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Angela Kim Charles Latchoumane Soojung Lee Guk Bae Kim Eunji Cheong George J. Augustine Hee-Sup Shin 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2012,109(50):20673-20678
Sleep spindles are rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity generated within the thalamocortical circuit. Although spindles have been hypothesized to protect sleep by reducing the influence of external stimuli, it remains to be confirmed experimentally whether there is a direct relationship between sleep spindles and the stability of sleep. We have addressed this issue by using in vivo photostimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus of mice to generate spindle oscillations that are structurally and functionally similar to spontaneous sleep spindles. Such optogenetic generation of sleep spindles increased the duration of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Furthermore, the density of sleep spindles was correlated with the amount of NREM sleep. These findings establish a causal relationship between sleep spindles and the stability of NREM sleep, strongly supporting a role for the thalamocortical circuit in sleep regulation. 相似文献
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Nobuo Sasaki Ryoji Ozono Hidehisa Yamashita Hirofumi Ashimen Yoshiko Miyamoto Sumi Iwami 《Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993)》2016,38(8):733-737
We investigated the impact of sleep habits on blood pressure (BP) in cross-sectional analyses of 1533 participants aged ≥ 70 without cardiovascular disease or treatment for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. We assessed sleep habits [time in bed (TIB), bed time, and taking sleeping pills], using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. For groups where TIB was >8 h and <6 h, systolic BP was significantly higher than the group where TIB ranged 6–8 h (134.2 ± 17.5, 134.8 ± 19.6 vs. 130.1 ± 17.7, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively). Systolic BP was significantly higher in the group whose bed time was before 21:00 than that whose bed time was 21:00 or later (136.6 ± 18.6 vs. 132.0 ± 18.4, p < 0.01). Both systolic and diastolic BPs were lower in the group taking sleeping pills (133.2 ± 18.6 vs. 128.1 ± 17.3, p < 0.0001; 75.3 ± 11.5 vs. 73.3 ± 10.7, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analyses revealed that after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol intake, taking sleeping pills and short or long TIB were significantly associated with systolic BP, whereas bed time was not. These results suggested that inappropriate TIB and sleeping pills were associated with BP in elderly people. 相似文献
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目前持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)已被广泛用来治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstuctive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS),然而部分OSAS患者经CPAP治疗后,当阻塞性呼吸暂停事件消除后中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征和陈-施呼吸却增加,我们称这种睡眠呼吸紊乱为复杂性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(complex sleep apnea syndrome,CompSAS).然而,它的概念、机制、治疗尚未完全明确,本文综述了近年来国内外学者对CompSAS的研究进展. 相似文献
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Steven J. Frenda Shari R. Berkowitz Elizabeth F. Loftus Kimberly M. Fenn 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2016,113(8):2047-2050
False confession is a major contributor to the problem of wrongful convictions in the United States. Here, we provide direct evidence linking sleep deprivation and false confessions. In a procedure adapted from Kassin and Kiechel [(1996) Psychol Sci 7(3):125–128], participants completed computer tasks across multiple sessions and repeatedly received warnings that pressing the “Escape” key on their keyboard would cause the loss of study data. In their final session, participants either slept all night in laboratory bedrooms or remained awake all night. In the morning, all participants were asked to sign a statement, which summarized their activities in the laboratory and falsely alleged that they pressed the Escape key during an earlier session. After a single request, the odds of signing were 4.5 times higher for the sleep-deprived participants than for the rested participants. These findings have important implications and highlight the need for further research on factors affecting true and false confessions.In the United States, an alarming number of people are convicted of crimes they did not commit (1). Although it has proven exceedingly difficult to measure the scope of this problem, a recent investigation suggested that at least 4% of people who have been sentenced to death in the United States were actually innocent (2). Studies of known wrongful convictions reveal that false confessions are a substantial contributor to this problem, implicated in 15–25% of cases (1, 3). A false confession occurs when an innocent person makes a false admission of guilt and subsequently produces a postadmission narrative, which includes details about how or why the crime was committed (4). Confessions are extremely powerful forms of evidence. An admission of guilt alone, even without a postadmission narrative, will have serious consequences for an innocent suspect who is the target of a criminal investigation, as will confessions that are later recanted (5). Surprisingly, even when jurors understand that a confession has been coerced, it nonetheless inflates their perception of the defendant’s guilt and influences their construal of other, unrelated evidence (5, 6).False confessions can clearly have dire consequences and it might seem that they would only arise after some form of physical coercion. However, interrogators more often capitalize on psychologically coercive interrogation strategies, which are known to increase the risk of false confession in innocent suspects (3, 4, 7–10). As such, the use of these strategies contribute to an inordinately stressful and mentally taxing experience for an innocent suspect (11), who must rely on a number of complex cognitions and decision making skills to protect their interests and avoid self-incrimination during a potentially lengthy interrogation.A robust literature reveals that sleep deprivation impairs many of the cognitive skills that may be crucial in resisting this type of coercive environment. In addition to disrupting mood and impairing a whole host of cognitive operations (12, 13), there is evidence suggesting that sleep deprivation reduces inhibitory control, leading people to make riskier decisions (14–16), and interferes with their ability to anticipate and measure the consequences of their actions (17). Finally, recent research has linked sleep deprivation with false and distorted memories of past events (18), suggesting that sleep-deprived people may be especially vulnerable to suggestive influences.These findings are cause for serious concern; studies have shown that as many as 17% of interrogations occur during typical sleep hours (between midnight and 8:00 AM) (19). Studies of known false confessions have found that a majority occurred following interrogations that lasted more than 12 h, with many lasting for longer than 24 consecutive hours (20). Moreover, as the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence recently revealed, the Central Intelligence Agency routinely used sleep deprivation for up to 1 wk to assist in their hardline interrogations of detainees, some of whom were later revealed to be wrongfully held (21). It is increasingly evident that the interrogation of unrested, possibly sleep-deprived, suspects is not out of the ordinary and may even be commonplace.In the present research, we capitalized on available laboratory techniques for examining false confession processes (22) and compared the tendency of rested and sleep-deprived participants to falsely admit to wrongdoing that never occurred. Specifically, participants completed computer-based tasks, writing exercises, and questionnaires during three separate laboratory sessions (see Figs. S1–S3). Throughout their time in the laboratory, participants were repeatedly warned to never press the Escape key on their computer keyboards because doing so, they were told, would result in the loss of important study data. Importantly, the location of the Escape key on a standard PC keyboard made it highly unlikely that participants would have pressed this key accidentally during the course of the experiment.Open in a separate windowFig. S1.Outline of study procedure across three laboratory sessions.Open in a separate windowFig. S3.Example of participant signing her name to the statement containing a false allegation.Following session 2, participants either slept for 8 h in laboratory bedrooms or remained awake throughout the night, carefully monitored by research staff (see Fig. S3).
Open in a separate windowData from 11 participants were not available either due to equipment failure (n = 9) or experimenter error (n = 2). NREM, nonrapid eye movement; REM, rapid-eye movement.Our results indicate that after the initial request, 8 of the 44 rested participants (18%) signed the statement, as did 22 (50%) of the 44 sleep-deprived participants. As shown in False admission (first request)? Rested TSD False admission (both requests)? Rested TSD Yes 18% (8) 50% (22) Yes 38.6% (17) 68.2% (30) Refused 82% (36) 50% (22) Refused 61.4% (27) 31.8% (14) Total 100% (44) 100% (44) Total 100% (44) 100% (44)
Table S1.
Mean (SD) amount of time spent in each sleep stage and total sleep time for the participants who slept in the laboratoryStage | Time |
NREM 1, min | 21.1 (11.3) |
NREM 2, min | 216.5 (36.8) |
NREM 3, min | 112.2 (29.3) |
REM, min | 77.1 (24.6) |
Total sleep time, h | 7.1 (0.8) |