组织的损伤。     

布地奈德上调支气管哮喘小鼠肺组织IDO、抑制气道炎症和气道高反应性的研究

目的 研究布地奈德对急性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)模型小鼠肺组织吲哚胺-2,3双加氧酶(IDO)表达、气道炎症和气道高反应性的干预作用.方法 18只SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组、布地奈德组.卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏和激发建立哮喘模型.末次激发24 h后,测定气道对乙酰胆碱的反应性,HE染色观察气道炎症细胞浸润,ELISA法检测血清总IgE、OVA特异性IgE(OVA-sIgE)以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF) Th2细胞因子(IL-4和IL-13).Western blot检测肺组织IDO蛋白表达.结果 正常组小鼠气道阻力随乙酰胆碱浓度增加仅轻度增加,哮喘组气道阻力较正常组显著增高,布地奈德组气道阻力较哮喘组显著下降(P＜0.05);哮喘组血清总IgE和OVA-sIgE、BALF炎症细胞总数和嗜酸粒细胞分类计数、Th2细胞因子水平较正常组显著增高,布地奈德组炎症指标较哮喘组显著降低(P＜0.05);哮喘组肺组织IDO)较正常组显著下降,布地奈德组肺组织IDO较哮喘组显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 布地奈德抑制急性哮喘模型气道炎症和气道高反应性,可能与上调肺组织IDO有关.     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶与慢性气道疾病

支气管哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病是两大主要的慢性气道疾病.作为一种细胞内信号转导通路,p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)介导基因表达、炎性因子产生,在炎性细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡等方面扮有关键性作用,参与慢性气道疾病的气道炎症机制.体外实验表明p38 MAPK抑制剂有抗炎作用,动物实验表明p38 MAPK抑制剂可有效抑制慢性气道疾病模型的气道炎症、气道高反应性和重塑.此外,p38 MAPK的活性异常还与激素不敏感密切相关,p38 MAPK抑制剂可提高激素的抗炎效应.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关性气管支气管软化症模型建立及评价

目的 建立一种慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)相关性气管支气管软化症模型制备方法，并评价丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)抑制剂(SB203580)的作用效果。方法 通过烟熏联合脂多糖气管滴入法制备大鼠COPD模型，分离COPD大鼠气管支气管软骨细胞、培养及传代，然后加入10 ng/ml白细胞介素(IL)-1β处理筛选的软骨细胞24 h诱导软骨细胞退变，建立COPD相关性气管支气管软化症模型。采用SB203580干预退变软骨细胞，流式凋亡和CCK8法分别检测软骨细胞凋亡、增殖活性；甲苯胺蓝染色和免疫组织化学法观察软骨细胞蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原含量；Western印迹检测软骨细胞caveolin-1、p38MAPK、IL-1β、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-13蛋白表达；荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)法检测软骨细胞caveolin-1、p38MAPK、IL-1β、MMP-13表达水平。结果 COPD大鼠支气管软骨细胞分离鉴定成功，10 ng/ml IL-1β即能诱导构建稳定的COPD相关性气管支气管软化症细胞模型；通过CCK8法筛选确定第4代支气管软骨细胞、5μmol/L SB203580为最佳...     

大鼠重症急性胰腺炎发病机制中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的作用研究

目的探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)特异性抑制剂SB203580对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的保护作用。方法以胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠建立SD大鼠SAP模型。将45只SD大鼠随机分为3组,假手术组(SO组,n=15);SAP组(SAP组,n=15);SB203580治疗组(SB组,n=15)。术后3、6、12 h处死大鼠并取血。对胰腺进行病理组织学评分,测定大鼠腹水量。检测血清淀粉酶,ELISA法测定血清IL-6和IL-10水平。并采用免疫组化法观察大鼠胰腺组织p38 MAPK下游靶点P-ATF2表达情况。结果 SO组胰腺组织存在P-ATF2弱表达,SAP组各时间点P-ATF2表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),SB组各时间点表达水平较SAP组下降明显(P<0.01)。SAP组6、12 h时间点IL-6水平,3、6 h时间点IL-10水平,血清淀粉酶,腹水量明显高于SB组(P<0.05)。SAP组各时间点胰腺组织病理学积分显著高于SB组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阻断p38 MAPK信号传导通路可以明显缓解大鼠重症急性胰腺炎的病情。预示此信号传导通路可以为SAP的治疗提供一个有价值的标靶。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.