临床护理路径在内镜下大肠息肉摘除术中的应用

目的:探讨临床护理路径在内镜下大肠息肉摘除术患者中的应用效果。方法:将50例内镜下大肠息肉摘除术患者随机分为实验组和对照组各25例。对照组给予常规护理,实验组在此基础上制定临床护理路径表并实施,比较两组护理效果及患者满意度。结果:实验组平均住院日、平均住院费用及并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),患者满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:应用临床护理路径表可缩短内镜下大肠息肉摘除术患者住院时间和术后卧床天数,降低术后并发症发生率,提高患者满意度。     

支撑喉内镜下声带息肉摘除术病人的术后护理

[目的]总结支撑喉内镜下声带息肉摘除术后的护理措施.[方法]回顾性分析64例声带息肉摘除术病人的临床资料.[结果]本组64例病人术后无呼吸困难、声音嘶哑等,均治愈出院.[结论]支撑喉内镜下声带息肉摘除术术后进行精心的护理是手术成功的重要保证.     

支撑喉镜联合鼻内镜下声带息肉切除术68例临床分析

目的：探讨支撑喉镜联合鼻内镜下声带息肉摘除术的疗效及优越性。方法：对68例声带息肉患者采用了支撑喉镜联合鼻内镜下声带息肉摘除术。结果：随访3～18个月,60例治愈（88.2%）,6例有效（8.8%）,无效2例（2.9%）。结论：支撑喉镜联合鼻内镜下声带息肉手术视野清晰,精准度高,副损伤小。     

内镜下大肠息肉摘除术患者的护理

目的 探讨电子结肠镜下大肠息肉摘除术的临床护理方法.方法 采用回顾性分析方法,收集130例内镜下大肠息肉摘除术患者的一般资料、护理措施和预后等临床资料并进行总结.结果 所有息肉均成功摘除,5例少量出血经电凝立即止血,未发生穿孔、大出血等严重并发症.术后随诊,恢复情况良好,未见新息肉.结论 术前做好身体检查、肠道和心理准备是手术成功的基础,术中默契配合,术后做好并发症护理、饮食护理和出院指导,是手术成功的重要保障.     

内镜下尼龙绳套扎结合电凝切除术治疗大肠宽基底息肉临床疗效观察

[目的]探讨内镜下尼龙绳套扎结合电凝切除术治疗大肠宽基底息肉近远期疗效.[方法]43例大肠宽基底息肉患者,分别采用内镜下尼龙绳套扎结合电凝切除术或单纯内镜下尼龙绳套扎术治疗,观察并随访其术后疗效.[结果]所有患者均一次性套扎与切除成功.套扎结合电凝组术中均无严重出血以及穿孔发生.术后2周复查结肠镜显示:套扎术结合电凝治疗患者27例,切除部位无新发现息肉.单纯套扎治疗组,息肉完全脱落11例,治愈率68.8%,其余5例息肉瘤体明显缩小均超过1/2,对此类部分脱落患者采用电凝切除.术后2个月复查,套扎结合电凝组,24例创面完全愈合,未发现创面充血糜烂,3例创面出现溃疡;单纯套扎治疗组,术后2个月复查,12例创面完全愈合,无充血糜烂发生,4例创面形成溃疡;所有患者术后3个月复查,溃疡愈合;半年后复查,未发现复发患者.[结论]内镜下尼龙绳套扎结合电凝切除术治疗大肠宽基底息肉具有成功率高、安全的优点.     

电子肠镜下射频切除大肠息肉术后护理

[目的]探讨电子肠镜下射频切除大肠息肉的术后护理措施.[方法]回顾性总结268例电子肠镜下射频切除大肠息肉的术后护理.[结果]268例病人共452颗息肉,均一次切除成功,1周内出血8例,穿孔1例,经保守治疗后痊愈;15 d周出血1例,无其他并发症发生;完成随访205例,时间为术后3个月～6个月,无复发病例;住院时间为3 d～15 d.[结论]经电子肠镜射频治疗大肠息肉术后加强护理可减少术后并发症.     

内镜下大肠息肉摘除术60例临床护理

目的:探讨内镜下大肠息肉摘除术的护理方法。方法:选取我院收治的60例大肠息肉患者作为研究对象,均行内镜下大肠息肉高频电摘除术,对患者的临床资料及其系统护理情况进行回顾性分析。结果:经治疗及系统护理,60例患者中仅有1例出现术中出血,并发症发生率为1.7%;余59例均无并发症发生,患者行大肠息肉摘除术的成功率为100%。结论:在大肠息肉患者中应用内镜下大肠息肉高频电摘除术治疗的同时,给予系统护理干预,不但能够有效缩短患者治疗的时间,减轻痛苦,还有助于提高手术成功率,值得临床推广应用。     

支撑喉镜下声带息肉的围术期护理

[目的]探讨支撑喉镜下声带息肉的围术期护理。[方法]对56例在支撑喉镜下行声带息肉摘除术病人进行临床观察与护理。[结果]随访6个月,56例病人发音改善,无一例复发,有效率100%。[结论]支撑喉镜下声带息肉摘除术疗效好,良好的护理措施是提高疗效的重要措施。     

金属夹钳夹联合高频电凝切除术治疗消化道息肉的疗效分析

目的:探讨金属夹钳夹联合高频电凝切除治疗消化道息肉的疗效。方法:在内镜下应用金属夹钳夹联合高频电凝切除术治疗179例消化道息肉患者。术后内镜随访,评价治疗的安全性及有效性。结果:共成功切除216枚消化道息肉,息肉直径0.8～3.0cm,平均直径2.1 cm;成功切除率100%;无患者发生术中出血,1例(0.5%)患者发生术中穿孔;5例(2.7%)患者术后2周内发生迟发出血,再次内镜下治疗均成功止血。术后病理结果显示,腺瘤性息肉是最多见病变,其中2例为息肉癌变。术后随访中6例患者息肉残蒂存留,再次予以内镜下切除。结论:内镜下应用金属夹联合高频电凝切除消化道息肉能显著降低术后出血的风险。     

中药五倍子乌梅汤保留灌肠预防内镜下肠息肉摘除术后复发的效果研究

目的探讨肠息肉术后中药五倍子乌梅汤保留灌肠对肠息肉术后复发的预防效果。方法采用随机数表法将接受内镜下肠息肉摘除术的84例患者分为对照组和观察组,各42例。2组术后均实施外科常规护理,对照组于术后第8天口服马来酸曲美布汀胶囊治疗,观察组由中药房统一煎制五倍子乌梅汤给予中药保留灌肠治疗,2组均持续治疗4周并随访12个月。观察2组治疗前后腹痛、腹胀、大便泄泻等主要症状积分变化并评估中医证候疗效,比较2组术后6、12个月的复发情况。结果治疗后,2组腹痛、腹胀、大便泄泻积分均低于治疗前,且观察组积分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);观察组中医证候的治疗总有效率97. 62%高于对照组80. 95%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);随访6个月时,2组肠息肉复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),随访12个月时,观察组复发率7. 14%低于对照组23. 81%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论中药五倍子乌梅汤保留灌肠能有效改善肠息肉患者术后临床症状,降低术后复发风险。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.