椎管内髓外神经鞘瘤手术方式的多中心临床回顾性研究

[目的]探讨手术治疗椎管内髓外神经鞘瘤的手术疗效和治疗策略。[方法]回顾性分析2008年6月～2010年11月手术治疗并获得完整随访的84例椎管神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料。手术方式分为:A种,全椎板切除+肿瘤显微摘除术;B种,半椎板切除+肿瘤摘除术;C种,全椎板切除+肿瘤摘除+椎弓根螺钉内固定术;D种,全椎板切除+肿瘤摘除术。以肿瘤所在部位:颈段、胸段、腰骶段分别进行评价患者肿瘤全切除率,手术时间,术中出血量,手术并发症,住院天数,住院总费用,采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)、日本矫形外科协会(JOA)评分标准。[结果]颈段椎管内髓外神经鞘瘤的切除首选半椎板切除+肿瘤摘除术。腰骶段神经鞘瘤建议采用全椎板切除+肿瘤摘除+椎弓根螺钉内固定术。胸段神经鞘瘤患者适用于全椎板切除+肿瘤显微摘除术。[结论]进行椎管内髓外神经鞘瘤手术方式的选择时,应根据肿瘤所在部位的不同,采取不同的手术方式进行有效治疗。     

后路椎板切除手术治疗脊柱椎管内神经鞘瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨后路椎板切除手术治疗脊柱椎管内神经鞘瘤的临床疗效。方法 35例椎管内神经鞘瘤患者,颈段6例,胸段10例,腰骶段19例。4例位于脊髓髓内,21例位于髓外硬膜下,10例位于硬膜外,其中呈哑铃状8例。均行后路椎板切除手术治疗,其中9例肿瘤及带瘤神经根因不能分离或神经根变形坏死而一并切除,28例采用脊柱椎弓根或侧块内固定。术后随访观察临床疗效,复查X线和CT观察脊柱稳定性及植骨融合情况,复查MRI平扫+增强观察肿瘤有无复发。结果 35例患者肿瘤均被完整切除,术后病理结果证实均为神经鞘瘤。手术时间2～6小时,平均3. 6小时。术中出血量300～900 ml,平均450 ml。术后1例麻醉清醒后24小时内出现双下肢感觉、运动功能障碍,MRI未见明显血肿及脊髓压迫,考虑脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,及时予大剂量甲强龙激素冲击及脱水、营养神经治疗,症状明显改善。术后21例患者出现了不同程度的脑脊液漏。术后随访时间3～34个月,平均18. 2个月,所有患者的临床症状和神经功能均有明显改善,肿瘤无复发。随访期间,所有采用脊柱内固定术患者均未见椎体不稳的表现。结论后路椎板切除手术能有效治疗脊柱椎管内神经鞘瘤,结合显微镜技术能够更好地暴露及完全切除肿瘤,采用此方法治疗脊柱椎管内神经鞘瘤疗效满意。     

胸腰椎管内神经鞘膜瘤影像学表现和手术治疗的临床观察

目的:探讨胸腰段神经鞘膜瘤的影像学特点和手术治疗效果。方法:自2005年6月至2012年12月,手术治疗胸腰椎管内神经鞘膜瘤17例,其中男11 例,女6 例;年龄46～67 岁,平均53 岁;病程3～5 年,平均3.3 年。胸段患者表现为胸背痛,逐渐出现下肢麻木无力或行走不稳;腰段表现为腰背痛,下肢放射痛或感觉麻木,以及间歇性跛行。术前VAS评分 (疼痛视觉模拟标尺法) 5～8分,平均6.12分。11例患者神经功能受损,Frankel C级4例,D级5例,E级2例。CT和MRI检查提示病变部位:胸段3例,胸腰段5例,腰段3例,腰骶段6例;硬膜外5例,髓外硬膜下12例。6例单纯行椎管减压、肿瘤切除术,11例行椎管减压、肿瘤切除及后路内固定植骨融合术。结果:术中未发生大血管或脊髓损伤,术后伤口均正常愈合。17例患者术后均获随访,时间12～60 个月,平均32个月。胸背痛、腰背疼痛和下肢放射痛等显着改善,下肢麻木感明显缓解。末次随访VAS评分 0～3分,平均1.5分。神经功能受损患者末次随访Frankel分级:D级5例,E级6例。结论:MRI 是胸腰段神经鞘膜瘤有效的辅助诊断方法,影像学表现决定具体手术方法,手术目的是椎管有效减压、肿瘤彻底切除和脊柱稳定性的重建。     

椎管内肿瘤21例手术治疗报告

目的:总结手术治疗肿瘤的经验。方法:回顾性总结了我院过去10年来对21例椎管内肿瘤的手术疗效结果。结果:本组21例椎管内肿瘤,其中椎管内硬膜外肿瘤4例,硬脊膜下髓外肿瘤15例,髓内肿瘤2例;颈段5例,胸段10例,腰段6例;术后病理分型脊膜瘤7例,神经鞘瘤9例,星形细胞瘤2例,转移瘤3例。21例中有11例行磁共振检查后再行显微外科手术切除肿瘤,其中10例为全切除,1例为次全切除,出院时症状均大大改善。结论:椎管内肿瘤以良性居多,手术治疗效果好。MRI检查及显微外科手术的应用是提高治疗效果的关键。     

后路椎板切除入路手术治疗椎管内神经鞘瘤的疗效

目的:探讨后路椎板切除入路手术治疗椎管内神经鞘瘤的临床疗效。方法:我院2005年1月~2011年1月收治71例椎管内神经鞘瘤,男39例,女32例,年龄25~99岁,平均51.6岁;颈段22例,胸段24例,腰、骶段25例,3例肿瘤位于髓内,66例位于髓外硬膜下,2例位于硬膜外。均行后路椎板切除入路手术治疗,术中57例采用半椎板切除,6例行全椎板切除,2例行多节段半椎板切除,6例行半椎板联合患侧关节突关节切除以完全暴露肿瘤组织,切除肿瘤;其中载瘤神经根与肿瘤无法分离而一并切除者9例;14例行全椎板切除或多节段半椎板切除或半椎板联合患侧关节突切除者采用脊柱内固定及植骨融合术。术后随访8~70个月,观察临床疗效,复查X线片观察脊柱稳定性及植骨融合情况,复查MRI观察肿瘤有无复发。结果:手术时间2~6h,平均3.5h;术中出血量300~800ml,平均450ml。71例患者肿瘤均获完全切除,术后均经病理检查证实为神经鞘瘤。术中无脊髓神经损伤。术后12例患者出现不同程度脑脊液漏,4例患者出现脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,给予对症治疗后康复。随访期内(8~70个月)全部患者临床症状及神经功能均有明显改善,复查MRI未见肿瘤残留或复发。14例采用脊柱内固定及植骨融合术患者植骨融合,内固定稳定。随访期间所有患者未见椎体滑脱、失稳现象。结论:后路椎板切除入路能充分暴露肿瘤,有利于完全切除肿瘤,采用此入路手术治疗椎管内神经鞘瘤临床疗效满意。     

髓外硬膜内肿瘤诊断与手术治疗分析

目的探讨髓外硬膜内肿瘤的诊断及手术治疗效果。方法回顾分析我院1996年6月～2009年12月期间治疗的23例髓外硬膜内肿瘤。肿瘤位于颈段2例,胸段16例,腰段5例。神经鞘瘤14例,脊膜瘤8例,神经纤维瘤1例。出现症状至确诊时间1月～6年。采用CTM诊断4例,用MRI诊断19例。术前JOA评分4～15分,平均8.7分。全部病例均以后路手术切除肿瘤。结果手术均完全切除肿瘤。随访6个月～13年,平均1年6个月。所有患者神经功能障碍均有明显改善或缓解,其中2例未完全恢复。术后半年时JOA评分12.7分(10～17分)。全部病例均未见复发,且脊柱稳定性良好。结论髓外硬膜内肿瘤易于误诊漏诊,临床可疑者,MRI或CTM检查可帮助确诊;后路全椎板切除或椎管后中央扩大开窗均可充分显露并彻底切除肿瘤。     

椎管内神经鞘瘤的手术治疗及术后脑脊液漏的处理

目的：探讨手术治疗椎管内髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤的疗效及术后脑脊液漏的处理办法。方法：2000年1月。2006年6月采用后路手术治疗髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤患者29例，男17例，女12例，年龄24—65岁，平均44．6岁。颈段10例，胸段5例，腰、骶段14例。全部病例术中均切断肿瘤累及的神经根，其中18例采用脊柱内固定及后外侧植骨融合术。观察患者肿瘤切除及术后脑脊液漏发生情况。结果：29例患者中，27例获肿瘤全切，2例大部切除。所有患者术后均出现脑脊液漏，其中未采用内固定的患者引流3～5d夹闭引流管，8例愈合，3例经局部缝合后愈合；采用内固定的患者脑脊液漏持续时间较长，引流11-14d拔管并缝合引流口后愈合。术后平均随访27个月，26例患者的症状全部或部分缓解，3例术后神经症状加重，末次随访时2例恢复至术前状态，1例未能恢复。肿瘤全切除患者未见复发迹象，部分切除者残余肿瘤无明显增大。结论：手术切除治疗椎管内髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤可取得较好疗效；对脊柱稳定性破坏较多者术中需使用内固定重建脊柱稳定性，但可能导致脑脊液漏持续时间延长，增加发生感染风险。     

经单侧椎板"微孔"入路椎管内原发肿瘤的显微切除

目的 探讨椎管内原发肿瘤的微创治疗与脊柱功能保护的关系。方法 24例椎管内原发肿瘤位于颈段、胸段、腰段硬膜内或硬膜外腔，直径为0．9～3．0cm。精确定位下，根据肿瘤位置和大小情况，用磨钻磨开单侧椎板形成“微孔”，经此入路用显微手术全切除肿瘤。结果 经手术切除以及术后病理证实，神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤、脊膜瘤分别为9例、12例、3例，肿瘤全切除。术后3d均可转身运动，术后1周鼓励下床；无需要颈托、腰围等保护。术后3个月MR检查未见肿瘤残存或复发；随访6个月CT检查未见脊柱骨性结构变形。结论 单侧椎板“微孔”入路手术切除肿瘤彻底，是椎管内原发肿瘤的一种疗效较好的微创治疗方法。     

椎管内髓外硬膜下多发性肿瘤的诊断与手术治疗

目的探讨椎管内多发性肿瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法本组男11例,女4例。年龄16～81岁,（51.0±21.2）岁。病程2～27月,（11.0±7.6）月。均无皮肤咖啡斑及体表神经纤维瘤,头颅MR未见异常。增强MR示椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤46个,其中≥0.5cm肿瘤35个,肿瘤累及颈段1例,累及胸段5例,累及腰骶段12例。手术方法：采用后正中入路椎板切除术切除肿瘤,〈1cm者切除半椎板,在显微镜下操作,力争保留重要的载瘤神经而将肿瘤自神经上剔除,如肿瘤与神经无法分离,尽可能游离神经根在切除肿瘤后行神经根吻合。术后常规应用抗生素及激素治疗,术后戴颈围领、围腰保护2个月,同时训练腰背部肌肉。结果15例手术肿瘤全切12例,其中1例行神经根吻合;未全切的3例中2例术前诊断为多发神经纤维瘤或神经鞘瘤,因部位散在且直径〈0.5cm未考虑手术切除,另1例术中见肿瘤与多根神经根粘连,病理为转移瘤,仅行部分切除减压术。手术共切除肿瘤33个。病理：神经鞘瘤8例,神经纤维瘤1例,室管膜瘤2例,黑色素瘤1例,腺癌转移1例,脊膜瘤2例。黑色素瘤患者于术后22个月死亡,转移瘤患者于术后1年死亡,余13例随访4～72个月,平均30.1月,肿瘤无复发增长,其中2例多发神经鞘瘤未手术全切除者分别随访12、43个月,肿瘤无明显增长。13例存活者术后KPS评分较术前均有改善（术前75.4±13.3,术后最后一次随访时97.7±6.0,t=-7.366,P=0.000）。结论椎管内髓外硬膜下多发肿瘤以良性居多,中老年多见,半椎板及次全椎板入路显微手术切除是有效的治疗方法,〈0.5cm的无症状肿瘤可严密随访。     

颈椎管内巨长型神经鞘瘤的外科治疗

目的总结和分析巨长型颈椎管内神经鞘瘤的外科治疗效果和经验。方法回顾性分析2004年3月~2011年8月收治的9例颈椎椎管内巨长型(椎管内占位连续超过3个节段)神经鞘瘤病例,其中经颈后正中入路手术切除7例,前后联合入路2例。4例行显微镜下整块全切除,2例直视下行整块全切除,2例行分块全切除,1例未全切。5例采用后路侧块螺钉内固定系统重建,前后联合入路的2例均行后路钉棒和前路钛网内固定系统重建,2例未行内固定。结果本组术中失血500~1 150 ml,平均(846±147)ml。术后伤口浅表感染1例,经外用莫匹罗星软膏、按时清创换药后于术后16 d愈合。术后病理均证实为神经鞘瘤。随访10~43个月,平均(23.6±6.4)个月。88.9%(8/9)的患者神经脊髓功能明显改善,VAS评分由术前的(6.22±2.13)降至术后的(2.89±2.11),JOA评分由术前的(13.22±5.82)降至术后的(6.44±4.67),手术前后VAS评分、JOA评分比较均有统计学差异(P0.05)。影像学显示无颈椎不稳等现象发生,术后未见肿瘤复发及恶变。结论手术切除是颈椎管内巨长型神经鞘瘤的最佳治疗手段,但手术难度大、风险高、个体化明显。术前应根据肿瘤的部位及其与周围组织结构的关系制定合理的手术方案。     

椎管内原发肿瘤的手术治疗

目的:探讨椎管内原发肿瘤的临床诊断和手术治疗效果。方法:总结我院2002年2月～2005年10月收治的30例椎管内原发肿瘤患者的临床表现、影像学资料、手术方式以及手术前后患者脊髓神经功能改善的情况。结果:椎管内原发肿瘤患者主要临床表现为腰背痛、四肢感觉异常、运动和括约肌功能障碍。MRI均显示椎管内占位,脊髓有受压征象。均行手术治疗,21例患者肿瘤完整切除,9例大部切除。术后均经病理证实为椎管内良性肿瘤,其中神经鞘瘤15例,神经纤维瘤10例,脊膜瘤5例。除1例术后出现不完全瘫痪外,其他患者术后临床症状及神经功能均有明显恢复。结论:影像学检查对椎管内原发肿瘤有较高的检出率,MRI检查对明确病变性质和部位有重要意义,最终确诊依赖于病理诊断。椎管内原发肿瘤如能早期发现、诊断和手术治疗,临床效果好。     

椎管内肿瘤的诊断治疗

目的：总结椎管内肿瘤的诊断治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析1992～2003年123例椎管内肿瘤的治疗结果。结果：脊膜瘤24例（19．5％）,神经鞘瘤／神经纤维瘤32例（26．0％）,室管膜瘤8例（6．5％）,星形细胞瘤13例（10．6％）,脂肪瘤10例（8．1％）,转移瘤5例（4．1％）,血管瘤5例（4．1％）,蛛网膜囊肿9例（7．3％）,其它17例（13．8％）。其中髓外硬膜内57．7％,硬膜外21．1％,髓内22．8％。颈段30．1％,胸段37．4％,腰段19．5％,骶段13．0％。髓外肿瘤70．1％,髓内肿瘤60．7％,全切除率69．1％。运动改善率75．2％。感觉障碍改善73．8％,括约肌功能改善77．8％。结论：椎管内肿瘤以良性居多,手术效果好,MRI检查和显微外科技术的应用是提高治疗效果的关键。如果术中破坏了脊柱的稳定性,重建稳定性非常必要。     

前路减压植骨融合治疗胸椎后纵韧带骨化症

目的：探讨前路减压植骨融合治疗胸椎后纵韧带骨化症(OPLL)的临床疗效和适用范围。方法：1994年6月--2002年11月对20例OPLL患者采用前路减压植骨融合治疗，中胸段9例，下胸段11例；1个节段8例，2个节段6例，3个节段3例，4、5、6个节段各1例。结果：术后5例出现脑脊液漏，14例随访3个月--5年8个月，JOA评分由术前的平均3.4分提高到7．6分，植骨块无塌陷，内固定无松动。结论：前路减压植骨融合治疗胸椎后纵韧带骨化症可以取得满意的治疗结果，但对于广泛的胸椎OPLL或合并其它脊椎韧带骨化时该术式有其局限性。     

Cervical and thoracic juxtafacet cysts causing neurologic deficits

STUDY DESIGN: Case reports and review of the literature. OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of juxtafacet cysts. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There have previously been 4 reported cases of thoracic juxtafacet cysts and 19 cases of cervical juxtafacet cysts. Cervical cysts have usually originated from the cruciate ligament and caused myelopathy. Thoracic cysts are usually signaled by myelopathy. METHODS: The records of the Neurosurgery Department of Royal Adelaide Hospital from 1980 through 1995 were reviewed for cases of intraspinal juxtafacet cysts. RESULTS: Eight cases of intraspinal juxtafacet cysts were identified; six were in the lumbar spine. One patient had a cervical cyst related to a facet joint and had unilateral radiculopathy. A second patient with a thoracic cyst had the gradual onset of myelopathy. Both patients had surgical excision of the cyst without resection of the adherent dura. The symptoms and neurologic signs improved in each case. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical and thoracic juxtafacet cysts are rare lesions that are usually signaled by myelopathy. Results of surgery are excellent in most cases, even if the cyst is not completely excised.     

Intramedullary invasion by a cervical cystic neurinoma--a case report

This report examines a case involving a huge cystic cervical neurinoma existing extra- and intramedullary. The histogenesis of intramedullary neurinoma, pathohistogenesis of large intratumoral cyst are discussed. The role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of spinal tumors is also discussed. A 23-year-old male was admitted to our ward or having tetraparesis. On admission, spastic tetraparesis and sensory disturbance below level C 2 were noticed. Electrophysiological examinations suggested a left-dominant intraspinal lesion. Conventional radiological examinations revealed widened cervical spinal canal, swelling of the spinal cord at level C 6-7, left extramedullary mass at level C 5, and a complete block at level C 4. MRI disclosed intramedullary tumor existing from the medulla oblongata to the lower cervical including macrocysts, and an extramedullary tumor on the left at level C 3-5. Surgical exploration was made and both of intra- and extramedullary tumors were confirmed to be neurinoma. The postoperative course was favourable. The patient was able to walk with aids, and was referred to the rehabilitation center 6 months after the operation. In histological investigations, the major components of the tumors were typically Antoni-A type neurinoma, and an abundant hemosiderin deposits. There were many hyalinized whorling portions around the cysts. Though spinal neurinoma is the most common spinal tumor, the intramedullary neurinoma is extremely rare. Only 31 cases have been reported as far as we could investigated. The histogenesis of this type of lesion is still unsettled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

后路肿瘤摘除固定融合一期手术治疗颈椎椎管内肿瘤

目的探讨经后路全椎板切除摘除椎管内肿瘤,同时行颈椎侧块或椎弓根内固定植骨融合治疗颈椎椎管内肿瘤的临床疗效. 方法采用该手术方法治疗颈椎椎管内肿瘤8例. 结果所有患者术后早期(3周以内)可下床活动,无一例出现眩晕、颈痛、头痛等颈椎不稳的表现.随访6个月～2年未见后凸畸形发生,颈椎活动不受限制,内固定物无松动断裂. 结论经后路全椎板切除同时行经颈椎侧块或椎弓根内固定植骨融合治疗颈椎管内肿瘤,能够维持手术后颈椎的稳定性,防止远期后凸畸形的发生.     

Skin markers for surgical planning for intradural lesions of the thoracic spine. Technical note

BACKGROUND: Preparation for surgery for thoracic intraspinal lesions commonly involves rather difficult X-ray procedures in the operating room. The object of this report is to inform neurosurgeons about a modified technique for preoperative surface localization of intraspinal thoracic pathology. METHODS: Adhesive, disposable radiographic skin markers placed at the presumed level of an intraspinal lesion are visualized along with the lesion on sagittal magnetic resonance scans of the thoracic spine. RESULTS: The lesion and the skin markers were clearly identified within the same field of view. The lesion itself rather than the vertebral body becomes the reference point for localization. CONCLUSION: Preoperative imaging with adhesive skin markers facilitates positioning and draping for surgery for thoracic intraspinal lesions. It may even replace intra-operative X-ray procedures in selected cases.     

Spinal cord tumor of children--a cured case of infantile spinal cord tumor and review of domestic literature (author's transl)]

Spinal cord tumor of children is a rare occurrence and infancy it is extremely rare. Experience with a 3-month-old female case of intraspinal extradural neurinoma was reported. This is the youngest reported case in the domestic literature. The tumor, which was solid and extended from the level of 11th thoracic vertebra to the /th lumbar vertebra, was successfully removed. Preoperative symptoms, such as sensory and motor disturbances of bilateral lower extremities and urinary and fecal incontinences, disappeared postoperatively. The patient is quite healthy 7 years after the operation. The domestic literature consisting of 73 cases of spinal cord tumor of children was reviewed and statistically observed. Histopathologically, teratoma and teratoid tumors were the major constituents. Neurinoma, which is a major entity in adult cases was observed only in 12 cases (16.4%). In infancy early diagnosis is often difficult due to absence of subjective complaints and, in about half of the reported cases, motor disturbance was the first noticed clinical sign. In the present case, the parents noticed crying of the baby on lifting up the limbs to change diaper and the presence of some sort of sensory disturbance was suggested. Thus in suspicious cases, diagnostic procedures such as myelography should be done in early stage and early operation should be undertaken.     

Foreign body granuloma mimicking a benign intraspinal tumour

We describe the case of an intraspinal foreign body granuloma that became symptomatic 23 years after a lumbar discectomy. Preoperatively, the foreign body granuloma was misdiagnosed as spinal neurinoma.