老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征睡眠障碍特点与认知损害相关性分析

目的 分析老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)的睡眠障碍特点与认知损害相关性. 方法 受检老年人36例,分为OSAS组(18例),对照组(18例),均进行多导睡眠图(polysomnography,PSG)家庭睡眠监测、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)、爱泼沃斯思睡量表(Epworth sleepiness scale,ESS)测试,检测简易智力状态(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)、记忆商(MQ)并进行画钟测验、词表学习、符号数字测验等认知功能评估. 结果 (1)OSAS组Delta睡眠比例减少、最低和平均血氧饱和度明显减少、呼吸暂停及低通气指数(apnea and hypopnea index,AHI)及氧减指数明显增加(P＜0.05).(2)OSAS组MMSE、MQ、符号数字测验、画钟测验成绩较差(P＜0.05).(3)OSAS组MMSE评分与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.533,P＜0.05),与平均血氧水平呈正相关(r=0.409,P＜0.05).MQ与MMSE、入睡潜伏期、氧减指数相关(r分别为0.726,0.495,0.645,P均＜0.05). 结论 老年OSAS以深睡眠减少、血氧饱和度降低等为其睡眠障碍特点,可能是引起记忆、视空间、操作学习等认知功能损害的重要原因.     

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征CPAP治疗压力预测公式的验证

目的验证睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征CPAP治疗压力简易预测公式的准确性,探讨适用范围。方法回顾分析40例OSAHS患者的临床资料。依据实测压力值,分别计算国外预测值(公式1)及瑞金预测值(公式1)的符合率。再将实测压力值与瑞金预测值差值范围不同分为2组,即符合组(差值<±1.5cmH2O)30例和对照组(差值≥±1.5cmH2O)10例,比较2组间体重指数(BMI),颈围,呼吸紊乱指数(AHI),血氧饱度<90%占总睡眠时间(TST)百分比(TS90%),最长呼吸暂停时间,最低氧饱和度(LSaO2),以及微觉醒指数等之间是否存在差异。结果国外预测值与瑞金预测值符合率相比有显著差异,以差值1.5cmH2O为界时公式1符合率明显小于公式2(P<0.05)。另瑞金预测符合组颈围,体重指数(BMI)与对照组有明显差别,其颈围,体重指数(BMI)小于对照组(P<0.05),其余各项指标组间无明显差异。结论应用简易公式预测治疗压力适用于颈围,体重指数(BMI)在一定范围的患者。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的相关分析

目的观察阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是否具有相关性。对50例OSAS患者依是否伴发COPD分为单纯OSAS组和重叠综合征组,分别对其肺功能和睡眠呼吸多导分析资料进性分析。50例中30例为重叠综合征,其夜间与睡眠有关的低氧血症较单纯OSAS患者更为明显。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与认知功能损害

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者认知功能的损害普遍存在,不同程度的影响了患者的生存质量。这个常见的OSAS合并症却经常被漏诊,使患者得不到及时的诊断和治疗。认知功能损害的机制主要与睡眠间歇低氧和睡眠结构紊乱有关,间歇低氧引发的炎症和氧化应激反应对认知功能相关部位的中枢神经损伤是认知功能障碍的解剖学基础。充分治疗OSAS对认知功能的改善有益,提倡对患者的早期诊断和治疗。     

慢性阻塞性肺病合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的研究

为研究慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）的临床特点，对50例COPD患者据其第1次睡眠呼吸监测结果分为COPD组和COPD合并OSAS组，两组各选10例在吸氧下行第2次睡眠呼吸监测，其中COPD合并OSAS组在持续正压通气（CPAP）和双水平正压通气（BiPAP）治疗下行第3、4次睡眠呼吸监测，10例COPD合并OSAS患者在吸氧同时加用CPAP和BiPAP治疗下行第5、6次睡眠呼吸监测。结果显示，在COPD合并OSAS发病率为24％。COPD合并OSAS患者体重大，夜间打鼾，缺氧明显，呼吸衰竭和心力衰竭发生率高，睡眠潜伏期短（SLT），呼吸紊乱指数（RDI）大。睡眠时氧可使两组患者RDI增大。COPD合并OSAS组50％耐受CPAP通气治疗，皆能耐受BiPAP治疗，吸氧同时加用机械通气可取得更理想疗效。提示COPD合并OSAS患者病情危重，对其氧疗的同时给予CPAP和BiPAP通气是抢救成功的关键。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与致纤维化型间质性肺疾病患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对比研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)与慢性呼吸系统疾病(CRDs)交互作用可能的病理生理机制,对比评价致纤维化型间质性肺疾病(ILD)和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中OSA的发生情况和严重程度。方法选择2015年9月至2018年12月于中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊断的73例COPD患者和77例致纤维化型ILD患者,进行多导睡眠监测、肺功能检查和其他临床评估。OSA定义为睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥5次/h。结果不依赖于年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)、白日嗜睡程度及并发症情况,致纤维化型ILD患者较COPD患者发生中、重度OSA更为常见(61%vs. 44%, P=0.02),程度更为严重[AHI(22.4±16.5)次/h vs.(16.8±13.2)次/h, P=0.02]。OSA的严重程度(AHI)与COPD和ILD患者的用力肺活量、肺总量及弥散功能无关。结论 OSA常见于慢性呼吸系统疾病患者,与COPD相比,致纤维化型ILD患者的OSA更为常见,程度更为严重;静态肺功能指标与慢性呼吸系统疾病患者OSA的严重程度无关。提示有必要开展ILD疾病特异性的OSA的临床研究及治疗方式探讨。     

Increasing walking and bright light exposure to improve sleep in community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease: results of a randomized, controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: To test the effects of walking, light exposure, and a combination intervention (walking, light, and sleep education) on the sleep of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with blinded assessors. SETTING: Independent community living. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty‐two people with AD and their in‐home caregivers. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to one of three active treatments (walking, light, combination treatment) or contact control and received three or six in‐home visits. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were participant total wake time based on wrist actigraphy and caregiver ratings of participant sleep quality on the Sleep Disorders Inventory (SDI). Secondary sleep outcomes included additional actigraphic measurements of sleep percentage, number of awakenings, and total sleep time. RESULTS: Participants in walking (P=.05), light (P=.04), and combination treatment (P=.01) had significantly greater improvements in total wake time at posttest (effect size 0.51–0.63) than controls but no significant improvement on the SDI. Moderate effect size improvements in actigraphic sleep percentage were also observed in active treatment participants. There were no significant differences between the active treatment groups and no group differences for any sleep outcomes at 6 months. Participants with better adherence (4 d/wk) to walking and light exposure recommendations had significantly less total wake time (P=.006) and better sleep efficiency (P=.005) at posttest than those with poorer adherence. CONCLUSION: Walking, light exposure, and their combination are potentially effective treatments for improving sleep in community‐dwelling persons with AD, but consistent adherence to treatment recommendations is required.     

Obesity-related cardiovascular disease: implications of obstructive sleep apnea

Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often coexist. OSA has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Thus, OSA may contribute to the cardiovascular consequences of obesity. In this review, we explore clinical and pathophysiological interactions between obesity, cardiovascular disease and OSA. We discuss the mechanisms whereby OSA may contribute to hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and atrial fibrillation associated with obesity, and emphasize the potential implications for understanding why only a subgroup of obese patients develop cardiovascular disease. Identification of the OSA-dependent and OSA-independent pathways in the cardiovascular pathophysiology of obesity may hold clinical and therapeutic promise.     

老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与血栓性脑血管病

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是高血压、脑卒中等发病的独立危险因素，脑血管病患者中50％以上合并睡眠呼吸障碍，为老年人的高发病。观察血黏度、血小板聚集率、血小板膜糖蛋白阳性率、纤维蛋白原、内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽及低氧对脑血流的影响等多种相关因素，揭示其内在规律，为进一步治疗及预防提供依据。     

Relationships between cardiometabolic disorders and obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for cardiovascular disease risk

Previous studies have reported the effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiometabolic disorders on cardiovascular disease (CVD), but associations between cardiometabolic biomarkers and two cardinal features of OSA (chronic intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation) and their interactions on CVD in OSA populations remain unclear. A total of 1727 subjects were included in this observational study. Data on overnight polysomnography parameters, biochemical biomarkers, and anthropometric measurements were collected. Metabolic syndrome (MS), including blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, triglycerides (TG), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), was diagnosed based on modified criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III. WC, mean arterial pressure, TG and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) were independently associated with apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) after adjustment for confounding factors (β = 0.578, P = 0.000; β = 0.157, P = 0.001; β = 1.003, P = 0.019; and β = 4.067, P = 0.0005, respectively). Furthermore, the interaction analysis revealed joint effects between hypertension, obesity, hyperglycemia, and LDL‐C dyslipidemia and AHI on CVD. The relative excess risks of CVD due to the interactions with OSA were 2.06, 1.02, 0.48, and 1.42, respectively (all P < 0.05). In contrast, we found no independent effect of the microarousal index (MAI) on CVD. However, LDL‐C level and some MS components (WC, TG) were associated with MAI. Our findings indicate that hypoxemia and cardiometabolic disorders in OSA may potentiate their unfavorable effects on CVD. Sleep fragmentation may indirectly predispose patients with OSA to an increased risk of CVD. Thus, cardiometabolic disorders and OSA synergistically influence cardiometabolic risk patterns.     

Clinical characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in community-dwelling older adults

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether traditional risk factors are common in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Atlanta, Georgia. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 94 community-dwelling adults aged 62 to 91. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic, medical, and sleep-related information obtained using questionnaires. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and 72-hour voiding diary were used to determine daytime sleepiness and nocturia frequency, respectively. Overnight ambulatory sleep recording device was used to screen for OSA. RESULTS: Fifteen female and 15 male subjects had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 15 or more per hour of sleep (moderate to severe OSA). Traditional risk factors such as snoring, body mass index, and neck circumference were not significantly associated with OSA. An AHI of 15 or more per hour was independently associated with not feeling well rested in the morning, higher ESS score, and greater frequency of nocturia. CONCLUSION: Traditional risk factors for OSA were not common presenting symptoms and signs in study subjects with an AHI of 15 or more per hour of sleep; this may contribute to underdiagnosis of OSA in this population. Subjects with an AHI of 15 or more per hour had more sleep-related complaints and excessive daytime sleepiness. Although occult, this suggests that OSA may contribute to disease burden in this group of people.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压临床分析

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压的相关性。方法20例患者经多导睡眠图（PSG）检查,符合OSAS的诊断标准,同时伴有高血压作为试验组。另20例为单纯高血压病患者作为对照组。两组患者均常规低盐饮食,口服药物治疗3周,比较治疗前后血压变化;OSAS组降压效果差的患者同时接受持续气道正压通气（CPAP）治疗,观察血压控制情况。结果药物治疗3周后,对照组晨起血压较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．05）;OSAS组药物治疗前后无明显变化,再同时用（CPAP）治疗3周后晨起血压明显下降。结论OSAS患者与其高血压具有相关性,与OSAS有关的高血压患者单纯药物治疗效果欠佳,CPAP治疗对这种高血压有效。     

The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea

There has been an accumulating body of research concerning the extraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease over the past decade. Given the cardiological, pulmonological, laryngeal, and dental aspects of such complications, an interdisciplinary approach is required. The most recognized manifestations are noncardiac chest pain, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, and posterior laryngitis, as well as the acidic damage of dental enamel. This article focuses on the potential relationship between reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea, which has been raised only more recently. Because of the decrease of primary peristalsis and the reduced production of saliva, as well as the diminished acid and volume clearance of the esophagus, sleeping can be considered as a risk factor of the reflux event by itself. Moreover, it should also be taken into account that the transdiphragmatic pressure increases in parallel with the growing intrathoracic pressure generated during obstructive apnea episodes. This has a non-negligible effect on the phrenoesophageal ligament, which is connected to the lower esophageal sphincter. Repetition of the pressure changes results in insufficiency of the cardia. While this pressure change produces a considerable suction effect, further reducing the clearing mechanism of the gastric volume, lower esophageal sphincter insufficiency can directly lead to reflux disease. The challenge for gastroenterologists is to gain further insight into this relationship and to play a more active role in the complex therapy of the disease, as well as to develop a new diagnostic approach towards the severe forms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea

The high prevalence of both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Western societies is well documented. However, OSA frequently remains unrecognized and untreated among patients with COPD. Patients with both conditions have a greater risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events compared with patients with COPD or OSA alone. Efficacious treatment with continuous positive airway pressure reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with OSA. The aim of the present review is to discuss the diagnostic approach to patients with both conditions and to delineate the benefits of timely recognition and treatment of OSA in patients with COPD.