肝硬化并食管静脉曲张多层螺旋CT门静脉成像的临床应用

目的 研究多层螺旋CT门静脉成像(multi-detector helical computed tomography,MDCTP)评估肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血(esophageal varices bleeding,EVB)相关危险因素的临床应用价值.方法 肝硬化患者行内镜及64层螺旋CT检查,二者诊断结果 一致者53例,观测MDCTP中食管静脉曲张的最大直径、分级及类型、胃左静脉直径及开口类型、门静脉及脾静脉直径、脾脏指数大小等指标,并根据患者有无食管静脉曲张出血病史进行统计分析.结果 肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血组与非出血组MDCTP的观察指标中,食管静脉曲张最大直径、分级、胃左静脉直径等指标比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中出血组与无出血组食管曲张静脉最大直径分别为(6.9±2.2) mm、(4.9±2.2) mm,95%可信区间分别为6.1～7.8 mm、4.0～5.9 mm;胃左静脉直径分别为(6.4±1.3) mm、(5.3±1.2) mm,95%可信区间分别为5.9～6.4 mm、4.7～5.8 mm.食管静脉曲张的类型、胃左静脉的开口类型、门静脉及脾静脉直径、脾脏指数等观察指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).非条件Logistic回归分析结果 显示对EVB组影响由大到小依次分别为:胃左静脉直径、食管直径;回归系数分别为:0.696、0.401.结论 MDCTP中食管静脉曲张的最大直径及其分级、胃左静脉直径大小与食管静脉曲张破裂出血相关,对预测食管静脉曲张破裂出血有重要意义.     

胃左静脉MSCTA预测肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂岀血的价值

目的探讨胃左静脉多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)预测肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂岀血的临床应用价值。资料与方法应用16层螺旋CT对74例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者和200名正常对照者行上腹部增强扫描,采用多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)对胃左静脉进行血管重组,观察胃左静脉和食管胃底静脉曲张情况,并测量胃左静脉最大内径进行统计学分析。结果总体肝硬化门静脉高压组胃左静脉最大内径与正常对照组比较明显增宽(P=0.00),肝硬化门静脉高压出血组、未出血组胃左静脉最大内径与正常对照组比较均显著增宽,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以胃左静脉最大内径7.0 mm为判断岀血的标准,其敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为61.5%、77.1%、71.6%。结论 MSCTA可以清晰显示胃左静脉和食管胃底静脉曲张情况;胃左静脉增宽是肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的一个危险因素,胃左静脉内径的测量对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂岀血具有一定的预测价值。     

能谱CT评估肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度的价值研究

目的 通过能谱CT碘基值与胃镜下食管静脉曲张(EV)程度进行比较,探讨能谱CT碘基值能否评估EV程度及出血风险,为临床治疗提供重要参考价值.方法 42例肝硬化患者分别进行能谱CT扫描及胃镜检查,分别记录动脉期、静脉期肝左叶、肝右叶、尾状叶、腹主动脉、门静脉、胃左静脉碘基值及胃镜下EV程度.胃镜下无、轻度EV为曲张非严重组,中、重度EV为曲张严重组.比较肝硬化组不同肝功能分级之间及胃镜下EV不同组别之间动/静脉期标准化碘浓度(A/VNIC)、胃左静脉指数(LGI)差异.绘制ROC曲线.结果 肝硬化Child-C级的ANIC较Child-A、B级高,分别为(0.09±0.04)、(0.05土0.02).胃镜下EV严重组较非严重组VNIC低,分别为(0.36±0.04)、(0.42±0.07);LGI高,分别为(1.04±0.16)、(0.76±0.31).胃镜下严重胃底静脉曲张(GV)组较非严重曲张组LGI高,分别为(1.04±0.10)、(0.89±0.29).出血组较未出血组VNIC低,分别为(0.36±0.04)、(0.42±0.08);LGI高,分别为(1.02±0.17)、(0.76 ±0.32).LGI临界值为0.86时,ROC曲线下面积为0.84,诊断严重EV敏感性为92％,特异性为80％.LGI临界值为0.95时,ROC曲线下面积为0.73,诊断严重GV敏感性为92％,特异性为62％.结论 能谱CT胃左静脉指数可以用来评估EV程度及出血风险,进而减少频繁地胃镜随访,为临床治疗提供重要的参考价值.     

肝硬化患者CT门静脉血管成像中门静脉侧支血管的表现

目的 分析肝硬化患者在16排螺旋CT门静脉血管成像(CTPV)上门静脉侧支血管的表现.方法 对36例经临床、肝功能和影像学检查诊断为肝硬化门静脉高压的患者行腹部CTPV检查,经图像后处理,获得门静脉系统及侧支血管三维重建图像.结果 CTPV可以直观地显示门静脉系统及整个门静脉侧支循环系统.36例病例中显示胃左静脉曲张29例(80.6%),食管下段静脉曲张18例(50.0%),胃短/W后静脉曲张15例(41.7%),食管旁静脉曲张9例(25.0%),胃-肾/脾-肾分流8例(22.2%),门静脉海绵样变7例(19.4%),脐静脉与腹壁静脉曲张6例(16.7%),椎旁静脉分流4例(11.1%).结论 CTPV能很好地显示肝硬化患者门脉高压侧支循环的开放部位、范围及严重程度,对判断病情、选择治疗方案及估计预后有重要的临床应用价值.     

能谱CT在预测肝硬化门脉高压食管静脉曲张出血风险的应用

＿目的：通过能谱CT探讨肝硬化门脉高压血流动力学改变来预测食管静脉曲张出血风险。方法：41名肝硬化患者行能谱CT扫描,分别记录肝左叶、肝右叶、肝尾状叶、脾脏、门静脉、胃左静脉碘基值,门静脉主干及脾静脉主干内径,比较门脉高压组（门静脉内径≥15 mm或脾静脉内径≥10 mm）与非门脉高压组（门静脉内径＜15 mm或脾静脉内径＜10 mm）、CT下食管静脉曲张组与未曲张组、出血组与未出血组之间能谱参数差异。将出血组与未出血组的能谱参数绘制ROC曲线,选取截点,确定能谱参数对出血风险的诊断价值。结果：胃左静脉指数 GLI （胃左静脉碘基值／门静脉碘基值）与脾静脉主干内径呈正相关（r＝0．358,P＝0．035）。CT下食管静脉曲张组GLI（0．99±0．26）较未曲张组高（0．78±0．22）,P＝0．02。出血组GLI （1．01±0．21）较未出血组高（0．83±0．28）,P＝0．037。GLI临界值为0．87时曲线下面积为0．71,诊断出血风险的敏感性82．4％,特异性65％。结论：胃左静脉指数可以作为预测食管静脉曲张出血风险指标。     

基于门静脉压力梯度等多因素的肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血风险评估初步探讨

【摘要】 目的 探讨门静脉压力梯度（PPG）、食管静脉曲张程度、胃冠状静脉直径、门静脉直径及肝纤维化指标等在肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者风险评估中的作用。方法 收集2017年1月至2019年3月青海大学附属医院明确诊断为肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张拟行颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）患者106例,分为出血组与未出血组,统计所有患者术前PPG、影像学资料、实验室检验、胃镜检查、核医学肝纤维化指标、门静脉造影等资料。结果 出血组、未出血组患者伴腹水、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、胃冠状静脉直径、食管静脉曲张程度、门静脉直径、PPG指标比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。出血组患者透明质酸钠（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽（PⅢNP）、Ⅳ型胶原（ⅣC）均高于未出血组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,层粘连蛋白（LN）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与单因素评分相比,门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血多因素评分预测食管静脉曲张破裂出血的灵敏度、特异度更高。 结论 以PPG为核心的多因素评分评估肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血,较单一因素评估具有更好的灵敏度和特异度。对曲张静脉高危患者中HA、PⅢNP、ⅣC明显增高患者进行早期干预,可能降低破裂出血风险。     

肝硬化胃左静脉变化的MSCTA初步研究

目的:探讨胃左静脉(LGV)和门静脉(PV)扩张程度同肝硬化病变的关系.材料和方法:应用16层螺旋CT血管造影对34例肝硬化患者和30例正常对照者行上腹部增强扫描,采用最大密度投影(MIP)和容积重建(VR)对门静脉系和胃左静脉进行血管重建,测量胃左静脉和门静脉主干的直径并进行统计学分析.结果:所有肝硬化患者和24例对照组患者清晰显示了LGV.Child-PughB级患者的LGV和PV直径显著大于正常对照者(P＜0.05),A级患者的LGV直径也显著大于正常对照患者(P＜0.05);中、重度食管静脉曲张患者的LGV直径显著大于轻度曲张患者(P＜0.05).结论:应用MSCTA测量LGV的直径有助于评价肝硬化患者的肝脏功能和门脉高压的严重程度,并能够用来估计上消化道出血的风险;在肝硬化病变的不同阶段,LGV和PV的扩张程度不一致.     

门脉高压症出血组与未出血组门静脉压力的对照研究

目的：探讨经皮经肝穿刺测量门静脉压力来评估曲张的食管胃底静脉发生出血风险的可行性及判断出血风险的门静脉压力参考值、是否行预防性经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPSS)的门静脉压力参考值。方法临床确诊的40例乙肝后肝硬化致食管胃底静脉曲张自发性出血患者在行 TIPSS 及经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术中测量门静脉的压力;对临床确诊的40例乙肝后肝硬化致食管胃底静脉曲张未发生出血的患者在行预防性 TIPSS 及经皮经肝穿刺测量门静脉压力;对2组间的门静脉的压力进行比较。结果肝硬化门脉高压症出血组门静脉压力为(41.97±5.12)cmH 2 O,未出血组压力为(33.44±7.79)cmH 2 O,2组间差异有统计学意义(P <0.001);门静脉压力>37.45 cmH 2 O 可作为行预防性 TIPSS 的参考依据之一。结论通过经皮经肝穿刺测量门静脉的压力,可评估乙肝后肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张发生出血的风险,通过经皮经肝穿刺门静脉压力测量可作为是否对乙肝后肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张尚未发生出血的患者行预防性 TIPSS 的参考依据。     

门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张程度的多因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管及胃底静脉曲张程度与侧枝循环多个指标CT征象的依存性关系。方法门静脉高压组(A组)30例,正常对照组(B组)30例。CT测量2组的门静脉(PV)、胃冠状静脉(GCV)直径,胃底-脾门区静脉血管截面总面积,与胃镜结果进行多元线性回归分析。结果PV直径为(16.17±2.44)mm(A组)及(12.42±1.53)mm(B组),Beta=0.39。GCV直径为(6.22±2.41)mm(A组)及(3.39±1.03)mm(B组),Beta=0.85。胃底-脾门区静脉血管截面总面积:A组和B组分别为(5.14±5.96)mm2和(1.32±0.98)mm2,Beta=1.90。多元线性回归方程:y=0.39X1 0.85X2 1.90X3。结论胃底-脾门区静脉血管截面总面积作为一种新的CT检测指针对评价门静脉高压具有较高价值。     

多层螺旋CT评价门静脉海绵样变的血流动力改变

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT增强扫描在评价成人门静脉海绵样变的血流改变中的应用价值.方法 对25例门静脉海绵样变(CTPV)组病人及20例有门脉高压但不伴CTPV及肝癌的肝硬化对照组1行螺旋CT动态增强及血管重建,观察门脉侧枝血管的出现率,测量门脉主干及肝固有动脉的径线,观察肝实质异常灌注的出现率,并比较2组数值差异.另对25例临床及CT动态增强扫描均无异常的对照组2行血管重建,测量肝固有动脉的径线,比较以上3组的肝固有动脉径线值的差异.结果 CTPV的门脉主干因形成原因不同可出现闭塞或明显扩张.CTPV的主要侧枝循环包括胆系侧枝与胃系侧枝,胆系侧枝中胆囊周围静脉显示16/22例(72.7%),胆管周围静脉丛显示25/25例(100%),胆系侧枝的出现率明显大于对照组1﹙P＜0.05﹚.CTPV组胃系侧枝中胃左静脉显示22/25例(88.0%),胃右静脉显示20/25例(80.0%),胃系侧枝的出现率较对照组1无明显差别(P＞0.05).CTPV组肝固有动脉直径为(4.49±1.45) mm,对照组1肝固有动脉直径为(3.43±1.15) mm,对照组2肝固有动脉直径为(3.09±0.71) mm,三者之间有明显统计学差异﹙P＜0.05﹚.CTPV组肝实质异常灌注的出现率为76.0%,明显大于对照组1(P＜0.05﹚. 结论多排螺旋CT增强扫描及血管重建能较全面地评价门静脉海绵样变的血流改变.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.