粗针膻中穴埋针在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者机械通气撤机中的应用价值

目的探讨粗针膻中穴埋针在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者机械通气撤机困难时的应用价值.方法将60例COPD并进行有创机械通气的患者按随机原则分为3组,每组20例.粗针埋针治疗组选用粗针针刺膻中穴,每次进针70 mm,留针4 h;传统毫针治疗组选用传统毫针针刺膻中穴,每次进针35 mm,留针0.5 h;两组均每周治疗5次,中间休息2 d,连续治疗4周.对照组只常规支持、对症治疗.记录治疗后1、2和4周呼吸机撤机成功率和撤机时间.结果各组治疗后第1周呼吸机撤机成功率比较差异均无显著性(P均＞0.05);第2周和第4周粗针埋针治疗组呼吸机撤机成功率(60%,75%)均显著高于对照组(30%,35%)和传统毫针治疗组(25%,30%),3组比较差异均有显著性(P均＜0.05).粗针埋针治疗组呼吸机撤机时间[(18.8±14.9)d]明显短于对照组[(30.1±17.7)d]和传统毫针治疗组[(32.7±18.6)d],差异均有显著性(P均＜0.05).结论COPD机械通气患者在撤机过程中采用粗针膻中穴埋针治疗能缩短撤机时间且安全.     

磁共振扩散加权成像对前列腺癌患者盆腔淋巴结诊断价值的初步研究

目的初步评价扩散加权成像(DWI)对前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生患者淋巴结的鉴别诊断价值.方法回顾性分析15例前列腺癌患者(58个淋巴结)及15例良性前列腺增生患者(30个淋巴结)的DWI表现(b=300 s/mm2),分别测量这些淋巴结的表观扩散系数(ADC),将癌与增生患者的淋巴结ADC值进行比较.结果良性前列腺增生患者淋巴结的平均ADC值[(2.282±0.573)×10-3 mm2/s]明显大于前列腺癌患者[(1.607±0.256)×10-3 mm2/s](P=0.000).前列腺癌患者短径＜1.0 cm的淋巴结[(1.602±0.267)×10-3 mm2/s]与≥1.0 cm淋巴结的ADC值[(1.610±0.254)×10-3mm2/s]无显著性统计学差异(P=0.459).前列腺患者短径＜1.0 cm的淋巴结ADC值[(1.602±0.267)×10-3 mm2/s]小于前列腺增生患者淋巴结的ADC值[(2.282±0.573)×10-3 mm2/s](P=0.003).前列腺癌患者短径/长径＜0.7的淋巴结ADC值[(1.631±0.205)×10-3 mm2/s)比短径/长径≥0.7的[(1.594±0.283)×10-3 mm2/s]要高(P=0.039).结论DWI有可能用于前列腺癌淋巴结转移的检出.     

关节镜下微创克氏针张力带内固定治疗横形髌骨骨折的临床分析

目的探讨关节镜下微创克氏针张力带内固定治疗横形髌骨骨折的临床效果。方法选取2016年3月至2018年3月河北省开滦总医院林西医院骨科收治的108例横形髌骨骨折患者进行回顾性分析,按照手术方式不同,分为关节镜组68例,对照组40例。关节镜组患者采用关节镜下微创克氏针张力带内固定术,对照组采用切开复位克氏针张力带内固定术。比较两组患者手术情况、临床疗效、随访Lysholm评分、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)。结果关节镜组的切口长度[(3.5±0.8)cm]短于对照组[(13.7±2.2)cm],术中出血量[(47.4±12.5)ml]明显少于对照组[(86.9±14.7)ml],住院时间[(11.8±2.6)d]和骨折愈合时间[(11.5±2.4)周]明显少于对照组[(15.8±3.0)d、(15.7±2.8)周],差异有统计学意义(t值分别为34.63、14.85、7.29、8.25,P均<0.05)。两组患者Lysholm评分随时间的推移显著升高(F组内=87.53,P<0.05)。关节镜组Lysholm评分升高幅度高于对照组(F交互=7.64,P<0.05)。关节镜组Lysholm评分整体水平高于对照组(F组间=11.42,P<0.05)。两组患者VAS评分随时间的推移显著下降(F组内=76.47,P<0.05)。关节镜组VAS评分下降幅度显著高于对照组(F交互=9.96,P<0.05)。关节镜组VAS评分整体水平显著低于对照组(F组间=10.38,P<0.05)。结论关节镜下微创克氏针张力带内固定治疗横形髌骨骨折具有较好的效果和安全性,损伤较小,术后疼痛轻。     

盐酸纳美芬对重型颅脑损伤患者脑电双频指数及预后的影响

目的观察盐酸纳美芬治疗重型颅脑损伤的效果,探讨其对重型颅脑损伤患者脑电双频指数(bispectral index, BIS)及预后的影响。方法重度颅脑损伤患者102例,随机分为观察组52例和对照组50例,对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上给予盐酸纳美芬0.4～0.6 mg/d,静脉滴注,1次/d,共14 d。比较2组患者入院第1天和治疗第14天时BIS值、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale, GCS);治疗1个月时,评估2组患者治疗效果,比较ICU救治时间、格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow outcome scale, GOS)和病死率。结果入院第1天,观察组患者BIS值(43.83±8.21)、GCS评分[(5.31±1.24)分]与对照组[42.18±7.84、(5.61±1.03)分]比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗第14天时,观察组患者BIS值(58.49±9.64)、GCS评分[(11.81±1.04)分]均高于对照组[54.59±9.07、(9.15±1.21)分](P<0.05),2组BIS值、GCS评分均高于入院第1天...     

温热银质针疗法三种体外留针长度银质针温度及对大鼠骨骼肌作用的比较研究

目的:研究温热银质针疗法时体外留针长度与温热银质针温度及大鼠骨骼肌形态学变化的关系,以明确最适的留针长度。方法:将54只大鼠随机分为3组采用温热银质针治疗,银针刺入鼠左后腿皮肤深度均为3cm,各组体外留针长度分别为9cm、7cm、5cm,艾条在针柄顶端点燃。使用数字测温仪测量针尖、皮肤进针点及二者中点的温度。光镜下观察针尖处肌肉组织形态学变化及波形蛋白和结蛋白表达情况。结果:温热银质针治疗过程中,各组针尖、中点、皮肤进针点温度波动明显(体外留针9cm组针尖温度除外),第10min时最高。体外留针5cm组针尖(43.6±0.6℃)和皮肤进针点温度(46.8±1.1℃)最高,体外留针9cm组皮肤进针点温度(36.6±0.6℃)最低,体外留针9cm组针尖温度(35.2±0.7℃)与体外留针7cm组(35.6±0.7℃)无显著差异。各组大鼠骨骼肌细胞呈现损伤-修复过程,体外留针5cm组组织损伤范围大,程度严重,以瘢痕修复为主,波形蛋白和结蛋白表达少,另两组以肌细胞再生修复为主。结论:根据温热银质针体内针身温度和大鼠骨骼肌损伤-修复情况,体外留针9cm和7cm时更合适。     

英夫利昔单抗治疗强直性脊柱炎的疗效及对miR-146a表达的影响

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)患者应用英夫利昔单抗治疗的效果及其对miR-146a表达的影响。方法 AS患者70例随机分为观察组和对照组各35例,对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予英夫利昔单抗治疗。治疗12周后评价2组近期疗效,记录不良反应发生情况;分别于治疗前、治疗后评定2组强直性脊柱炎病情活动性指数(Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index,BASDAI)、胸廓扩张度、脊柱活动度、脊柱疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),记录晨僵时间,检测血清红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、DKK-1水平及miR-146a表达。结果观察组BASDAI50(77.14%)、ASAS20患者比率(80.00%)均高于对照组(8.57%、17.14%)(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率(17.16%)与对照组(11.44%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后BASDAI评分(2.1±0.9),脊柱疼痛VAS评分(3.6±0.3),血清ESR[(10.33±1.75)mm/h]、CRP[(4.58±1.02)mg/L]及DKK-1[(332.18±20.33)ng/L]较治疗前降低[5.9±1.3、7.5±1.1、(68.41±9.90)mm/h、(24.49±4.10)mg/L、(409.32±28.50)ng/L]、胸廓扩张度[(5.2±2.9)cm]、脊柱活动度[(5.5±1.5)cm]较治疗前[(3.1±1.2)、(3.6±0.8)cm]增加,晨僵时间[(11.9±4.4)min]较治疗前[(31.7±5.9)min]缩短(P0.05);对照组治疗后BASDAI评分(4.6±1.3),脊柱疼痛VAS评分(5.4±1.4),血清ESR[(44.12±4.99)mm/h]、CRP[(17.47±4.20)mg/L]较治疗前[5.8±1.2、7.4±1.0、(69.55±10.48)mm/h、(23.31±4.45)mg/L]降低,脊柱活动度[(4.1±1.3)cm]较治疗前[(3.2±1.0)cm]增加,晨僵时间[(20.2±5.1)min]较治疗前[(33.3±6.8)min]缩短(P0.05);观察组各指标改善优于对照组(P0.05);观察组、对照组治疗后miR-146a表达(0.78±0.23、1.44±0.42)低于治疗前(2.02±0.77、2.11±1.20)(P0.05),且观察组治疗后miR-146a表达低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 AS患者应用英夫利昔单抗治疗近期疗效满意,安全性良好,其机制可能与降低miR-146a表达、诱导缓解病情有关。     

富含血小板血浆通过抑制基质细胞衍生因子-1/CxC趋化因子受体4通路治疗距骨软骨损伤的作用机制

目的观察富含血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)对距骨软骨内基质细胞衍生因子-1(stromal cell-derived factor-1,SDF-1)/CxC趋化因子受体4(CXC chemokine receptor4,CXCR4)信号通路及糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)、基质金属蛋白酶-13(matrix metalloproteinase-13,MMP13)表达的影响,探讨PRP治疗距骨软骨损伤的作用机制。方法选择2017年9月至2018年11月首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院收治的距骨软骨损伤患者16例,先做踝关节镜检查并做病灶清理骨髓刺激术(微骨折)治疗,然后分别于术后第1d、术后第1、2个月抽取自体静脉血制备PRP后,每次于踝关节腔内注射PRP 3ml。比较关节镜术前及第3次注射PRP前抽取关节液样本中SDF-1及GAG水平;在关节镜术中取距骨病灶区软骨样本,经SDF-1预处理后,将距骨软骨细胞接种于培养板中,融合率达80%~90%时,将软骨细胞随机分为PRP治疗组及空白对照组,每组8个,分别经PRP及不含PRP的人血清处理3天后,比较两组细胞培养液中SDF-1、CXCR4、MMP13及GAG水平。结果患者第3次PRP注射前患者踝关节液中SDF-1蛋白浓度[(1250.07±376.72)ng/L]较术前[(1707.88±180.32)ng/L]明显降低,差异有显著性(t=4.385,P=0.000);第3次PRP注射前患者踝关节液中GAG浓度[(20.93±3.88)μg/L]较术前[(14.39±3.95)μg/L]明显增高,差异有显著性(t=-4.736,P=0.000)。PRP治疗组SDF-1蛋白浓度[(1412.39±38.15)ng/L]较空白对照组[(1003.37±109.45)ng/L]显著增高,差异有显著性(t=9.981,P=0.000);PRP治疗组CXCR4蛋白浓度[(5.22±1.51)μg/L]较空白对照组[0.65±0.18)μg/L]显著增高,差异有显著性(t=2.285,P=0.013);PRP治疗组MMP13蛋白浓度[(2.42±0.36)μg/L]较空白对照组[(5.53±0.63)μg/L]显著降低,差异有显著性(P=0.000);PRP治疗组GAG浓度[(5.75±2.75)μg/L]较空白对照组[(17.99±3.96)μg/L]显著降低,差异有显著性(t=7.181,P=0.000)。PRP处理后的距骨软骨细胞生长曲线及生长趋势平稳,空白对照组的软骨细胞存活率不佳,PRP治疗组与空白对照组软骨细胞生长差异有显著性(t=12.837,P=0.000)。结论距骨软骨损伤时,软骨细胞内SDF-1/CXCR4通路可能参与了软骨细胞蜕变及降解过程;PRP可能通过抑制该通路,抑制软骨细胞蜕变及降解,从而促进距骨软骨损伤的修复。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体5在周围神经痛大鼠脊髓和背根神经节的表达

目的探讨周围神经痛大鼠脊髓、背根神经节代谢型谷氨酸受体5(metabotropic glutamate receptors 5,mGluR5)表达变化。方法 SD大鼠18只,随机分为观察组和对照组各9只,观察组腹腔注射紫杉醇制备周围神经痛模型,对照组注射等量生理盐水。分别于造模前及造模第1、7、14天检测2组大鼠足底机械痛阈值;造模第14天,处死大鼠后取脊髓和背根神经节,免疫组织化学法检测mGluR5在脊髓与背根神经节分布及阳性细胞率,Western blot法检测脊髓与背根神经节mGluR5蛋白相对表达量。结果观察组造模前机械痛阈值[(41.48±3.29)g]与对照组[(42.00±2.71)g]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);造模第1、7、14天,观察组机械痛阈值[(30.78±2.04)、(19.48±2.22)、(14.29±1.44)g]均低于对照组[(39.98±1.48)、(40.87±3.11)、(40.10±2.74)g](P0.05);造模第14天,对照组脊髓、背根神经节mGluR5表达均较低、且主要分布于脊髓背角浅层,观察组脊髓、背根神经节均可见mGluR5表达、且分布较密集;观察组脊髓、背根神经节mGluR5阳性细胞率[(24.24±1.49)%、(38.20±2.47)%]均高于对照组[(6.30±1.11)%、(8.52±1.89)%](P0.05),且观察组背根神经节mGluR5阳性细胞率高于脊髓(P0.05),对照组脊髓mGluR5阳性细胞率与背根神经节比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);造模第14天,观察组脊髓、背根神经节mGluR5相对表达量(5.22±0.53、6.44±0.51)均高于对照组(1.02±0.33、1.23±0.41)(P0.05)。结论周围神经痛大鼠脊髓及背根神经节mGluR5分布较密集,且背根神经节mGluR5表达增加显著。     

宫缩素联合舌下含服卡孕栓治疗剖宫产产后出血的效果

目的 探讨宫缩素联合舌下含服卡孕栓治疗剖宫产产后出血的效果。方法 选择2017年4月至2019年4月郑州市第六人民医院收治的行剖宫产产后出血患者84例,按随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,每组42例。对照组采用宫缩素治疗,观察组采用宫缩素联合舌下含服卡孕栓治疗,对比两组患者术后出血量、生命体征、术后恢复情况及不良反应状况。结果 观察组术后2 h、24 h出血量为(218. 21±30. 15) ml、(236. 75±29. 26) ml,低于对照组[(321. 26±36. 47) ml、(368. 42±38. 54) ml],差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);术后2 h,观察组SBP[(118. 31±20. 47) mm Hg]、DBP[(70. 06±14. 23) mm Hg]高于对照组[(96. 82±18. 36) mm Hg]、[(57. 69±12. 24) mm Hg],HR[(101. 35±16. 14)次/min]低于对照组[(118. 27±18. 64)次/min],差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);观察组恢复肛门排气时间[(36. 53±5. 08) h]短于对照组[(42. 14±5. 32) h],宫底距脐轮高度[(2. 81±0. 72) cm]高于对照组[(2. 45±0. 56) cm],差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);对照组不良反应发生率与观察组比较,差异未见统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 对剖宫产产后出血产妇采用舌下含服卡孕栓治疗,有助于减少术后出血量,避免血压、心率出现剧烈波动,促进产妇肛门排气和子宫收缩能力恢复。     

热传导银质针治疗对股四头肌慢性损伤兔骨骼肌白细胞介素8水平的影响

目的:观察慢性损伤骨骼肌中炎症细胞因子白细胞介素8的水平,以及热传导银质针对其产生的影响。方法:实验于2004-08在解放军总医院康复医学科实验室完成。新西兰大白兔30只,将27只固定在自制屈伸练习器上作单一右膝关节被动屈伸活动,60次/min,30min/d,连续14d,造成股四头肌慢性损伤模型。随机取其中3只模型兔与3只正常兔的股四头肌进行白细胞介素8测定。另外24只模型兔随机均分为治疗组和对照组,其中治疗组行热传导银质针松解术:进针点为沿股中线与膑上缘1cm,2cm,3cm水平线交点(三针),以速眠新Ⅱ号(主要成分:氟哌啶醇、保定宁、新保灵、氯安酮等)按0.2mL/kg肌肉注射麻醉,银质针长10cm,直径1mm,针刺深度为针尖刺至股骨骨膜,针尾用电脑温控仪加热,温度为60℃,时间10min。针刺后单笼饲养。对照组兔自然修复,不做任何干预治疗。于术后1,3,7和14d处死兔子取股四头肌局部肌肉做白细胞介素8水平检测,比较其差异。结果:按实验设计于各时点对两组动物取材进行白细胞介素8的测定,所得数据均纳入最后的统计分析。①股四头肌慢性损伤模型兔骨骼肌中白细胞介素8水平显著高于正常兔[(408±13)和(40±26)ng/L,t=30.962,P=0.00]。②治疗组热传导银质针治疗后1和3d骨骼肌中白细胞介素8水平明显升高,3d时达高峰[(460±14)ng/L],高于同期对照组[(402±14)ng/L];7d以后下降[(306±13)ng/L],低于同期对照组[(396±13)ng/L];14d时明显低于对照组[(207±12)和(357±13)ng/L,t=6.986,11.922,20.800;P<均0.01]。结论:骨骼肌慢性损伤可导致兔股四头肌中白细胞介素8水平升高,热传导银质针治疗3d后因局部炎症反应而使骨骼肌中白细胞介素8水平升高,治疗7d后因密集热传导针的温热作用和长期松解作用而使骨骼肌中白细胞介素8水平明显低于自然修复兔。     

深层肌肉刺激结合手法肌肉放松治疗延迟性肌肉酸痛的疗效观察

目的:观察深层肌肉刺激结合手法肌肉放松治疗延迟性肌肉酸痛的临床疗效,探讨更为有效的临床治疗方法。方法:将48名受试者随机分为联合治疗组(n=24)、手法肌肉放松组(n=24),两组患者诱发延迟性肌肉酸痛后,分别给予不同干预措施,联合治疗组进行深层肌肉刺激结合手法肌肉放松,而手法肌肉放松组给予单纯肌肉放松,对两组患者的治疗效果进行比较和分析。结果:联合治疗组在运动后24 h的血液肌酸激酶浓度、乳酸浓度和肌红蛋白浓度下降幅度显著高于手法肌肉放松组(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01);联合治疗组在运动后24 h肌肉酸痛的改善显著优于常规手法治疗组(P0.01),踝关节活动范围和小腿周径恢复程度显著优于手法肌肉放松组(P0.05,P0.05)。结论:深层肌肉刺激仪结合手法肌肉放松对延迟性肌肉酸痛有优越的治疗效果,是一种值得临床推广应用的治疗方法。     

骨骼肌损伤肌肉疼痛的病因分析

过度的骨骼和肌肉运动后能引起软组织损伤。其病因主要是由于超过习惯的肌肉工作引起工作后肌肉收缩蛋白的分解代谢强于合成代谢的降解优势导致延迟性肌肉收缩结构的改变或解体,在这样的结构改变背景条件下后续负荷过大,就可能引起肌肉的急性或慢性劳损。肌肉疼痛除常规治疗外,还需要设计康复治疗计划,包括:放松练习,水中运动,物理治疗,放松疗法等,争取达到最大限度的恢复。     

Nerve growth factor improves the muscle regeneration capacity of muscle stem cells in dystrophic muscle

Researchers have attempted to use gene- and cell-based therapies to restore dystrophin and alleviate the muscle weakness that results from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our research group has isolated populations of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) from the postnatal skeletal muscle of mice. In comparison with satellite cells, MDSCs display an improved transplantation capacity in dystrophic mdx muscle that we attribute to their ability to undergo long-term proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation, including differentiation toward endothelial and neuronal lineages. Here we tested whether the use of nerve growth factor (NGF) improves the transplantation efficiency of MDSCs. We used two methods of in vitro NGF stimulation: retroviral transduction of MDSCs with a CL-NGF vector and direct stimulation of MDSCs with NGF protein. Neither method of NGF treatment changed the marker profile or proliferation behavior of the MDSCs, but direct stimulation with NGF protein significantly reduced the in vitro differentiation ability of the cells. NGF stimulation also significantly enhanced the engraftment efficiency of MDSCs transplanted within the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice, resulting in the regeneration of numerous dystrophin-positive muscle fibers. These findings highlight the importance of NGF as a modulatory molecule, the study of which will broaden our understanding of its biologic role in the regeneration and repair of skeletal muscle by musclederived cells.     

Biceps brachii muscle oxygenation in electrical muscle stimulation

The purpose of this study was to compare between electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and maximal voluntary (VOL) isometric contractions of the elbow flexors for changes in biceps brachii muscle oxygenation (tissue oxygenation index, TOI) and haemodynamics (total haemoglobin volume, tHb = oxygenated‐Hb + deoxygenated‐Hb) determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The biceps brachii muscle of 10 healthy men (23–39 years) was electrically stimulated at high frequency (75 Hz) via surface electrodes to evoke 50 intermittent (4‐s contraction, 15‐s relaxation) isometric contractions at maximum tolerated current level (EMS session). The contralateral arm performed 50 intermittent (4‐s contraction, 15‐s relaxation) maximal voluntary isometric contractions (VOL session) in a counterbalanced order separated by 2–3 weeks. Results indicated that although the torque produced during EMS was approximately 50% of VOL (P<0·05), there was no significant difference in the changes in TOI amplitude or TOI slope between EMS and VOL over the 50 contractions. However, the TOI amplitude divided by peak torque was approximately 50% lower for EMS than VOL (P<0·05), which indicates EMS was less efficient than VOL. This seems likely because of the difference in the muscles involved in the force production between conditions. Mean decrease in tHb amplitude during the contraction phases was significantly (P<0·05) greater for EMS than VOL from the 10th contraction onwards, suggesting that the muscle blood volume was lower in EMS than VOL. It is concluded that local oxygen demand of the biceps brachii sampled by NIRS is similar between VOL and EMS.     

Defining smooth muscle cells and smooth muscle injury

For 3 decades, terms such as synthetic phenotype and contractile phenotype have been used to imply the existence of a specific mechanism for smooth muscle cell (SMC) responses to injury. In this issue of the JCI, Hendrix et al. offer a far more precise approach to examining the mechanisms of SMC responses to injury, focused not on general changes in phenotype but on effects of injury on a single promoter element, the CArG [CC(A/T)6GG] box, in a single gene encoding smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin. Since CArG box structures are present in some, but not all, SMC genes, these data suggest that we may be progressing toward establishing a systematic, molecular classification of both SMC subsets and the response of SMCs to different injuries.     

Ultrasound assessment of hamstring muscle size using posterior thigh muscle thickness

Several studies have investigated the relationship between ultrasound‐measured muscle thickness (MT) and individual muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) and muscle volume (MV) in extremity and trunk muscles; however, the hamstring muscle has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between posterior thigh MT by ultrasound and the muscle CSA and MV of the hamstring obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten young women aged 20–31 had MT measured by ultrasound at three sites on the medial anterior (50% of thigh length; TL) and posterior (50% and 70% of TL) aspects of the thigh. On the same day, a series of continuous muscle CSA along the thigh was measured by MRI. In each slice, the anatomical CSA of the hamstring (biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus) and quadriceps muscle was analysed, and the CSAs at 50% and 70% of TL and maximal CSA of the hamstring (CSA_max) were determined. MV was calculated by multiplying CSA by slice thickness. A significant correlation was observed between posterior 50% MT and 50% hamstring CSA (r = 0·848, P = 0·002) and between posterior 70% MT and 70% hamstring CSA (r = 0·679, P = 0·031). Posterior 50% MT (r = 0·732, P = 0·016) and 50% MTxTL (r = 0·873, P = 0·001) were also correlated to hamstring MV. Anterior:posterior 50% thigh MT ratio was correlated to MV ratio of quadriceps and hamstring muscles (r = 0·803, P = 0·005). Our results suggest that posterior thigh MT reflects hamstring muscle CSA and MV. The anterior:posterior MT ratio may serve as a surrogate for MV ratio of quadriceps and hamstring.     

电针对失神经骨骼肌萎缩及纤维化的影响

目的:观察不同强度电针对失神经支配骨骼肌萎缩及肌纤维化的影响。方法:32只SD大鼠随机等分为4组(n=8):A组(模型组)、B组(0.5m A电针组)、C组(1.0m A电针组)、D组(1.5m A电针组)。切断坐骨神经干造成失神经支配腓肠肌模型,术后1天,B、C、D组术侧分别给予相应强度电针(针刺"足三里"和"承山")治疗,每次治疗10min,隔天1次,每周3次,共治疗4周,A组不行治疗。术后8周,测定术侧腓肠肌湿重比,Masson染色测定腓肠肌结缔组织截面积率、肌纤维直径和截面积,Western blot检测转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factorβ1,TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)、Bcl-2和Bax表达,透射电镜观察腓肠肌超微结构。结果:A组与B、C、D组间,D组与B、C组间腓肠肌湿重比差异均有显著性意义(P0.05),但B、C组间差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。A组与B、C、D组间,以及D组与B、C组间结缔组织截面积率差异均有显著性意义(P0.05),但B、C组间差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。A组与B、C、D组间,以及B、C、D组间肌纤维直径和截面积差异均有显著性意义(P0.01)。A组最高、D组最低,A组与B、C、D组间,以及B、C、D组间TGF-β1、CTGF蛋白表达差异均有显著性意义(P0.01)。Bcl-2蛋白表达,A组最低、D组最高,而Bax蛋白表达,A组最高、D组最低;Bcl-2/Bax比值A组最低,B、C、D组依次升高,且A组与C、D组间,以及B、C、D组间差异均有显著性意义(P0.01)。透射电镜显示,A组肌丝排列紊乱、溶解严重,Z线断裂,线粒体空泡化;B、C、D组肌丝排列基本整齐,肌丝溶解、Z线断裂较轻,B组可见线粒体肿胀、空泡化,但轻于A组。结论:电针可减轻失神经骨骼肌萎缩程度,其机制可能与抑制靶肌肉结缔组织增生,调节Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达有关。     

Repairing skeletal muscle: regenerative potential of skeletal muscle stem cells

Skeletal muscle damaged by injury or by degenerative diseases such as muscular dystrophy is able to regenerate new muscle fibers. Regeneration mainly depends upon satellite cells, myogenic progenitors localized between the basal lamina and the muscle fiber membrane. However, other cell types outside the basal lamina, such as pericytes, also have myogenic potency. Here, we discuss the main properties of satellite cells and other myogenic progenitors as well as recent efforts to obtain myogenic cells from pluripotent stem cells for patient-tailored cell therapy. Clinical trials utilizing these cells to treat muscular dystrophies, heart failure, and stress urinary incontinence are also briefly outlined.