宁夏三甲综合医院压疮现患率及压疮预防措施现状调查

目的了解综合性医院住院患者压疮现患率及预防现状。方法培训和考核本医院38名压疮联络员,熟练掌握多中心横断面研究设计的调查方法,于同一时间准时参与多中心调研,采用压疮现患率调研微型数据集和压疮现患率调查工具对数据进行统计学分析。结果该所医院住院患者压疮现患率为1.55%,其中医院获得性压疮的现患率0.48%。压疮危险患者共369例,其中30.1%使用了减压装置,压疮危险患者36.5%使用压疮敷料。结论在综合性医院中,高危患者的预防告知措施需要加强,医院获得性压疮的预防措施需建立流程。建议压疮预警管理组织架构,定期调研和监控发生状况,加强培训,提高压疮防范意识。     

西部地区综合医院压疮发生的临床特征及原因分析

目的：分析西部地区住院患者压疮发生的临床特征及原因,为实施有效预防及压疮管理提供依据。方法统一培训护士,采用欧洲压疮专家组设计的资料收集工具和美国的压疮现患率调查工具,分别于2015年1月和4月选取1 d调研日对宁夏地区最大的三级甲等综合医院51个病区采取便利整群抽样18岁以上、住院≥24 h的住院患者进行压疮横断面调研。结果现场调查3654例患者,年龄≥18岁,男性1894例,女性1760例,有压疮危险者332例（Braden量表评分≤16分）,占9.08％,发现压疮31例35处,压疮现患率为0.85％,院内压疮发生率为0.47％;临床特征以Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期为主,占77.42％（24/31）;压疮好发部位主要为骶尾部、髂嵴、坐骨结节及足踝;预防措施落实情况：使用减压装置者占调研总人数的4.93％（180/3654）,占有压疮危险者的54.22％（180/332）;受压部位使用减压敷料者占调研总人数的2.49％（91/3654）,占压疮危险者的27.41％（91/332）,有规律翻身者占总人数的11.49％（330/3654）,占压疮危险者的99.40％（330/332）。结论西部地区综合医院压疮现患率及院内发生率均低于国内外相关研究,临床特征与国内12所综合医院类似,预防措施落实率有待改善,建议西部地区医院要加强院内压疮护理知识培训和提高压疮预防护理的落实率。     

泰安市住院患者压疮现患率和医院内获得性压疮发生率的调查

目的了解泰安市住院患者压疮现患率及医院内获得性压疮发生率,提供预防压疮发生的有效措施。方法 2016年7月采用欧洲压疮专家组设计并经过信效度检验的资料收集工具和美国伤口造口失禁护士协会制定的压疮现患率调查工具,对泰安市7所医院住院患者压疮现患率进行横断面研究。结果本次共调查了8091例患者,压疮现患率为0.91%,其中医院内获得性压疮发生率为0.10%。共筛选出压疮患者74例共计120处压疮,最常见的压疮部位是骶尾部占46.67%,其次是坐骨10.83%,足踝10.83%,髋部6.67%,跟骨4.17%,股骨隆突、肩胛骨、耳廓、髂棘处各2.5%,其他部位10.83%;最常见的压疮分期为2期占27.50%,1期占13.33%,3期占14.16%,4期占11.67%,不可分期和深部组织损伤各占16.67%;使用减压装置者占63.51%,每2h变换体位者占87.84%,两种预防措施均使用者占59.46%。结论本次调研显示,三级医院和综合性医院压疮的现患率高于二级医院,使用减压装置和实现规律翻身等预防措施落实欠到位,亟需加强压疮的预防和监管。     

综合性医院压疮现患率多中心联合调研

目的:获得综合性医院住院成人患者的压疮现患率和医院获得性压疮发生率,为下一步预防策略的制定提供依据。方法:采用统一的调研时间、工具、方法、流程及判断标准,组织统一培训合格的护士457名对12所综合性医院≥18岁的住院患者实施横断面调研,统计压疮现患率和医院获得性压疮发生率,采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行描述性统计分析。结果:压疮现患率为1.579%,医院获得性压疮发生率为0.628%。压疮现患率排序前三位科室分别为ICU、老年科、神经内科,医院获得性压疮发生率排序前三位科室分别为ICU、老年科、内科;前三位年龄分别为>89岁、80～89岁、70～79岁;前三位压疮部位分别为骶尾部、足跟部、髂嵴;前三位发生时段为不清楚发生时间、8∶00-12∶00和2∶00-8∶00。结论:本研究所获得的压疮现患率和发生率可代表我国部分地区住院患者的基线值。≥70岁者是压疮预防的重点对象;骶尾部、足跟部和髂嵴部是压疮重点防护部位;ICU、老年科和内科是重点预防科室;8∶00-12∶00和2∶00-8∶00是重点预防时段,值得注意的是有76.545%的压疮发生时段不清楚,因此需要加强护士的压疮预防意识并严格执行交接班制度,按要求检查皮肤。     

我国12所医院压疮现患率和医院内获得性压疮发生率调研

目的 了解我国医院内住院患者压疮现患率及医院内获得性压疮发生率,为评价预防措施的效果提供依据.方法 采用欧洲压疮专家组设计并经过信效度检验的资料收集工具和伤口造口失禁护士协会制定的压疮现患率调查工具,组织463名护士对全国12所医院的住院患者压疮现患率进行横断面调研.结果 全国12所医院共调查了39 951例患者,压疮现患率为1.577%,其中医院内获得性压疮现患率为0.628%,排除Ⅰ期压疮,现患率为1.121%.调研共筛选出630例患者共计1 034处压疮,平均每人1.641处.压疮现患率在ICU最高为11.916%,其次为老年病房3.335%,而在外科最低为0.805%.最常见的压疮部位为骶尾部,占46.518%,其余依次为髂嵴11.112%,足跟8.704%,大转子7.253%,足踝5.996%,其他部位20.417%.压疮分期分布为:Ⅰ期压疮占22.437%,Ⅱ期压疮占35.010%; III期及以上者占42.553%.结论 本次调研是我国首次进行的多中心联合压疮现患率调研.虽然参与此次全国性调研的医院仅有12所,但是由于医院覆盖面较广且样本量大,因此可以提供压疮现患率的基线数据.建议建立官方网站,联合全国更多的医院定期进行压疮现患率的调研,以获得更准确的压疮现患率,为评价护理质量和合理分配预防资源提供依据.     

医院压疮现患率调查与压疮管理

目的：通过调查医院压疮现患率、发生率及压疮预防工具的使用情况,分析导致压疮发生的医院相关危险因素,探讨医院压疮管理对策。方法采用压疮现患率调查表,分别于2013年7、10月及2014年1、4月某日（8：00－18：00）对青岛大学附属医院的住院患者进行调查,严格按照护理部制定的统一标准填写调查表及统计数据。结果4次调查共纳入住院患者11624例,实查率为98．59％;医院压疮现患率为1．46％,发生率为0．59％;压疮首发部位为骶尾部与足跟部,急诊科与重症医学科为压疮现患率高发科室;Ⅰ期压疮患者预防性措施（压疮敷料、减压气垫、翻身措施）的落实率分别为32．5％、42．5％、82.5％,Ⅱ期压疮患者预防性措施的落实率分别为79．3％、79．3％、93．5％。结论该院在压疮管理与预防方面还存在诸多问题,尚需进一步改善与加强压疮监管及预防力度,早期合理采取预防性措施,对压疮现患率较高的科室采取重点干预,及时发现日常监测工作中的疏漏。     

基于根本原因分析法的医院获得性压疮影响因素及管理对策研究

[目的]分析医院获得性压疮(hospital-acquired pressure ulcer,HAPU)发生的根本原因及影响因素,提出可行的持续改进措施,为HAPU的预防、控制和管理提供科学依据。[方法]回顾性描述某三级甲等综合性医院2014年—2016年48例HAPU(包括预期压疮)的发生情况,在分析一般资料对HAPU影响的基础上,进一步通过根本原因分析法(RCA)对HAPU发生的根本原因及影响因素进行分析。[结果]病人一般资料中男性、60岁及以上者、高度压疮风险等级的病人、采取5个预防及治疗措施的人群相较于其他人群更易发生压疮。HAPU发生的根本原因:病人方面因素,由于病情及治疗因素或病人自身因素如极度消瘦等,共8例(16.67%);护士方面因素,由于护士知识欠缺、压疮风险意识不强或预防措施未落实的有30例(62.50%);管理者方面因素,由于护士长对压疮的培训和督导不足、病区预防压疮的设备及资源不足等共10例(20.83%)。[结论]护理管理者应重视HAPU发生的根本原因及影响因素,指导临床护理实践工作,针对不同的高危病人制定个性化的预防措施,从而降低HAPU发生率。     

骨科压疮预防干预措施的研究进展

压疮是皮肤或／和皮下组织由于压力、剪切力或摩擦力而导致的皮肤、肌肉和皮下组织的局限性损伤,常发生在身体的骨隆突处［1］。压疮不是一个普通问题,而是一个重大的负担,可降低患者及其照顾者的生活质量。在中国国内,综合性医院住院成人患者的压疮现患率为1．579％,医院获得性压疮发生率为0．628％,压疮现患率排序前3位科室分别为ICU、老年科、神经内科,医院获得性压疮发生率排序前3位的科室分别为ICU、老年科、内科［2］。徐玲等［3］对中国12所医院压疮现患率和医院内获得性压疮发生率调研,压疮在外科发生率最低为0．805％。外科术中患者的压疮发病率也有较大差异,全科手术为9．50％,俯卧位手术为9．28％,心脏直视手术为17．27％,肝脏移植手术为15．10％,其他在实施干预措施前提到的术中压疮发生率还有骨科大手术11．82％、妇科腔镜截石位手术16．67％、PFN70．1％等［4］。中国近年来缺乏对压疮发生率和现患率的持续调研,国外则一直在进行。压疮的发生情况在各地也不尽相同,Wilborn等调查德国患者压疮患病率平均为4．7％;在巴西医院压疮患病率的横断面研究中,显示第1天患病率为11．4％,第2天患病率为10．3％。压疮患病率在监护病房最高,平均为32．7％;Tubaishay等使用欧洲压疮咨询小组（EPUAP ）数据收集表,调查约旦的压疮平均患病率为12％,其中压疮最常见部位为骶尾部和足跟部;在威尔士,J ames等同样使用EPUAP数据收集表收集社区医院的压疮发生率数据,参与调查的社区医院占全部社区医院的25％,经过数据分析显示压疮患病率平均为26．7％［5］。     

某二级医院住院患者压疮发生情况调查

目的 调研某二级医院住院患者压疮现患率和发生率.方法 护理部严格按照纳入标准和排除标准对2 980例住院患者开展多科室、大样本量的压疮发生率和现患率调研.结果 压疮发生率为0.60％,现患率为1.34％.结论 通过调查和分析二级医院住院患者压疮现患率和发生率的研究结果,提高了护理人员和患者家属对压疮现患率和发生率的认知,有效地指导护士正确使用危险评估工具,及时辨别有发生压疮危险的患者,从而预防压疮的发生.     

两种减压床垫对手术后患者压疮预防效果比较的随机对照试验

目的以随机对照试验设计研究两种减压床垫在手术后患者压疮预防中的效果,为临床优选减压床垫提供依据。方法2011年8月至2012年7月,选择4个省市中9个城市12所综合性医院的1074例手术后患者,按随机数字表法分组,其中观察组562例、对照组512例,术后分别给予每2h翻身1次+静态空气床垫和每2h翻身1次+动态空气床垫,观察并比较术后0~5d两组患者的Braden计分和医院内获得性压疮(hospital-acquired pressure ulcer,HAPU)的发生率及其分期。结果 1074例患者术后5d内共发生HAPU 11例(11处),HAPU的发生率为1.02%(11/1074),其中观察组HAPU的发生率为1.07%(6/562),对照组的发生率为0.98%(5/512),两组患者的Braden计分及HAPU的发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论两种减压床垫应用于术后患者HAPU预防的效果接近,在缺乏电源时可优选静态空气床垫+定时翻身方案。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.