Systemic immune response after open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis: A prospective randomized study

Objective. Laparoscopic surgery is thought to reduce the postoperative immunologic effects of surgical trauma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of surgical trauma on systemic inflammation and the immune response in acute cholecystitis. Material and methods. Thirty‐three patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were assigned to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC, n = 18) or open cholecystectomy (OC, n = 15). Blood samples were obtained preoperatively and on postoperative day 1 (24?h after surgery) and day 3 (72?h after surgery), and blood concentration of C‐reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte subpopulations, as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) ex vivo secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured in both groups. Results. Hospitalization was significantly shorter in the LC group than in the OC group (LC group: 3.7±1.2 days versus OC group: 6.3±2.7 days, p = 0.010). There was no postoperative morbidity in the LC group, but two patients in the OC group had postoperative complications. Postoperative TNF‐α ex vivo secretion by PBMCs and PBMC counts in the OC group were significantly lower than those in the LC group (p = 0.002). The CRP level declined by postoperative day 3, but was significantly less in the OC group than in the LC group (p<0.001). Postoperative monocyte counts significantly decreased in the OC group compared with those in the LC group (p = 0.001). Conclusions. A laparoscopic approach appears to cause less surgical trauma and immunosuppression than open surgery in patients with acute cholecystitis.     

急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除手术临床分析

目的探讨结石性胆囊炎急性炎症期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的手术技巧及手术指征。方法对急性炎症期LC 221例与同期急性炎症期开腹胆囊切除术（OC）158例作对照,回顾性总结379例急性结石性胆囊炎手术治疗临床资料,体会炎症期LC手术技巧。结果LC组术中情况、切口感染情况、术后平均住院时间均优于OC组。结论急性炎症期LC在具备熟练手术技巧时,是一种安全有效的术式。     

Effects of open vs. laparoscopic cholecystectomy on oxidative stress

Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is established as the treatment of choice for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis and is now proposed for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate biochemical aspects of open (OC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We measured the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the levels of nitrite+nitrate as stable end products of nitric oxide (NO). MDA and nitrite+nitrate levels were increased at both surgical procedures compared to preoperative period, but the rise was more significant in OC than LC. These results showed that both OC and LC caused an increase in oxidative stress. However LC caused significantly less oxidative stress and the changes during surgery returned to preoperative values after LC in a shorter period. The beneficial effects of laparoscopic surgery may be related, partially, to less oxidative stress in the immediate postoperative period.     

腹腔镜和开腹胆囊切除术对急性结石性胆囊炎患者胃肠功能和CRP的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜和开腹胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎后对胃肠功能和CRP的影响。方法将80例急性结石性胆囊炎行胆囊切除术患者,随机分为两组：腹腔镜组：40例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术;开腹组：行开腹胆囊切除术。对两组患者术后进行胃肠功能评价和CRP检测,进行对比分析。结果急性结石性胆囊炎术后胃肠功能评价：腹腔镜组40例患者,Ⅰ级8例占20．0％、Ⅱ级15例占37．5％、Ⅲ级17例占42．5％;开腹组40例患者,Ⅰ级5例占12．5％、Ⅱ级13例占32．5％、Ⅲ级22例占55．0％。急性结石性胆囊炎术后CRP检测评价：腹腔镜组40例患者,正常6例占15．0％、轻度升高11例占27．5％、中度升高16例占40．0％、重度升高7例占17．5％;开腹组40例患者,正常2例占5．0％、轻度升高13例占32．5％、中度升高14例占35．0％、重度升高11例占27．5％。结论腹腔镜手术时间明显低于开腹手术,避免了开腹后腹腔脏器的暴露,有利于手术后的胃肠功能快速恢复。腹腔镜手术创伤后较开腹手术机体免疫反应轻。     

急性胆囊炎126例手术治疗的回顾性研究

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的可行性。方法2003年1月至2007年12月行胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎／26例,其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术52例,开腹胆囊切除术74例,比较两种手术的手术时间、术中出血量、下床活动时间、术后排气时间、切口感染率、住院时间、住院综合费用。结果126例急性胆囊炎患者均手术成功,两组病例除手术时间、术中出血两项指标无显著差异,但腹腔镜胆囊切除术组术后下床活动时间、术后排气时间、住院时间、切口感染率、放置引流管比率和住院综合费用等各项指标均优于开腹胆囊切除术组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论和开腹胆囊切除术相比,腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎具有创伤小、并发症少和平均住院时间短等优点,是治疗急性胆囊炎可行的手术方式。     

腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎的手术时机与疗效探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的手术时机与疗效。方法回顾性分析该院2000年1月~2003年12月间收治的137例行腹腔镜手术的急性胆囊炎病例临床资料。依据发病至手术的时间长短分成早期手术组(48 h内手术,n=43)和晚期手术组(48 h后手术,n=94),并比较两组间各项临床资料。结果早期手术组和晚期手术组的中转开腹率分别为2.3%和17.0%(P<0.05),早期手术组的手术时间,术后住院天数和总住院时间明显短于晚期手术组(P<0.01)。结论腹腔镜手术是治疗急性胆囊炎安全有效的术式。自发病起48 h内施行腹腔镜手术是最佳手术时机,具有极低的中转开腹率,更短的手术时间、术后住院天数和总住院时间等优点。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎的体会

目的:评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy,简称LC)治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎的效果。方法:2006年～2008年对我院56例老年急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后对其疗效进行评价。结果:对56例66岁～91岁、发病时间在48小时内的老年性急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后随访3月以上,均恢复良好,未发生不良反应。结论:老年结石性胆囊炎急性发作,发病在48小时内如及时就诊,合理治疗合并症,老年人均可耐受LC,手术成功的关键在于术前准备充分,治疗合理、及时,术中操作仔细、认真,术后严密观察病情,积极对症治疗合并症、处理并发症,均可取得良好的效果。     

Prevalence and Predictors of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Elective Surgery for Colorectal Cancer

There are only limited data on the prevalence and risk factors for postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) after elective abdominal surgery. We retrospectively studied the clinical characteristics and hospital outcomes in 563 consecutive patients (mean age: 67 ± 13 years, 245 men) with colorectal cancer who underwent elective colectomy. The baseline clinical characteristics of patients who underwent open (OC) versus laparoscopic colectomy (LC) were similar. Postoperative AF developed in 25 patients (4.4%). Patients who developed postoperative AF were older (P = 0.017), had a higher prevalence of hypertension (P = 0.05), more major postoperative events (P = 0.02), an elevated neutrophil count on postoperative day (POD) 1 (P = 0.007), longer hospitalizations (P = 0.02), and were more likely to undergo OC (P = 0.067). In multiple regression analysis, independent predictors of postoperative AF were OC (odd ratio: 3.3 , 95% confidence interval: 1.3–8.0, P = 0.008), and an elevated neutrophil count on POD 1 (odd ratio: 3.2 , 95% confidence interval: 1.3–7.8, P = 0.01). The incidence of postoperative AF after elective colorectal cancer surgery was approximately 4%. Postoperative AF was more commonly observed in patients with OC versus LC and in those with elevated postoperative neutrophil counts.     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术对肥胖病人肺功能影响的比较

目的对比观察腹腔镜(LC)与开腹胆囊切除术(OC)对肥胖病人术后肺功能及氧合影响的不同。方法选择体质量指数>30%,拟在全麻下行胆囊切除手术的病人20例,按术式分为LC组和OC组,每组10例。分别于术前、术后24h和48h抽取病人桡动脉血行血气分析,记录动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、pH值;测定用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒用力呼气容量(FEV1)、最大呼气中段流量(MMF)等肺功能指标;应用痛觉模拟评分尺(VAS)对病人的疼痛程度进行评估。结果两组病人术前动脉血气和肺功能各项指标无显著差异(P>0.05);术后PaO2、FVC、FEV1、MMF均较术前明显下降(P<0.01),而pH和PaCO2无明显变化(P>0.05);LC组术后24h和48hPaO2、FVC、FEV1、MMF明显高于OC组(P<0.05);术后24h和48hVAS评分明显小于OC组(P<0.01)。结论LC对肥胖病人肺功能及氧合的影响小于OC,术后肺功能的恢复明显快于OC。     

LAPAROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Objctive: To assess the current treatment of AC in a single institution in the series, which the best treatment modality for acute cholecystitis (AC) is still under debate, whereas early cholecystectomy is accepted as the optimal timing for surgery. Methods: From December 1996 to December 2001, 138 (102 women and 36 men) patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis confirmed by histopathological examination. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 85 years of age ( mean age: 45.3 years). Patients were divided into 2 groups (similar in age and ASA classification): group 1 (98 patients) underwent LC within 3 days after the onset of symptoms of acute cholecystitis and group 2 (40 patients) underwent LC after 3 days. Results: Approximately one half of the cases were uncomplicated, 26 %were empyema, 13 % had gangrenous changes and 7% had hydrops of the gallbladder. Conversion to open cholecystectomy was required in 21 (15.2%) cases. The principal reason for conversion was anatomic uncertainty (14 cases), uncontrolled bleeding (7 cases). The conversion rates in patients who underwent surgery before and after the onset of symptoms were respectively 6 : 15. There was no significant difference in operative time (122.0 min in 1 group versus 124.0 min in 2 group) and postoperative stay ( 5.1 days in group 1 vs 6.8 days in group 2). The hepatorenal space was drained in 78 (56.5 % ), and the drain is removed in 3rd postoperative days. Twenty six patients (18.8%) had undergone previous abdominal surgery. Thirty seven patients (26.8%) had spillage of bile and/or stones during the procedure. There were no deaths and major complications. Conclusions: LC for acute cholecystitis should be done immediately after the diagnosis is established because delaying surgery allows inflammation to become more intense, thus increasing the technical difficulty of LC. Intraoperative spillage of bile and stones does not lead to an increase in early complications. LC is safe and effective for acute cholecystitis even when complicated previous surgery, inflammatory adhesions and gangrene. LC has significantly fewer operative complications and provides shorter hospital stay which are medical and economic benefits. LC is safe and effective for acute cholecystitis.     

Impact of timing of bile duct interventions on resource use and clinical outcome of cholecystectomy patients in Japan

Aims Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is increasingly used for acute cholecystitis, in conjunction with staged bile duct interventions (BDIs). However, few studies have evaluated the impact of BDI timing on costs and clinical outcomes during hospitalization. This study assessed the effects of several types of BDI and their timing on resource utilization and complications. Methods A total of 13 738 cholecystectomy patients were treated for benign gallbladder diseases in 66 academic and 376 community hospitals in Japan in 2006. Variables analysed included: BDIs including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous gallbladder or common bile duct drainage (external drainage), endoscopic sphincterotomy, clearance of choledocholithiasis (internal drainage); and length of stay (LOS), total charges (TCs), procedure‐related complications, and hospital function. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the impact of LC or BDIs on LOS, TCs and complications. Results A total of 11 690 (85.1%) patients underwent LC. Inflammation was diagnosed in 70.7% of open cholecystectomy (OC) and 42.1% of LC patients. Complications were 7.7% in OC and 5.4% in LC patients. LC was associated with reduced LOS and TCs. BDIs were performed in more OC than LC patients. Preoperative was more costly than postoperative ERCP. Postoperative external drainage was significantly associated with LOS, TCs and complications. Advantages of pre‐ or postoperative internal drainage were not proven. Conclusions External drainage should be completed preoperatively. Postoperative ERCP may be preferable for bile duct scrutiny alone. Further evaluation of the timing of cholecystectomy will determine precisely the superiority of pre‐ or postoperative BDIs in terms of quality of care for complicated patients.     

小切口直视下胆囊切除术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较研究

目的：比较小切口胆囊切除术(MC)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)创伤应激反应的程度差异、代谢改变以及术式特点。方法：选择62例慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石、胆囊息肉患者，随机分为MC组和比组，每组各31例，圈手术期分别测定血清胰岛素、生长激素、皮质醇水平，并监测手术前后动脉血气和酸碱平衡，记录平均手术时间、肠蠕动恢复时间及住院时间和医疗费用。结果：MC与比组创伤应激反应的程度无显著差异。PO2在MC组圈手术期无明显变化，比组术后第1天明显下降。SO22组术后第1天均较术前明显下降，第3天2组均恢复至术前水平。H2CO3和BE在LC组术后第3天明显低于MC组；PH值在比组术后第1天明显低于MC组。MC与LC两种术式在手术时间、肠蠕动恢复时间以及住院时间上无显著差异，但在医疗费用方面比明显高于MC。结论：MC与LC所引起的创伤应激反应的程度相近，MC对呼吸及代谢的影较LC小，与LC相比MC更为安全、简单、经济并且适应症广泛。     

ELC和DLC治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的临床评估

【目的】评估腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性胆囊炎的手术时机及效果。【方法】回顾性分析92例LC治疗的急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,以起病时间≤72h和〉72h分为早期LC（ELC）和延迟LC（DLC）两组进行对比分析。【结果】两组间年龄,性别,手术时间[（89．12±37．59）minvs（77．31±25．65）min,P=0．058],术后住院时间[（4．8±3．13）dvs（4．1±2．23）d,P=0．75],并发症发生率[16．0％（4／25）vs13．43％（9／67）,P=0．073]均无明显统计学差异;但与DLC组比较,ELC组中转开腹率明显降低[8．0％（2／25）vs16．42％（11／67）,P〈0．01],总住院时间缩短（4．72dvs8．54d,P〈0．01）。【结论】ELC治疗急性结石性胆囊炎安全有效。     

Immunological status of patients before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A number of immune complexes are known to become significantly altered following surgical stress. The degree of immunosuppression has been reported to be less following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as compared to open cholecystectomy (OC). These complex immunological changes were therefore studied in 31 patients (10 male and 21 female) with uncomplicated gall-stones, undergoing either OC (n=15) or LC (n=16). The duration of symptoms and sex distribution were similar in the two groups. The OC group patients were relatively older than the LC group. The types of anaesthetic agents used and duration of surgery were also the same in the two groups. Ten healthy volunteers were studied to serve as control for the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Blood samples were drawn preoperatively and at various time intervals after surgery. Both the humoral (immunoglobulins and complements) as well as cellular components (LTT) of the immune system were studied. All patients with cholelithiasis were found to have significantly depressed LTT response to mitogen in the preoperative period as compared to the control group. tmmunoglobulin IgG and complement C3 values fell significantly immediately after surgery, in the OC group. These, however, returned to normal on the third post-operative day. LTT response in the OC group did not show any significant change from the preoperative value. In the LC group a significant drop following surgery was seen only in IgG level. The LTT response on the other hand showed significant increase following LC. The duration of surgery in the LC group (≤90 vs >90min) did not have any effect on immune parameters. The present study has thus confirmed that patients with gall-stones have depressed immune status to start with. Following LC, the immune status has been shown to be better than preoperative status and even quickly returned to normal level while significant depression had persisted following OC.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术1080例临床分析

目的提高急性胆囊炎的腹腔镜手术成功率。方法回顾性分析1993年10月-2006年10月1080例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性胆囊炎（acute cholecystitis,AC）的临床资料。结果手术成功1033例,中转开腹47例。全组无严重手术并发症。结论合理运用LC及选择性引流、适时中转,急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）是安全有效地。     

急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除中转开腹影响因素分析

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术过程中转开腹的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析3191例急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,按术中是否中转开腹胆囊切除术分为中转组和非中转组,通过多元回归模式对患者性别、年龄、BMI、既往病史(糖尿病病史、高血压病史及既往腹部外科手术史)、术前实验室检查(WBC、PCT、CRP及INR)、术前胆囊B超特征(胆囊结石数量、胆囊壁厚度)及手术时间等因素进行统计学分析。结果:资料数据经多元logistic回归分析显示,BMI、糖尿病病史、术前白细胞计数、PCT、CRP、结石数量、胆囊壁厚度是影响急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除中转开腹的因素(P<0.05);BMI(OR=1.784;95%CI:1.621~1.973;P<0.001)、糖尿病病史(OR=21.79;95%CI:13.49~34.90;P<0.001)、WBC(OR=1.330;95%CI:1.254~1.410;P<0.001)、PCT(OR=1.839;95%CI:1.631~2.079;P=0.004)、CRP(OR=2.025;95%CI:1.019~4.031;P=0.004)升高及胆囊壁增厚(OR=1.680;95%CI:1.520~1.859;P<0.001)为中转开腹的独立危险因素,而结石数量(OR=0.422;95%CI:0.273~0.643;P=0.0005)为中转开腹的保护因素。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎患者实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,对BMI超标、术前有糖尿病病史、术前WBC、PCT及CRP较高或B超显示胆囊壁增厚、结石单发的患者,应考虑术中中转开腹手术可能。     

老年人腹腔镜与剖腹胆囊切除术临床分析

目的比较老年人胆囊良性疾病行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）与剖腹胆囊切除术（OC）的临床效果。方法对120例60岁以上的老年病人行LC,并与同期行OC的56例老年病人临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果两组病人均无手术死亡及严重并发症发生,LC组平均手术时间、术中出血量、肠功能恢复时间以及术后平均住院天数均较OC组低,差异有统计学意义（t分别=2．36、2．26、2．88、2．47,P均〈0．05）。结论LC创伤小、恢复快、安全可靠,疗效明显优于OC,应作为老年人胆囊良性疾病行胆囊切除术的首选术式。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与传统开腹术治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的临床疗效比较

[目的]对比腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）与传统开腹术（OC）治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的临床效果.[方法]回顾性分析2011年5月至2013年12月在本院手术治疗的158例急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎临床资料.在知情同意的原则下,由患者自主选择治疗方案,将其分为LC治疗的观察组（82例）和OC治疗的对照组（76例）.比较两组患者手术成功率、术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、并发症率等.[结果]观察组手术成功率98.9％,1例患者中转开腹手术;对照组手术成功率100.0％,略优于观察组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;观察组手术时间及住院时间为（67.1±14.8）min和（4.9±1.9）d,均明显较对照组（92.5±17.8）min和（7.9±2.0）d短;术中出血量为（43.7±12.4）mL,明显较对照组（77.9±16.5）mL少;术后并发症发生率为4.9％,明显较对照组19.7％低,两组间上述各指标对比差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.[结论]在急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的手术治疗中,LC手术较OC手术有显著的优势,值得临床推广应用.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗123例急性胆囊炎分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性胆囊炎的疗效。方法对123例急性胆囊炎患者采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗观察其临床效果。结果本组123例除10例中转开腹（占8.13%）外,余均LC手术成功。所有病例术后预后良好,无重大并发症。结论随着LC手术水平的提高,手术方法的不断改进,手术经验的积累,新的手术器械和手术材料的应用,LC已成为外科胆囊切除的首先术式。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎84例效果观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床疗效.方法:将168例急性结石性胆囊炎患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各84例,对照组行传统开腹胆囊切除术,治疗组行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,观察、比较两组手术及术后情况.结果:两组术中出血量、术后应用镇痛药次数、术后排气时间、下床活动时间、术后住院天数、并发症发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗效果佳,创伤小,患者术后恢复快、痛苦小、并发症少,值得临床推广应用.