A survey of the sleep status among military pilots

目的 调查军队飞行人员的睡眠习惯、常见睡眠问题、白天嗜睡程度和飞行前夜睡眠情况.方法 采取整群随机抽样方法对1380名军队飞行人员进行问卷调查,对其中1328份有效问卷进行统计分析.结果 飞行人员平均夜间睡眠时间6.99h,24h平均睡眠时间8.10h.4.10％的飞行人员24h睡眠时间不足6h.中重度打鼾发生率22.80％,易醒或(和)早醒和入睡困难≥3次/周的发生率为7.65％和5.81％,夜尿患病率4.03％.平均ESS评分5.59±4.40分,以≥11分评估嗜睡发生率为14.99％.飞行中困倦发生率14.20％.62.53％的飞行人员飞行前夜较平时睡眠发生变化.结论 飞行人员中存在着多种睡眠问题,并且飞行前夜睡眠可发生变化,这些都可能影响飞行安全,应进行研究和干预.     

军队飞行人员睡眠状况调查

目的调查军队飞行人员的睡眠习惯、常见睡眠问题、白天嗜睡程度和飞行前夜睡眠情况。方法采取整群随机抽样方法对1380名军队飞行人员进行问卷调查,对其中1328份有效问卷进行统计分析。结果飞行人员平均夜间睡眠时间6.99h,24h平均睡眠时间8.10h。4.10%的飞行人员24h睡眠时间不足6h。中重度打鼾发生率22.80%,易醒或(和)早醒和入睡困难≥3次/周的发生率为7.65%和5.81%,夜尿患病率4.03%。平均ESS评分5.59±4.40分,以≥11分评估嗜睡发生率为14.99%。飞行中困倦发生率14.20%。62.53%的飞行人员飞行前夜较平时睡眠发生变化。结论飞行人员中存在着多种睡眠问题,并且飞行前夜睡眠可发生变化,这些都可能影响飞行安全,应进行研究和干预。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对飞行员操作能力的影响

目的 探讨中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)对飞行员空中操作能力的影响.方法 OSAHS组13例患者临床有睡眠异常主诉,并经多导睡眠图(PSG)确诊为中重度OSAHS,对照组为住院进行年度大体检的13名健康飞行员.所有人选者进行Epworth嗜睡程度问卷(ESS)评分,两项单任务测试包括视觉Sternberg记忆任务和听觉Oddball任务,以及一项由视觉追踪和听觉Oddball组合的双重任务测试.比较OSAHS组与对照组各项任务完成情况,同时在OSAHS组进行ESS评分、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度与各项任务成绩间的相关性分析.结果 ①OSAHS组存在白天嗜睡、精力减退等临床主诉,其中两例甚至在飞行中出现事故征候.②OSAHS组ESS评分明显高于对照组(t=7.64,P＜0.01).OSAHS组视觉Sternberg记忆任务反应时较对照组明显延长(t=2.28,P＜0.05),听觉Oddball任务两组间无显著差异,双重任务OSAHS组追踪误差明显大于对照组(t=2.45,P＜0.05).③OSAHS组ESS评分与视觉Sternberg记忆任务的反应时存在正相关(r=0.605,P＜0.05).结论 中重度OSAHS患者有不同程度的操作能力损害,存在飞行安全隐患.临床未进行有效治疗的患者应适当限制飞行.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对飞行员认知功能的影响

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)对飞行员认知功能的影响.方法 对13名经多导睡眠图(PSG)确诊的中重度OSAHS患者及10名正常体检健康飞行员进行Epworth嗜睡程度问卷(ESS)评分,以及进行闪光融合频率、多项反应时、空间位置记忆广度、注意力集中能力、警戒性等认知功能测试,并对OSAHS组进行ESS评分、睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度与各项认知功能测试结果间进行相关性分析.结果 OSAHS组ESS评分明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),闪光融合频率、空间位置记忆广度分值、注意力集中能力时间明显低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),对黄、绿色的选择反应时明显慢于对照组(P＜0.05),对红色的选择反应时与对照组相比无显著差异.OSAHS组警戒性作业总错误率明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).OSAHS组ESS评分与警戒性作业的总错误率呈显著正相关(r=0.789 0,＜0.01).结论 中重度OSAHS患者有不同程度的认知功能减退,可能损害飞行操作能力,造成飞行安全隐患.临床未进行有效治疗的患者应暂时或永久取消飞行资格.     

持续气道正压通气对冠心病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者血压和昼间嗜睡的干预效果

目的 探讨持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)对于冠心病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)的血压以及白天嗜睡情况的干预效果.方法 选取我院收治的160例冠心病合并OSA患者作为研究对象,随机分为观察组(在药物治疗的同时应用CPAP治疗)和对照组(仅药物治疗),各80例,监测治疗前后各组患者的血压、Epworth嗜睡评分量表(即ESS评分),以及多次小睡潜伏时间试验(multiplesleep latency test,MSLT)的变化.结果 治疗前,两组的血压水平、ESS评分及MSLT试验结果差异无统计学意义.治疗后两组的血压水平均有明显降低,两组24 h平均收缩压(24 h-MDBP)、24h平均舒张压(24 h-MSBP)、白天平均收缩压(dMSBP)、白天平均舒张压(dMDBP)、夜间平均收缩压(nMSBP)及夜间平均舒张压(nMDBP)比较,观察组治疗后的分别为(130.8±11.9) mmHg,(85.5±2.9) mmHg,(131.9±10.2)mmHg,(86.1 ±3.5)mmHg,(128.4±18.66) mmHg,(83.7±4.1) mmHg,均显著优于对照组(P＜0.05);两组ESS评分、MSLT、AMI,以及呼吸暂停时间比较,观察组治疗1个月,3个月的效果明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CPAP能够促进冠心病合并OSA患者的血压趋于正常,改善昼间嗜睡情况.     

飞行人员阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征危险因素研究

目的 研究分析飞行人员阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的危险因素,为制订OSAHS防治策略提供依据.方法 对410例军事飞行人员进行问卷调查.对打鼾者和(或)Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评分≥9分者,进行夜间脉搏血氧饱和度初筛检测.其中,氧减饱和指数≥10次/h者,进行整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)监测.临床高度怀疑OSAHS者,直接进行PSG监测.根据检查结果分为3组:OSAHS组,单纯鼾症组,正常对照组.对年龄、颈围、腰围、体质指数、身高、体重、血脂、血糖、尿酸、打鼾家族史、吸烟情况、飞行机种、飞行时间和ESS评分等14个因素进行方差分析和Logistic回归分析.结果 3组间飞行时间、年龄、吸烟情况、ESS评分、体质指数、体重、颈围、腰围、血糖和血脂均有显著差异(F=3.89～71.64,P＜0.05).经单因素Logistic回归分析,筛选出打鼾家族史、年龄、体质指数、颈围和三酰甘油进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示此5因素的分组每增加1个等级,患病等级增加1个或1个以上等级的可能性分别增加到原来的4.115倍、2.905倍、2.031倍、2.200倍和1.849倍.结论 有打鼾家族史、年龄大、体质指数高、颈围增粗及血三酰甘油高为飞行人员OSAHS的危险因素,应在招飞及日常航卫保障工作中针对危险因素采取有效的防治措施.     

打鼾对妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠质量的影响

 目的 探讨打鼾对妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠质量的影响。方法 对126例妊娠晚期孕妇进行问卷调查,分为非打鼾组85例和打鼾组41例。分析打鼾对孕晚期妇女睡眠质量的影响。结果 本研究中共有41例孕晚期妇女存在打鼾,占调查孕妇总数的32.5%;打鼾组夜间睡眠时间短于非打鼾组,日间睡眠时间、入睡时间及夜间小便次数高于非打鼾组(P <0.05)。打鼾组Epworth嗜睡量表评分高于非打鼾组(P<0.01)。打鼾组孕妇发生夜间憋醒、用口呼吸和睡眠多汗的比例高于非打鼾组(P<0.05)。打鼾组夜间入睡困难比例高于非打鼾组(P<0.01)。打鼾组孕妇Epworth嗜睡量表评分≥9分的比例高于非打鼾组(P<0.01)。 结论 打鼾在孕晚期妇女中较常见,打鼾组孕妇的睡眠质量明显不如非打鼾组。     

肥胖和年龄对飞行人员阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的影响

目的 分析肥胖和年龄对飞行人员阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的影响,评估其危险性,提出预测飞行人员OSAHS患病情况的简易指标. 方法回顾性分析95例曾在本院睡眠中心和空军航空医学研究所进行整夜多导睡眠图监测的飞行人员的临床资料,依据中华医学会制定的OSAHS诊治指南(草案)进行临床诊断.收集飞行人员Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评价嗜睡程度,记录年龄、身高、体重、颈围和腰围,并研究各指标之间的相关性和差异. 结果颈围与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)呈正相关(r=0.405,P<0.01),与最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)呈负相关(r=-0.252,P<0.01).非OSAHS组和不同程度OSAHS组间颈围、腰围和体质指数(BMI)差异有统计学意义(F=3.670～14.825,P<0.05).颈围≥40 cm组OSAHS患病人数和中重度OSAHS患者所占比例明显增高(x2=11.515～17.589,P<0.01).随着BMI的增加,本组飞行人员中重度OSAHS患病比例增高(x2=6.946,P=0.031).年龄只在非OSAHS和OSAHS组间比较差异有统计学意义(t=-2.118,P=0.037). 结论颈围≥40 cm时患OSAHS的风险增高.颈围、腰围和BMI增加都是OSAHS的危险因素,三者结合可以简便、准确地预测OSAHS的患病情况.年龄可能对OSAHS的发生有影响,但与其严重程度无明显关系.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对飞行员情绪状况的影响

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)对飞行员情绪状况的影响.方法 对57名临床有睡眠异常主诉的飞行员进行多导睡眠图(PSG)监测,依据中华医学会呼吸病学分会睡眠呼吸疾病组制定的<阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊治指南(草案)>进行临床诊断,其中鼾症组(PS)17人,OSAHS组40人.另选取同期健康体检飞行员20人作为对照组.所有人选者进行Epworth嗜睡程度问卷(ESS)、Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)及焦虑自评量表(SAS)的自评.比较鼾症组、OSAHS组患者与对照组入选者情绪状况的差异,比较鼾症组及OSAHS组抑郁或焦虑的发生率,分析鼾症组、OSAHS组患者的SAS、SDS评分与ESS评分、PSG检测结果间的相关性.结果 鼾症组及OSAHS组SDS、SAS标准分平均值明显高于对照组(P<0.01).OSAHS组抑郁发生率较鼾症组增高(χ2=5.522,P<0.05);而两组间焦虑发生率无统计学差异(χ=2=1.601,P>0.05).OSAHS组SDS、SAS标准分与ESS评分间存在显著正相关(r=0.58,P<0.01;r=0.41,P<0.01),但与PSG各项参数间未见明显相关性.结论 飞行员患OSAHS存在不同程度的焦虑或抑郁情绪,在临床医学鉴定及治疗中应注意情绪状况对飞行能力的影响.     

飞行人员睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征流行病学调查

目的调查飞行人员睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（SAHS）患病率，为制定SAHS防治措施提供依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法，对1200名军事飞行人员进行问卷调查。对打鼾者和（或）Epworth嗜睡量表（ESS）评分≥9分者，随机进行夜间脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）初筛检测。其中，氧减饱和指数（ODI4）≥10次／h者，进行整夜多导睡眠图（PSG）监测。临床高度怀疑SAHS者，直接进行PSG监测。结果在有效问卷1065份中打鼾者427例，占40．1％。按照睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）≥5次／h为标准，飞行人员SAHS的患病率为1．9％（20／1065）。结合ESS评分≥9分为标准，估计飞行人员SAHS的患病率为0．8％。结论飞行人员SAHS发病率低于普通人群，但该病可影响飞行训练和飞行安全，应当引起足够重视。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.