乌鲁木齐市汉族老年人糖代谢异常的流行病学调查

目的 调查乌鲁木齐市60岁以上老年汉族居民糖尿病和糖尿病前期的患病率以及分布特点.方法 对乌鲁木齐市2个社区的居民进行查体及75 g葡萄糖耐量试验,共调查2210例,其中60岁以上老年人(老年组)为1231例,40～59岁中年人(中年组)951例.糖尿病诊断标准采用1999年WHO标准.结果 老年组糖尿病和糖尿病前期的患病率分别为32.2%、29.0%,标化后分别为25.6%、23.1%;较中年组患病率高(分别为12.3%、20.9%),差异有统计学意义(x2=192.62,P＜0.05);老年组糖耐量受损(IGT)患病率(21.6%)高于中年组(13.9%),差异有统计学意义(x2=20.97,P＜0.05);单IFG患病率在老年组与中年组间差异无统计学意义;老年组代谢综合征患病率为52.2%,高于中年组(33.7%),差异有统计学意义(x2=73.77,P＜0.05).回归分析结果显示,糖尿病家族史、高血压、高甘油三酯血症是老年人糖尿病发生的危险因素(x2=44.34,P＜0.05).结论 老年汉族人群糖尿病、IGT及代谢综合征的患病率均高于中年人群,必须重点采取干预措施.     

北京市中老年人2型糖尿病流行病学调查

目的为了解北京市中老年人2型糖尿病(DM)和糖耐量低减(IGT)的患病情况.方法采用随机整群抽样方法,对北京市城乡4个社区40岁以上常住居民2 354人进行了横断面调查.结果1997年北京市中老年人糖尿病标化患病率为10.54%,IGT标化患病率为11.51%.中年组(40～59岁)糖尿病标化患病率为8.20%,IGT标化患病率为9.56%;老年组(60～99岁)糖尿病标化患病率为15.70%,IGT标化患病率为15 72%,老年组高于中年组(DMP＜10-8;IGTP＜10-8).女性糖尿病标化患病率(11.77%)显著高于男性(8.81%)(x2=6.73,P=0.0095).女、男患病率之比为10.75.IGT标化患病率,男(10.49%)和女(12 06%)之间无显著区别.城市的糖尿病标化患病率(12 03%)比乡村(6.76%)高近一倍,并有显著性差别(x2=12.65,P=0.0004).结论北京市中老年糖尿病患病率已达到糖尿病高发国家下限,中老年群体中高龄高患病率的事实告诫我们,中老年糖尿病防治,已成为保健工作的重要任务.     

浙江省成人糖尿病患病率调查

目的 了解浙江省18岁以上城乡居民糖尿病流行特征及知晓情况.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,于2010年7月至11月对浙江省15个县区17437例18岁以上的居民进行横断面调查.调查内容包括问卷调查、医学体检和血样采集.结果 浙江省18岁以上居民经年龄、性别和地区调整后的糖尿病标化患病率为5.94％(粗患病率8.80％),与2002年浙江省患病率3.02％相比,8年的患病率增幅达到96.67％.城市和农村糖尿病标化患病率分别为7.52％(粗患病率11.33％)和5.19％(粗患病率7.09％),城市和农村标化患病率差异有显著性(u=6.58,P＜0.05).男性和女性标化患病率分别是5.74％(粗患病率8.36％)、6.15％(粗患病率9.13％),男性和女性糖尿病标化患病率差异无显著性(u=1.39,P＞0.05);浙江省居民糖尿病知晓率为59.19％,男性知晓率56.66％,女性知晓率61.23％,男性和女性糖尿病知晓率差异无显著性(x2=3.26,P＞0.05).城市居民知晓率为63.47％,农村知晓率为54.69％.城市农村居民糖尿病知晓率差异有显著性(x2=12.20,P＜0.01).结论 浙江省糖尿病患病率呈快速增长趋势,应及早采取有效的干预措施.     

军队老年人良性前列腺增生的患病率与代谢综合征的关系

目的 研究老年人良性前列腺增生(BPH)的患病率及其与代谢综合征(MS)的关系.方法 对石家庄26个部队休干所的1230例70岁及以上的离退休干部进行BPH及MS的患病率调查.结果 老年男性BPH的患病率为77.0％,随着年龄的增长,BPH的患病率有增高的趋势(x2=50.4,P＜0.01);老年男性MS的患病率为19.6％ ;MS是BPH发生的危险因素(x2=24.2,P＜0.01).结论 MS可能是BPH发生的危险因素之一.     

2007年凉山彝族自治州彝族城乡居民糖尿病患病率调查

目的 了解四川省凉山州彝族城乡居民糖尿病及糖调节受损(IGR)的患病情况和流行病学特征并比较城市与农村的差别.方法 对自然人群采用随机整群抽样的方法,于2007年7月至8月在四川省凉山州西昌市区及市区附近3个乡村中20～74岁的彝族居民开展横断面调查.本次调查人数1255人(城市621人,农村634人),本研究纳入对象1181名(城市571人,农村610人).使用统一设计的流行病学调查表,由受严格培训的医务人员询问并填写调查对象的一般情况、职业、受教育程度、年收入、生活习惯、烟酒嗜好、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病史等.行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测量血压、身高、体重、腰围等指标,比较城乡糖尿病患病率的差异.糖尿病及IGR的诊断均采用1999年WHO提出的标准.排除标准:父母存在异族血统的混血彝族居民.采用SPSS 13.0软件包进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料用-x±s表示,不符合正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位间距)表示,均数比较采用t检验,中位数比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,率的比较采用x2检验,危险因素分析采用非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 凉山彝族自治州彝族居民的糖尿病和IGR的患病率分别为6.7%和17.1%.城市彝族居民糖尿病和IGR的患病率高于农村居民(糖尿病:9.1%、4.4%,P=0.001;IGR:23.1%、12.6%,P＜0.001).男性糖尿病患病率高于女性(9.2%、4.9%,P＜0.05).城市居民糖尿病的患病率随年龄逐渐增高,农村居民的患病率则在60～70岁达高峰.城乡居民IGR的患病率在50～60岁和＞70岁两个年龄段较高.结论 西昌城乡彝族居民中糖尿病和IGR的流行情况与全国流行趋势基本相似,但是区域特点明显,我们应该结合流行趋势和区域特点广泛开展糖尿病的防治.     

代谢综合征五种诊断标准在成都地区城镇老年人群中的应用

目的探讨代谢综合征五种诊断标准在成都地区城镇老年人群中的应用。方法运用五种代谢综合征诊断标准,美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗指南Ⅲ(NCEP-ATPⅢ)、中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)、国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)、AHA/国家心肺血液研究所(AHA/NHLBI)及国际肥胖研究协会(New consensus definition)评估成都市青羊区居民社区老年人群的代谢综合征患病率情况,并比较几种诊断标准的诊断差异和一致性。结果代谢综合征的患病率逐渐升高,分别为NCEP-ATPⅢ15.5%、CDS 16.5%、IDF 21.5%、AHA/NHLBI 26.7%及New consensus definition 26.7%(P<0.01);且女性代谢综合征患病率高于男性(P<0.01)。IDF、AHA/NHLBI及Newconsensus definition的诊断一致性最高,为94.9%,Kappa值为0.860(P=0.001);而其他各组之间的一致率均低于90.0%,Kappa值均<0.7。结论成都地区城镇老年人群的代谢综合征患病率较高,且女性高于男性;由于代谢综合征诊断标准的逐渐更新,导致了同一人群代谢综合征患病率逐渐升高,诊断一致率存在较大差异,在今后的临床工作及社会医疗保障评估中需要考虑相关问题的存在。     

辽宁地区代谢综合征的患病率及城乡差异

采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法调查辽宁地区18岁以上3 431人.按照中华医学会糖尿病分会2004年的标准,代谢综合征(MS)的患病率为19.50%(男性19.79%,女性18.44%).女性患病率农村＞城镇＞城市;同等收入水平MS患病率男女均农村＞城镇＞城市.辽宁地区MS的患病率高发正转向发展中的贫穷地区.     

代谢综合征3种诊断标准在北京城区社区老年人中的应用

目的 比较3种代谢综合征诊断标准在社区老年人中应用的差异. 方法 采用中华医学会糖尿病分会(CDS)、国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)和经美国心脏协会(AHA)修订的美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次报告(ATPⅢ*)3种诊断标准,调查社区773例老年人代谢综合征的患病情况,并比较3种标准的诊断符合率. 结果 应用CDS、IDF及ATPHⅢ*诊断标准,老年人代谢综合征患病率分别为32.5％(251/773)、53.4％(413/773)、47.2％(365/773),差异有统计学意义(Q=173.10,P＜0.01),3种诊断标准女性患病率高于男性,分别为34.7％(169/487)与28.7％(82/286),x2=2.99,P＞0.05;57.3％(284/487)与45.1％(129/286),x2=12.64,P＜0.01;53.0％(258/487)与37.4％(107/286),x2=17.52,P＜0.01.IDF与ATPⅢ*诊断标准的诊断符合率为88.6％(Kappa=0.773,P＜0.01),CDS与ATPⅢ*及IDF诊断标准的诊断符合率分别为75.7％和73.7％. 结论 IDF与ATPⅢ*诊断标准的诊断符合率的一致性较高,CDS与IDF及ATPⅢ*诊断标准的诊断符合率的一致性均低于IDF与ATPⅢ*的诊断标准.     

墨玉县农村维吾尔族牙周炎与代谢综合征相关性的流行病学研究

目的 探讨慢性牙周炎与代谢综合征患病率的关系.方法 采用分层容量随机抽样方法从墨玉县364村抽取15个村18岁以上维吾尔族成人1 650人,进行问卷调查、血液生化指标检测和相关危险因素调查,口腔检查.依据慢性牙周炎的诊断标准,将调查对象分为牙周炎组和非牙周炎组,其中牙周炎组按其严重程度进一步分为:轻度牙周炎组、中度牙周炎组和重度牙周炎组.代谢综合征采用2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)诊断标准.结果 在资料完整的1415人中有66.0%患慢性牙周炎,275人患有代谢综合征(19.4%).牙周炎人群中代谢综合征的患病率为23.1%,高于非牙周炎人群12.3%(x2=23.9,P=0.000),随牙周炎病变程度的加重,其代谢综合征的患病率显著增加,轻度、中度和重度牙周炎组的代谢综合征患病率分别为19.8%、20.8%、27.6%(x2=31.9,P=0.000).经多因素logistc回归分析提示代谢综合征的患病危险性随牙周炎程度的加重而增加,轻度、中度、重度牙周炎组的OR值分别为1.6、1.7和1.9(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 维吾尔族代谢综合征的患病率与牙周炎相关,随牙周炎程度的加重而增加.     

2008年成都地区40～79岁常住人群糖代谢异常患病率调查

目的 了解成都地区糖代谢异常的流行情况.方法 2008年4月至11月应用分层整群抽样方法,选取成都市3个大社区的40～79岁居民,给予口服葡萄糖耐量实验,进行问卷调查和体格检查.危险因素分析用非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 调查总人数为5205人,糖尿病患病率为18.0%(936/5205),其中既往有糖尿病史者为40.6%(380/936),未诊断的糖尿病患者为59.4%(556/936).空腹血糖受损、糖耐量受损和糖调节受损的患病率分别为2.5%(128/5205)、20.1%(1048/5205)和22.6%(1176/5205).空腹血糖受损、糖耐量受损、糖调节受损和糖尿病患病率性别间比较差异无统计学意义(X~2分别为2.156、1.689、0.320、0.115,均P＞0.05);糖耐量受损、糖调节受损和糖尿病的患病率随着年龄的增长而增加(X~2值分别为105.0、107.0、258.0,均P＜0.05);但空腹血糖受损的患病率与年龄无明显相关性(X~2=1.9,P＞0.05).而男性,城市人口,体质量、舒张压、甘油三酯和尿酸升高为糖调节受损的危险因素.腰围增大,甘油三酯、总胆固醇升高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低为成都市40岁以上人群糖尿病的危险因素.结论 成都地区中老年人群糖代谢异常患病率高,有一半以上为新发糖尿病.糖调节受损和糖尿病的患病率均随年龄增长而增加.     

The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS)

This random multistage cross-sectional population survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in subjects aged 25 years and above in India. The study was carried out in 77 centers (40 urban and 37 rural). 18363 (9008 males and 9355 females) subjects were studied. 10617 (5379 males and 5238 females) were from urban areas and 7746 (3629 males and 4117 females) from rural areas. Blood samples were taken after a fast of 10-12 h and 2 h after 75 g of oral glucose. Subjects were categorized as having IGT or DM using the World Health Organisation (WHO) (1999) criteria. The standardized prevalence rate for DM in the total Indian, urban and rural populations was 4.3, 5.9 and 2.7%, respectively. The corresponding IGT rates in the three populations was 5.2, 6.3 and 3.7%, respectively. The urban prevalence of DM and IGT was significantly greater than in the rural population (P < 0.001 in both instances). The prevalence of DM was significantly, more than that of IGT (P < 0.001) within both the rural and urban populations. Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem is India.     

The burden of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in India using the ADA 1997 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS)

This random multistage cross sectional population survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glycemia/glucose (IFG) in subjects aged 25 years and above in India. The study was carried out in 108 centers (49 urban and 59 rural) to reflect the size and heterogeneity of the Indian population. 41,270 (20,534 males and 20,736 females) subjects were studied. 21,516 (10,865 males and 10,651 females) were from urban areas and 19,754 (9669 males and 10,085 females) from rural areas. Blood samples were taken after a fast of 10-12h and the subjects were categorized as having IFG or DM using the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria. The age and gender standardized prevalence rate for DM and IFG in the total Indian population was 3.3 and 3.6% respectively (P < 0.001). The standardized prevalence of DM and IFG in urban areas was significantly higher than that for the rural population (urban DM prevalence 4.6% versus rural DM prevalence 1.9%, P < 0.001; urban IFG prevalence 4.8% versus rural IFG prevalence 2.5%, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence between DM (4.6%) and IFG (4.8%) in the urban population. The rural prevalence of IFG (2.5%) was significantly (P <0.001) more than the rural prevalence of DM (1.9%). Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem is India.     

Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh.

AIMS: To describe differences in prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with its associated risk factors between rural and urban populations in Bangladesh. Diagnostic criteria [fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT)] were compared and reviewed for both populations. METHODS: A total of 1555 subjects from urban and 4757 from rural communities (age > or = 20 years) with similar cultural and ethnic backgrounds were randomly selected in a cross-sectional survey. FBG values were determined from all and 2-h post-glucose capillary blood samples were determined after a 75-g oral glucose load for a selected number (urban 476, rural 1046). RESULTS: A higher prevalence of diabetes was found in urban (8.1%) compared with rural populations (2.3%). Age, sex and waist-to-hip ratio for men were significant risk factors for both urban and rural subjects following fasting and 2-h post-glucose values adjusted for a number of confounding variables. Poor agreement was observed between FBG and OGTT for both urban (kappa 0.41) and rural (kappa 0.40) areas. CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the urban population was observed compared with rural subjects despite similar body mass indexes (BMI). Differences in obesity, waist/hip ratio or hypertension failed to explain the increasing occurrence of T2DM in the urban population.     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese Turkish children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the other metabolic features in obese children. METHODS: We have studied 169 obese children and adolescents (body mass index>95th percentile), 100 prepubertal and 69 pubertal, aged between 7 and 18 years. Each subject was submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test. The diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome were defined according to modified WHO criteria adapted for children. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome was found in 27.2%, with a significantly higher rate among adolescents aged 12-18 years (37.6%) than among children aged 7-11 years (20%) (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by sex. The prevalences of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes were 29, 19 and 2% among prepubertal children and 56.5, 27.5 and 4.3% among pubertal group, respectively. The prevalence of fasting hyperinsulinemia in pubertal group was significantly higher than prepubertal children (p < 0.001). Hyperinsulinemia was also more frequent in pubertal children with significant difference (20% versus 43.7%, p < 0.001). Hypertension was significantly more common in adolescents (31.8%) than children (15%) with obesity, as expected (p < 0.013). Overall, dyslipidaemia in prepubertal and pubertal groups was identified in 42 and 55%, respectively, with no significant differences (p = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome prevalences among adolescents are quite high in the urban area of Konya, central Anatolia, with abnormal lipid profiles, obesity and nutritional mistakes.     

Prevalence of diabetes in rural and urban populations in southern Sierra Leone: a preliminary survey

We conducted a preliminary community survey for diabetes in the Bo district of southern Sierra Leone. Five hundred and one subjects comprising 256 rural adults in two villages and 245 urban adults in Bo town were randomly selected and screened for diabetes using random capillary blood glucose according to WHO criteria. There were 6 diabetics, all in the urban area, giving a prevalence of 2.4% in the urban population, and 0% in the rural villages. The mean (s.d.) capillary random blood glucose (RBG) concentration was 5.7±1.7 mmol/l for the entire study population, while concentrations for the urban and rural populations were 5.8±2 and 5.5±1.4 mmol/l respectively ( P >0.05). RBG increased significantly with age. The mean (s.d.) body mass index (BMI) was 22.3±4.9 kg/m² for the total population while those for the urban and rural populations were 23.0±5.8 and 21.6±3.6 respectively ( P <0.01). Only 5% of the population were obese, i.e. BMI30 kg/m². Dietary habits were similar in both town and country. According to this survey, the prevalence of diabetes is very low in rural Sierra Leone, but urban areas may be experiencing increasing prevalence. Mechanisms for effective screening and promotion of proper diet and exercise must be incorporated into existing health services to prevent an escalation of diabetes in urban Sierra Leone.     

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinaemia and metabolic syndrome among 755 adult patients with HIV-1 infection

Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients include insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and lipodystrophy syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of central obesity with glucose and lipid metabolism alterations that confers an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which reproduces the antiretroviral-associated metabolic and morphological abnormalities. In this study, we report the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinaemia and metabolic syndrome among 755 adult patients with HIV-1 infection referred to our outpatients unit. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome was 4.5% and 9.1%, respectively. A longer exposure to antiretroviral therapy and a diagnosis of lipodystrophy syndrome were significantly associated with both metabolic disturbances.     

Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India--the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance

Recent reports show strikingly high prevalence of diabetes among urban Asian Indians; however, there are very few studies comparing urban, peri-urban and rural prevalence rates of diabetes and their risk factors at the national level. This study is a part of the national non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factor surveillance conducted in different geographical locations (North, South, East, West/Central) in India between April 2003 and March 2005. A total of 44,523 individuals (age: 15-64 years) inclusive of 15,239 from urban, 15,760 from peri-urban/slum and 13,524 from rural areas were recruited. Major risk factors were studied using modified WHO STEPS approach. Diabetes was diagnosed based on self-reported diabetes diagnosed by a physician. The lowest prevalence of self-reported diabetes was recorded in rural (3.1%) followed by peri-urban/slum (3.2%) and the highest in urban areas (7.3%, odds ratio (OR) for urban areas: 2.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.21-2.79, p<0.001). Urban residents with abdominal obesity and sedentary activity had the highest prevalence of self-reported diabetes (11.3%) while rural residents without abdominal obesity performing vigorous activity had the lowest prevalence (0.7%). In conclusion, this nation-wide NCD risk factor surveillance study shows that the prevalence of self-reported diabetes is higher in urban, intermediate in peri-urban and lowest in rural areas. Urban residence, abdominal obesity and physical inactivity are the risk factors associated with diabetes in this study.     

山东地区20岁及以上人群2008年糖尿病及糖尿病前期患病率调查

目的了解山东地区成人糖尿病及糖尿病前期的流行病学特点。方法2008年5月到7月采用多级多层整体抽样方法,选取山东省济南、淄博、济宁、德州4个地区常住居民3011人为调查对象,其中男1328人,女1683人,年龄20～76岁,平均（51±12）岁。隔夜空腹行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTr）,检测空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖诊断受试者中糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者。根据性别、年龄（10年为一间隔）分层分组对各组糖脂代谢状态进行比较分析。组间均数的比较采用单因素方差分析,率的比较采用X2检验。结果糖尿病及糖尿病前期粗患病率分别为12．6％（378／3011）[男性12．9％（171／1328）,女性12．3％（207／1683）]和8．8％（266／3011）[男性8．6％（114／1328）,女性9．0％（152／1683）],标化后分别为9．9％（男性10．9％,女性8．8％）和7．3％（男性7．6％,女性6．9％）。糖尿病及糖尿病前期患病率的性别差异均无统计学意义（x。=0．225,0．184,均P〉0．05）。男女糖尿病患病率均随年龄增长而升高（）（。=57．296、109．882,均P〈0．05）。新诊断糖尿病患者156例,占总糖尿病患者的41．3％。糖尿病前期患者中单纯糖耐量受损明显多于单纯空腹血糖受损（分别为74．1％和16．9％）。城市居民糖尿病患病率高于农村居民（13．5％比10．9％,x2=4．25,P〈0．05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示增龄、家族史、腹型肥胖、收缩压升高、心率增快、甘油三酯升高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高为发生糖代谢异常的危险因素（OR=1．623、2．150、1．758、1．132、1．214、1．130、1．171,均P〈0．05）;HDL—C是发生糖代谢异常的保护因素（OR=0．617,P〈0．05）。结论山东地区糖尿病患病率为9．9％,糖尿病前期患病率7．3％,须采取更加有效的措施预防、及早诊断和治疗糖代谢异常。