一期经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗双侧上尿路结石

目的一期经皮肾镜碎石术治疗双侧上尿路结石的安全性及临床疗效。方法2004年7月～2008年12月,在X线或超声定位下采用经皮肾镜碎石术治疗双侧上尿路结石35例,其中双肾结石18例,一侧肾结石、一侧输尿管结石10例,双侧输尿管结石7例。截石位膀胱镜或输尿管镜下单侧或双侧输尿管留置输尿管导管,经皮肾镜手术均采用俯卧位,经输尿管导管注射生理盐水人造肾积水,在腋后线和肩胛下线之间第12肋上下区域行肾穿刺造瘘,建立F16～F32皮肾通道,在灌注泵生理盐水持续冲洗下,用输尿管镜或经皮肾镜,配合气压弹道或钬激光将结石粉碎。单个通道不易清石完全的肾多发结石或铸形结石,可以同样方式定位建立第2或第3条通道。结果本组35例70侧上尿路结石,单通道取石49侧,双通道取石18侧,三通道取石3侧。手术时间（单侧PCNL）：20～185min,平均66min。一次手术结石取净率为80%（56/70）。再次手术取石8侧,三期手术取石3侧,3侧肾结石少量残留未再次手术碎石取石。手术后总的结石清除率为91.4%（64/70）,其中输尿管结石24侧结石清除率100%（24/24）,肾结石46侧结石清除率87%（40/46）。无胸腹腔损伤、肠穿孔等周围脏器损伤的并发症。住院时间5～30d。术后随访3～6个月,B超及KUB＋IVP检查,未见结石复发。结论双侧上尿路结石采用经皮肾镜碎石取石治疗,安全、有效;在条件允许和技术成熟的前提下,可以施行一期治疗双侧上尿路结石。     

Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage in the Management of Post-surgical Biliary Leaks

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in the treatment of post-surgical biliary leaks and its efficacy in restoring the integrity of bile ducts. One hundred and fifty-seven patients with a post-surgical biliary leak were treated by means of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The biliary leak was due to laparoscopic procedures in 114 patients, while 43 patients had postoperative leak following open surgery. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed with an 8- to 10-F catheter, with the side holes positioned proximal to the site of extravasation to divert bile flow away from the leak site. The established biliary leaks at the site of origin were diagnosed at an average of 7 days (range 2–150 days) after surgery. In all cases, percutaneous access to the biliary tree was achieved. In 62 patients, biliary leak completely healed after drainage for 10–50 days (mean, 28 days) while 89 patients underwent surgical reconstruction subsequently. PTBD is a feasible, effective, and safe procedure for the treatment of post-surgical biliary leaks. It is therefore a reliable alternative to surgically repair smaller biliary leaks, while in patients with large defects, it helps prepare patients for surgical reconstruction.     

标准通道经皮肾弹道超声碎石取石与微通道经皮肾气压弹道碎石取石术治疗肾鹿角形结石的疗效比较

目的比较标准通道弹道超声碎石取石与微通道经皮肾气压弹道碎石取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石的疗效。方法2004年6月～2010年6月,对129例肾鹿角形结石分别采用标准通道弹道超声碎石取石与微通道经皮肾气压弹道碎石取石术治疗,标准通道组61例,微通道组68例,比较2组手术时间、一期结石清除率和手术并发症等指标。结果标准通道组手术时间（92±22）min,显著少于微通道组（139±23）min（t=11．828,P=0．000）;标准通道组术后发热率为8．2％,显著低于微通道组26．5％（,=11．828,P=0．007）;标准通道组一期结石取净率52．5％（32／61）,与微通道组51．5％（35／68）比较无统计学差异（X^2=0．013,P=0．911）。结论与微通道相比,标准通道治疗肾鹿角形结石具有手术时间短和术后发热率低等优点,有条件者可作为首选的治疗方法。     

Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage and Occlusion Balloon in the Management of Duodenal Stump Fistula

Background  

Duodenal stump fistula (DSF) after gastrectomy is a complication with a high mortality rate. We report a series of patients with postoperative DSF treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and occlusion balloon (PTBD-OB). The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility and efficacy of PTBD-OB in the treatment of DSF.     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊造瘘治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎

目的探讨超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（percutaneous transhepatic gallb ladder catheterizing drainage,PTGCD）治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效。方法18例有急诊胆囊切除禁忌的老年急性重症胆囊炎患者,在超声引导下行PTGCD。其中,结石性胆囊炎14例,非结石性胆囊炎4例。结果均一次性置管成功,未出现并发症;14例结石性胆囊炎患者中,11例择期行胆囊切除术,3例不能耐受手术患者无症状长期置管。4例非结石性胆囊炎患者于引流后3~4周行胆道造影示无梗阻后拔管康复。结论超声引导下PTGCD治疗老年急性重症胆囊炎是一种简单、安全而有效的方法。     

PTCD联合胆道支架置人术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸39例临床疗效分析

目的探讨经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTCD）联合胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的操作技巧及其临床应用价值。方法2009年8月至2011年5月期间中国医科大学附属第四医院介入科对39例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者施行了PTCD联合胆道支架置入术,对其临床资料和效果进行回顾性分析。结果39例患者全部穿刺成功,穿刺成功率为100％。穿刺左叶胆管11例,穿刺右叶胆管19例,左右胆管均行穿刺9例;单纯外引流22例,内外引流17例;引流管保留7～14d后均成功行胆道支架置入术。33例患者自觉症状有缓解。患者术后14d时,其白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素水平均较术前降低（P〈0．05）。术后发生胆道感染3例（7．69％）,发生急性胰腺炎4例（10．26％）,发生支架脱落移位1例（2．56％）,无胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症发生。本组32例患者获访,随访时间为8d～16．5个月,平均9．4个月。随访期间,27例患者死于肿瘤进展及多脏器功能衰竭;5例患者存活,无黄疸加重症状。结论PTCD联合胆道支架置入术是一种姑息治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,具有简便、有效、安全、可重复性等优点,但需注意其适应证的选择和并发症的预防。     

逆行性经肝胆管引流在预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘中的应用

目的探讨逆行性经肝胆管引流在预防胰十二指肠切除(PD)术后胰瘘中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2015年8月至2017年8月62例行逆行性经肝胆管引流PD术的临床资料。采用SPSS 17.0软件包进行统计学分析,逆行性经肝胆管引流的引流量的比较采用配对t检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。 结果62例PD术患者术中均行逆行性经肝胆管引流术,所有患者均无出血、胆漏等手术并发症;胆管引流量：术后1～4 d(343.17±36.97)ml/d高于术后5～8 d的引流量(183.68±74.94) ml/d,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后胰瘘7例,其中A级胰瘘(生化漏)2例;B级胰瘘7例(11.3%);无C级胰瘘。术后胰瘘患者均经保守治疗痊愈出院。 结论逆行性经肝胆管引流可以减少PD术后早期胰肠吻合空肠袢淤滞的消化液,降低肠腔压力,降低PD术后胰瘘的发生率,是预防PD术后胰瘘的一种安全手术方式。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in horseshoe kidneys. Applied anatomy and clinical experience

The arterial supply of horseshoe kidneys was studied in 6 anatomical specimens to establish whether there is a risk of haemorrhage when performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The anatomy of the collecting system was studied on patients' X-rays, taken in different planes to obtain a three-dimensional view. It was found that there is no increased risk of arterial bleeding in horseshoe kidneys compared with normal kidneys. The orientation of the collecting system offers good access. Eight patients with horseshoe kidneys and 1 with a malrotated kidney were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy because of solitary or multiple renal pelvic and caliceal stones and 1 ureteric stone. Four patients had had previous operations for calculi. All of the stones were removed without complications.     

Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy to One Kidney on Bilateral Glomerular Filtration Rate and PAH Clearance in Minipigs

Purpose

This study examined the acute time course of effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)¹ on renal hemodynamics in anesthetized minipigs with and without pretreatment with verapamil.

Materials and Methods

We applied ESWL (2000 shocks, 24 kV, unmodified Dornier HM3), to the right kidneys of isoflurane-anesthetized female pigs. Urine flow and renal hemodynamics were monitored from each kidney via ureteral balloon catheters. Arterial blood pressure and bilateral urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance) and renal plasma flow (RPF, para-aminohippurate clearance) were monitored for 45 minutes before ESWL, and at 1, 4 and 24 hours after ESWL.

Results

Treatment with ESWL consistently caused unilateral hematuria and subcapsular renal hematomas in the shocked kidneys and significantly reduced GFR and RPF in those kidneys at 1 and 4 hours after ESWL. Urine flow was reduced through 24 hours in the shocked kidneys. Renal plasma flow, but not GFR, was significantly reduced in the contralateral (unshocked) kidneys at 1 and 4 hours after ESWL to the other kidneys. Verapamil blunted the ESWL-induced reductions of urine flow, GFR and RPF in the shocked kidneys and eliminated the reduction of RPF in the unshocked kidneys.

Conclusions

These experiments demonstrate that ESWL to 1 kidney acutely impaired hemodynamics in both kidneys and that verapamil attenuated the response in the shocked kidneys and eliminated it in the contralateral unshocked kidneys.     

Percutaneous Retrograde Transhepatic Arterial Puncture to Regain Access in the True Lumen of the Dissected and Acutely Occluded Transplant Hepatic Artery

Iatrogenic hepatic artery dissection is a serious complication that can progress to complete hepatic artery occlusion and graft loss. Restoration of arterial flow to the graft is urgent, but the severity and extent of the dissection may interfere with endovascular techniques. The authors describe a technique of percutaneous retrograde transhepatic arterial puncture to regain access into the true lumen of the dissected hepatic artery to restore in‐line flow to the liver graft.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术同期治疗双侧输尿管上段结石的疗效分析

目的：评价微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNI,）同期治疗双侧输尿管上段结石的有效性及安全性。方法：回顾性分析我院2005年10月～2009年7月共收治22例双侧输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料,全部患者均行微创经皮肾镜取石术。结果：22例患者（44例侧）一次穿刺成功,17例患者一次取净双侧结石,5例患者术后复查一侧残存肾内结石碎粒,其中4例口服排石药物,一个月后复查结石大部分排空,少量残留。1例患者于术后结合ESWL排净结石,手术结石取净率88．6％。平均手术时间（98．9±24．2）min,术中估计出血量平均（240．5±108．1）ml,术后肾造瘘管留置1～2天,术后平均住院时间（4．8±1．3）天。结论：对于身体条件良好,结石相对容易清除的双侧输尿管上段结石。同期MPCNL是安全有效的。     

Novel Application of Internal-External Drainage Catheter as Biliary Stent for Percutaneous Transhepatic Treatment of Biliary Strictures in Living Donor Liver Transplantation Recipient Patients

ObjectivesAlthough endoscopic management is considered as the first-line treatment for biliary strictures, it may be challenging in living donor liver transplant recipients due to the complex nature of duct-to-duct reconstruction. In this study we present the use of a pigtail drainage catheter as a biliary stent to treat biliary strictures after a living donor liver transplant.MethodsTwenty-seven patients with biliary strictures were treated with our novel technique. In this technique, a pigtail catheter was trimmed into 3 parts (proximal, middle, and distal portions). A suture string was passed through the distal hole of the middle portion, which was then reversed and used as a stent while the proximal portion was used as a pusher. Following balloon dilation of the stenotic segment, the distal, reversed middle, and proximal portions were loaded over the guidewire. After proper placement of the stent, the retractor suture string, pusher, and guidewire were removed. The stent was removed during the third or fourth month of placement through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in all patients.ResultsNo significant complications developed during the procedure or follow-up period. Ten patients required re-stenting by ERCP during the same session. The mean follow-up period was 2 years. Cholestase enzymes and bilirubin levels were within normal limits in all patients during follow-up.ConclusionStents derived from drainage catheter facilitate treatment of biliary strictures in patients not eligible for the retrograde approach. This stent is cheap, easy to implement, can be easily removed by ERCP, and re-stenting can be applicable in retrograde if needed.     

髋臼后柱逆行经皮拉力螺钉固定的应用解剖

目的为临床应用髋臼后柱逆行经皮拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法取6具成人骨盆标本,行后柱逆行拉力螺钉固定。分别测量螺钉与水平面的夹角、与矢状面的夹角、钉长,以及使用三维CT重建图像测得拉力螺钉的最大直径等。结果对于髋臼后柱骨折,拉力螺钉与水平面的夹角为29.7°±2.3°、与矢状面的夹角为8.0°±2.5°,最窄处直径为(9.0±1.0)mm,平均钉长为(11.7±0.5)cm。结论髋臼后柱骨折逆行经皮拉力螺钉固定是安全、可行的。     

腰肋悬空仰卧位经皮肾镜标准通道双导管碎石清石系统与微通道钬激光治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石效果比较

目的：比较腰肋悬空仰卧位下经皮肾镜（PCNL）标准通道（F20）双导管Cyberwand碎石清石系统与微通道（F16）钬激光碎石两种方法治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2010年3月～2010年8月应用腰肋悬空仰卧位行标准通道（F20）PCNL双导管Cyberwand碎石清石系统和微通道（F16）（mPCNL）经皮肾镜钬激光治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石34例的临床资料,比较两种方法的碎石时间、碎石率、清石率等临床相关指标的差异。结果：双导管组（n=18）的碎石率为100％（18／18）,清石率为95％（17／18）,平均手术时间（11±5）min;钬激光组（n=16）的碎石率为95％（15／16）,清石率分别为81％（13／16）,平均手术时间（20±6）min。两种方法碎石率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;清石率双导管组优于钬激光组（P〈0．05）;手术时间双导管组优于钬激光组（P〈0．05）。结论：腰肋悬空仰卧位下PCNL治疗输尿管上段碎石,标准通道（F20）双导管Cyberwand碎石清石系统较微通道（F16）钬激光有较高的清石率,且可以显著节约碎石时间。