Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in Submucosal Invasive Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown a 7-15% lymph node (LN) metastasis rate in submucosal invasive colorectal cancer (SICC). Identifying risk factors for LN metastasis is crucial in selecting therapeutic modalities for SICC. We assessed the possibility of and the risk factors for LN metastasis in SICC. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on 168 SICC patients who underwent curative resection between June 1989 and December 2004 at Asan Medical Center. The level of submucosal invasion was classified into upper third (sm1), middle third (sm2), and lower third (sm3). The following carcinoma-related variables were assessed: tumor size, tumor location, depth of submucosal invasion, cell differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, neural invasion, and tumor cell dissociation (TCD). RESULTS: The overall LN metastasis rate was 14.3%. Significant predictors of LN metastasis both univariately and multivariately were sm3 (p = 0.039), poorly differentiated cancer (p = 0.028), and TCD (p = 0.045). Lymphovascular invasion was a risk factor for LN metastasis in univariate analysis (p = 0.019); however, in multivariate analysis, lymphovascular invasion could not predict LN metastasis. No statistical difference was observed in the risk of LN metastasis with regard to tumor location, size, and neural invasion. CONCLUSION: The depth of submucosal invasion, cell differentiation, and tumor cell dissociation were significant pathologic predictors of LN metastasis in SICC. Because SICC is associated with a considerable risk of LN metastasis, local excision may be performed carefully in SICC without adverse features.     

Systematic Lymph Node Dissection for Clinically Diagnosed Peripheral Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Less Than 2 cm in Diameter

n = 56) or a lobectomy with radical systematic lymph node dissection group (dissection group, n = 59). Inclusion criteria were based only on preoperative clinical studies. Four tumors were larger than 2 cm postoperatively. One patient had disseminated disease, and two had intrapulmonary metastases discovered at surgery. Two patients had small-cell carcinoma. There were four with pathologic N1 disease and seven with N2 disease in the dissection group and three with N1 and eight with N2 disease in the sampling group. The numbers of local and distant recurrences were two and six, respectively, in the dissection group and two and five in the sampling group. The overall 5-year survival was 81% in the dissection group and 84% in the sampling group. No significant differences in the recurrence rate or survival was seen between the groups. Our results demonstrate that clinically evaluated peripheral non-small-cell carcinomas smaller than 2 cm in diameter do not require radical systematic mediastinal and hilar lymph node dissection.     

直径≤3cm的周围型肺腺癌淋巴结转移分析

目的探讨原发性周围型小肺腺癌(直径≤3cm)淋巴结转移的规律,为治疗方案的制定提供参考。方法自1990年1月至2009年1月期间,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院胸外科手术治疗肿瘤最大直径(CT测量)≤3 cm的周围型原发性肺腺癌288例,其中男223例,女65例;年龄30~73岁。288例患者诊断均经病理检查证实,临床诊断淋巴结转移的标准为最小直径大于1.0 cm(CT)。手术方式:肺叶切除术264例,肺袖式切除术22例,肺楔形切除术2例;纵隔淋巴结清扫方式为系统纵隔淋巴结清扫或采样。结果 288例中发生淋巴结转移142例(49.30%),其中术后分期为N190例(31.25%),N252例(18.06%)。不同原发部位的淋巴结转移率:右肺46.67%(77/165),左肺56.10%(69/123);肿瘤直径小于1 cm者淋巴结转移率为22.22%(2/9),1~2 cm之间者为39.44%(28/71),2~3 cm之间者为53.84%(112/208),三者间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。直径小于1 cm者未发现N2转移,1~2 cm之间者N2阳性率为14.08%(10/71),2~3 cm之间者N2阳性率为20.19%(42/208),三者间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.01,P0.01)。结论周围型小肺腺癌肺门及纵隔淋巴结转移常见,尤其是右肺上叶肺癌。直径大小对腺癌淋巴结转移发生率有明显的影响,但即便直径小于2 cm,淋巴结转移仍有很大的风险。术前应尽可能获得准确的N分期,如不能在术前确定N分期,对直径1 cm以上的肺腺癌术中应常规进行纵隔淋巴结清扫,否则难以获得准确的分期,亦难以达到根治性切除。     

Occult Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer with Submucosal Invasion

To evaluate more precisely the incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with submucosally invaded (sm) gastric cancer, three additional sections were made from the remaining half of 1,794 lymph nodes taken from 57 patients, for a detailed reexamination. Lymph node metastasis was demonstrated in 19 nodes from 11 patients by the initial routine examination; however, the detailed reexamination showed cancer involvement in a further nine lymph nodes from eight patients. Of these eight patients, metastasis had not been detected in any lymph nodes by routine examination in six. Macroscopically, the lesion was of the depressed or mixed type in six of the eight patients. From the intranodal location and growth pattern of the cancer foci, lymph nodes with occult metastasis were divided into the marginal sinus type, the medullary sinus type, and the mixed type, with the marginal type being found most frequently. The overall incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with sm gastric cancer was as high as 29.8% (17/57) in this series. Moreover, a follow-up study revealed that two patients with occult metastasis died of cancer recurrence postoperatively. Accordingly, systematic regional lymph node dissection should be carried out at the time of surgery for sm gastric cancer.     

Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in Undifferentiated Early Gastric Cancer

Background Endoscopic surgery has not been accepted as a curative treatment for intramucosal undifferentiated early gastric cancer (EGC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive factors of lymph node metastasis and explore the possibility of using endoscopic surgery for undifferentiated EGC. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 646 patients with undifferentiated EGC who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy from January 2000 to March 2005. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to identify clinicopathological features that were predictive factors for lymph node metastasis. Results The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 4.2% in intramucosal and 15.9% in submucosal undifferentiated EGC. Multivariate analysis revealed that submucosal invasion, larger tumor size (greater than 2 cm), and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI), were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with undifferentiated EGC. Tumor size and LVI were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in cases of intramucosal EGC. Lymph node metastasis was found in only one patient (0.5%) who had neither of the two risk factors for intramucosal EGC. Conclusion Complete endoscopic resection may be acceptable as a curative treatment for intramucosal undifferentiated EGC when the tumor size is less than or equal to 2 cm, and when LVI is absent in the postoperative histological examination. Radical gastrectomy should be recommended if LVI or unexpected submucosal invasion is present.     

非小细胞肺癌隐匿性淋巴结转移的基因诊断

目的　探讨非小细胞肺癌 (NSCL C)隐匿性纵隔淋巴结转移病灶的基因诊断方法。　方法　应用逆转录聚合酶链反应法 (RT- PCR) ,检测 30例 NSCL C患者 (实验组 ,N0 , a～ b期 )手术后病理诊断为阴性的 138枚纵隔淋巴结中 MU C1基因 m RNA的表达 ,并用 30枚肺良性疾病的局部淋巴结作阴性对照 (阴性对照组 ) ,用 30枚经病理证实有转移的 NSCL C纵隔淋巴结作阳性对照 (阳性对照组 )。对患者进行随访 ,用χ2 检验比较 MUC1基因 m RNA阳性者和阴性者的预后差别。　结果　阴性对照组 30枚肺良性疾病的局部淋巴结均无 MUC1基因 m RNA表达 (特异性为 10 0 % ) ,阳性对照组 30枚经病理证实有转移癌的肺癌纵隔淋巴结中 2 6枚检测到 MUC1基因 m RNA的表达 (敏感性为 87% )。实验组 9例患者的 11枚淋巴结中检测到 MU C1基因 m RNA表达 (检出率 8.0 % ) ,患者的分期上调为 a期。实验组中 MUC1基因 m RNA阳性患者预后不良 ,随访 2年有 4例复发、转移或死亡 ;MUC1基因 m RNA阴性者仅 1例转移 (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　应用 RT- PCR法检测纵隔淋巴结中 MU C1基因 m RNA的表达可以诊断肺癌隐匿性淋巴结转移。     

早期胃癌淋巴结转移潜在危险因素分析

目的:探讨影响早期胃癌淋巴结转移的潜在危险因素,指导胃癌淋巴结清扫术(D1或D2)的合理应用。方法:回顾性分析1995年3月—2010年6月经手术治疗的336例早期胃癌患者的临床病理资料,对影响早期胃癌淋巴结转移的潜在危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果:早期胃癌淋巴结转移与性别(P=0.010)、年龄(P=0.013)、肿瘤部位(P=0.042)、有无合并溃疡(P=0.001)、浸润深度(P<0.0001)、有无脉管癌栓(P<0.0001)有关,合并有溃疡(P=0.012)、浸润至黏膜下层(P=0.008)及有脉管癌栓(P=0.001)是淋巴结转移的独立性危险因素;黏膜内癌淋巴结转移与肿瘤部位(P=0.007)及大小(P=0.010)有关,肿瘤直径>20mm(P=0.041)是黏膜内癌淋巴结转移的独立性危险因素。结论:合并有溃疡、浸润至黏膜下层及有脉管癌栓的早期胃癌患者进行手术时,建议行淋巴结清扫(D2)术;肿瘤直径>20mm黏膜内癌也要考虑行淋巴结清扫(D2)术。     

The Importance of Surgery to Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung with Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastasis

In the past 25 years, 1,654 patients with non-small cell cancer underwent resection at National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo. A comparative study has been made of 5-year survival of patients who had pulmonary resection with and without mediastinal lymph node dissection.There were 426 patients (25.8% of the total) with N2 M0 disease. Of these, 345 underwent pulmonary resection with mediastinal lymph node dissection. The 5-year survival in this group was 15.9% (T1 N2 M0, 30.0%; T2 N2 M0, 14.5%; and T3 N2 M0, 12.9%). In the remaining 81 patients, who did not have mediastinal lymph node dissection, 5-year survival was 6.7%.Of the 426 patients with N2 M0 disease, 242 were select patients who underwent a curative operation with an overall 5-year survival of 19.2%. Sixty-six of them had squamous cell carcinoma and a 5-year survival of 30.8%; 153 had adenocarcinoma and a survival of 16.0%; 14 had large cell carcinoma and a survival of 12.8%; and 9 had adeno-squamous cell carcinoma, and none survived 5 years.To improve the end results, it is important to perform as many curative operations with mediastinal lymph node dissection as possible. Histological cell type and tumor status must be taken into consideration.     

乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移危险因素的研究

目的探讨导致乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的相关危险因素,为制定更合理的个体化治疗方案提供参考依据。方法以2014年1月至2016年6月间住院治疗的94例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,收集患者临床病理特征,包括年龄、肿瘤大小、前哨淋巴结状态、脉管浸润、病理类型等,检测ER、PR、HER2、AR、Bcl-2蛋白表达情况,采用单因素与多因素结合分析筛选腋窝淋巴结转移相关危险因素。应用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学处理,采用χ~2检验逐个进行单因素分析,筛选出有意义的因素纳入Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,P0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果 94例患者中,发生腋窝淋巴结转移61例(64.9%)。单因素分析结果显示,乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移与肿瘤大小(直径)、有无前哨淋巴结转移、有无脉管浸润及AR、Bcl-2蛋白表达相关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肿瘤大小、前哨淋巴结转移、脉管浸润是乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移的危险因素,AR阳性为保护因素。结论肿瘤直径≥2 cm、有前哨淋巴结转移及脉管浸润是乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移的高危因素,AR表达情况是预测腋窝淋巴结转移风险较佳的生物学因素。     

Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in Western Early Gastric Cancer After Optimal Surgical Treatment

Background

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) has a strong influence on the prognosis of patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). As minimally invasive treatments are considered appropriate for EGC, and lymphadenectomy may be restricted or even eliminated in some cases; it is imperative to identify the main risk factors for LNM to individualize the therapeutic approach. This study aims to evaluate the risk factors for LNM in EGC and to determine the adequacy of the endoscopic resection criteria in a western population.

Methods

EGC patients who underwent gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy were retrospectively analyzed utilizing a prospective database. The clinicopathological variables were assessed to determine which factors were associated to LNM.

Results

Among 474 enrolled patients, 105 had EGC (22.1%). LNM occurred in 13.3% of all EGC (10% T1a; 15.4% T1b). Tumor size, venous, lymphatic, and perineural invasions were confirmed as independent predictors of LNM by multivariate analysis. Expanded criteria were safely adopted only in selected cases, and 13.6% of patients who matched expanded indication had LNM.

Conclusions

Tumor size, venous, lymphatic, and perineural invasions were associated with LNM and should be considered as surrogate markers for surgical treatment of EGC. Expanded criteria for endoscopic resection can be safely adopted only in selected cases.

     

非小细胞肺癌隆突下淋巴结转移与临床病理特征的关系

目的分析非小细胞肺癌隆突下淋巴结转移的方式和规律,以探讨其隆突下淋巴结合理的手术清扫方式。方法回顾性分析2002年9月至2011年10月河南省肿瘤医院608例非小细胞肺癌患者行肺切除加系统淋巴结清扫术的临床资料,其中男388例,女220例;平均年龄62.3(45～78)岁。肿瘤位于左肺上叶122例、左肺下叶119例、右肺上叶158例、右肺中叶40例和右肺下叶169例;隆突下淋巴结转移118例(19.4%)。病理类型:鳞癌244例,腺癌285例,其它癌79例。分析隆突下淋巴结转移与肺部肿瘤的部位、病理类型和临床病理特征的关系。结果不同肿瘤部位间发生隆突下淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),右肺下叶肺癌发生隆突下淋巴结转移比率[45.8%(54/118)]最高;腺癌发生隆突下淋巴结转移比率[55.9%(66/118)]最高,其次为鳞癌(P=0.034)。随着肿瘤T分期的发展,隆突下淋巴结转移的可能性加大,并且左右肺中下叶癌患者隆突下淋巴结转移率大于肺上叶癌患者。结论肿瘤位于左肺或右肺上叶、临床T分期为cT1以内的鳞癌患者,隆突下淋巴结转移的可能性小。     

Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis from Gastric Cancers with Submucosal Invasion

Background  

Accurate prediction of the metastatic status of lymph nodes (LNs) is clinically important for selecting treatment strategies in patients with gastric cancer with submucosal invasion (GCSM). In this study, we determined the risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM), including micrometastasis, in patients with GCSM.