Areas covered: This review article seeks to provide an overview of a range of challenges that are often faced to achieve efficient ocular drug levels within targeted tissue(s) of the eye. It also describes the problems encountered using conventional hypodermic needle-based ocular injections for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. It discusses research carried out in the field of MNs, to date.
Expert opinion: MNs can aid in localization of drug delivery systems within the selected ocular tissue. And, hold the potential to revolutionize the way drug formulations are administered to the eye. However, the current limitations and challenges of MNs application warrant further research in this field to enable its widespread clinical application. 相似文献
Areas covered: Treatment challenges and promising drug delivery approaches for posterior segment eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are summarized. Advances in the development of several nanotechnology-based systems, including stimuli-responsive approaches to enhance drug bioavailability and overcome existing barriers for effective ocular delivery are discussed. Stem cell transplantation and encapsulated cell technology (ECT) approaches to treat posterior eye diseases are elaborated.
Expert opinion: There are several drug delivery systems demonstrating promising results. However, a better understanding of ocular barriers, disease pathophysiology, and drug clearance mechanisms is required for better therapeutic outcomes. The stem cell transplantation strategy and ECT approach provide positive results in AMD therapy, but there are a number of challenges that must be overcome for long-term efficiency. Ultimately, there are numerous multidimensional challenges to cure vision problems and a collaborative approach among scientists is required. 相似文献
Areas covered: This review highlights the barrier to the posterior segment of the eye via topical administration. The up-to-date development of lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, spanlastics, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides (LDH), dendrimers, cyclodextrins(CDs), and prodrugs are summarized. Moreover, nanocarriers currently in clinical trials for posterior segment diseases have been discussed.
Expert opinion: Topical nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated significant progress. An ideal formulation should prolong retention time on the surface, enhance drug permeability through the ocular tissues, and efficiently deliver drugs to the targeted site. To design the rational targeting nanoparticle-based drug delivery system, a better understanding of the distribution of transporters and receptors on the eye is required. Ultimately, there is an urgent need to develop targeting hybrid drug delivery systems with the combination of the advantages of several nanocarriers. 相似文献
Areas covered: Following an overview of the different ocular drug delivery modalities, this article surveys the biomaterials used to develop sustained release drug delivery systems. Microspheres, nanospheres, liposomes, hydrogels, and composite systems are discussed in terms of their primary materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each drug delivery system are discussed for various applications. Recommendations for modifications and strategies for improvements to these basic systems are also discussed.
Expert opinion: An ideal sustained release drug delivery system should be able to encapsulate and deliver the necessary drug to the target tissues at a therapeutic level without any detriment to the drug. Drug encapsulation should be as high as possible to minimize loss and unless it is specifically desired, the initial burst of drug release should be kept to a minimum. By modifying various biomaterials, it is possible to achieve sustained drug delivery to both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. 相似文献
Areas covered: Posterior eye diseases, intravitreal injection, age-related macular degeneration, anti-VEGF, ocular pharmacokinetics, novel technologies to extend half-life, in vivo models, translation to the clinic, and hurdles to effective patient care.
Expert opinion: Posterior eye diseases are a worldwide public health issue. Although anti-VEGF molecules represent a major advance for treating diseases involving choroidal neovascularization, frequent injection can be burdensome for patients and clinicians. There is a need for effective and patient-friendly treatments for posterior eye diseases. Many technologies that enable long-acting delivery to the back of the eye are being evaluated. However, successful development of novel therapies and delivery technologies is hampered by a multitude of factors, including patient education, translatability of in vitro/in vivo preclinical data to the clinic, and regulatory challenges associated with novel technologies. 相似文献
Areas covered: The article discusses some physiological barriers to oral delivery of biologics, with a special focus on less characterized barriers such as the basement membrane. Recent progress in oral delivery of biologics via nanomedicine is subsequently covered. Finally, the emerging field of device-mediated gastrointestinal delivery of biotherapeutics is discussed.
Expert opinion: Oral delivery of biologics is considered a ‘panacea’ in drug delivery. Almost century-old approaches of utilizing chemical absorption enhancers have not produced clinically translated technologies. Nanomedicine for oral biologics delivery has demonstrated potential, but the field is relatively new, and technologies have not progressed to the clinic. Device-mediated oral biologics delivery (e.g. ultrasound or microneedles) is in its infancy. However, this space is likely to intensify owing to advances in electronics and materials, as well as the challenges and history related to clinical translation of alternative approaches. 相似文献
Areas covered: The following review is a comprehensive summary of various novel methodologies and strategies reported over the past few years in the area of ocular drug delivery. Some of the strategies discussed involve polymer and lipid conjugation with the drug moiety to impart hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, or to target nutrient transporters by conjugation with transporter-specific moieties and retrometabolic drug design.
Expert opinion: The application of prodrug strategies provides an option for enhancing drug penetration into the ocular tissues, and overall ocular bioavailability, with minimum disruption of the ocular diffusion barriers. Although success of the prodrug strategy is contingent on various factors, such as the chemical structure of the parent molecule, aqueous solubility and solution stability, capacity of targeted transporters and bioreversion characteristics, this approach has been successfully utilized, commercially and therapeutically, in several cases. 相似文献
Areas covered: In this article, the effects of excipients and particle preparation methods on the properties of solid lipid nanocarriers (SLNCs) and their impact on drug absorption and efficacies related to different administration routes are reviewed and discussed.
Expert opinion: SLNCs have special characteristics, making them attractive as drug delivery systems, for parenteral and oral delivery for systemic effects, or ocular, pulmonary and topical delivery to enhance local treatment efficacy and reducing systemic side effects. Both excipients and fabrication methods are crucial for the function and size of nanoparticles and should be considered simultaneously in designing particles to obtain the optimal drug absorption and efficacy, especially for local treatments. Despite the demonstrated advantages by the preclinical studies, further studies on improved understanding of the interactions of SLNCs with biological tissues of the target site is necessary for efficient designing functional nanoparticles for clinical applications.
Abbreviations: DG: diglycerides; FFA: free fatty acids; GMS: glyceryl monostearate; MG: monoglycerides; NLC: nanostructured lipid carriers; PL: phospholipids; SLM: solid lipid microparticles; SLN: solid lipid nanoparticles; SLNC: solid lipid nanocarriers; TG: triglycerides. 相似文献
Areas covered: In this article, the authors review the therapeutic potential of different types of biologics for the treatment of neurological diseases. Preclinical and clinical studies that investigate the efficacy and safety of biologics in the treatment of neurological diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, were reviewed. Moreover, the authors describe the key challenges in the development of therapeutically safe and effective biologics for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Expert opinion: Several biologics have shown promise in the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the complexity of the CNS, as well as a limited understanding of disease progression, and restricted access of biologics to the CNS has limited successful development. Therefore, more research needs to be conducted to overcome these hurdles before developing effective and safe biologics for neurological diseases. The emergence of new technologies for the design, production and delivery of biologics will accelerate translating biologics to the clinic. 相似文献
Research design and methods: We utilized a hospital claims database containing 36,504 Japanese patients with a confirmed RA diagnosis. To analyze the determinants of treatment choices, we applied logistic regression analysis taking into account socio-demographic and medical factors.
Results: Analyses determined that 11.8% of diagnoses and 25.4% of treated patients in Japan receive a biologic agent. Significant factors associated with biologic treatment initiation include younger age, female sex, and a higher comorbidity index. The route of administration plays a major role when it comes to a switch between different biologic agents.
Conclusions: The lower likelihood of elderly patients to be initiated on biologic treatment might be explained by the risk aversion of Japanese physicians’ and patients who are afraid of the potential side effects of biologics. This finding is also consistent with the notion of an age bias that impedes elderly patients from optimal access to biologic treatment. Because claims data does not contain clinical parameters such as disease activity the results should be validated in a clinical context. 相似文献
Areas covered: We describe iontophoretic principles in the context of ocular delivery before providing a summary of recent preclinical studies involving transcorneal and transscleral iontophoresis in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, an overview of clinical applications with special focus on the transcorneal iontophoresis of riboflavin for corneal cross-linking and transscleral iontophoresis of corticosteroids for the treatment of posterior segment diseases is provided.
Expert opinion: The feasibility of using iontophoresis for ocular drug delivery has been demonstrated. Drug formulation development and the ability to design iontophoretic applicators will now determine its success in the clinic. The specificities of the ocular globe must be taken into account; in particular, its unique morphology, and the smaller surface area available for drug diffusion and the fact that it is more susceptible to irritation and less robust than the skin. 相似文献
Areas covered: This article provides a historical overview of six decades LMD evolution in terms of the approaches, including intrapericardial, epicardial, and intramyocardial delivery, and the wide array of classes of agents used to treat myocardial pathologies. We examines delivery of pharmaceutical compounds, targeted gene transfection and cell implantation techniques to produce therapeutic effects locally. We outline therapeutic indications, successes and failures as well as technical approaches for LMD.
Expert opinion: While LMD is more complicated than conventional oral or intravenous administration, given recent advances in interventional cardiology, it is safe and may provide better therapeutic outcomes. LMD is complex as many factors impact pharmacokinetics and biologic result. The choice between routes of LMD is largely driven not only by the myocardial pathology but also by the nature and physicochemical properties of the therapeutic agents. 相似文献
Areas covered: This review is focused on synthetic drugs currently used in clinical practice, from phase III development onwards to treat the ocular surface signs and symptoms of dry eye disease.
Expert opinion: The multifactorial disease and the lack of correlation between signs and symptoms imply that not all the pharmacological approaches will be successful for dry eye. The correct design of the clinical trials, with appropriate endpoints, and the type of dry eye under study are complicated but mandatory. The anti-inflammatory and secretagogues drugs are both the main compounds to currently treat the dry eye disease. 相似文献
Areas covered: An update on recent advances in transscleral and transcorneal ultrasound-mediated drug delivery is presented. Efficient drug delivery is achieved in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo for various types of materials. Numerous studies indicate that efficacy is related to cavitation. Although slight reversible effects can be observed on the corneal epithelium, efficient drug delivery can be performed without causing damage to the cornea.
Expert opinion: Recent developments prove the potential of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery. Cavitation appears to be a preponderant mechanism, opening a way to treatment monitoring by cavitation measurement. Even if no clinical studies have yet been performed, the promising results summarized here are promoting developments toward clinical applications, particularly in assessing the safety of the technique. 相似文献
Areas covered: We review organic NP carriers based on polymers, proteins, peptides, and lipids for simultaneous delivery of multiple anticancer drugs, drug/sensitizer combinations, drug/photodynamic therapy or drug/photothermal therapy combinations, and drug/gene therapeutics with examples in the past three years. Sequential delivery of drug combinations, based on either sequential administration or built-in release control, is introduced with an emphasis on the mechanistic understanding of such control.
Expert opinion: Recent studies demonstrate how a drug carrier can contribute to co-localizing drug combinations in optimal ratios and dosing sequences to maximize the synergistic effects. We identify several areas for improvement in future research, including the choice of drug combinations, circulation stability of carriers, spatiotemporal control of drug release, and the evaluation and clinical translation of combination delivery. 相似文献
Objective: Formulation and in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo characterization of ketoconazole (KET)-loaded proniosomal gels for the treatment of ocular keratitis.
Materials and methods: The effect of formulation variables; HLB value, type and concentration of non-ionic surfactants (Tweens, Spans, Brijs and Pluronics) with or without lecithin on the entrapment efficiency (EE%), vesicle size and in vitro KET release was evaluated. An ex vivo corneal permeation study to determine the level of KET in the external eye tissue of albino rabbits and an in vivo assessment of the level of KET in the aqueous humors were performed.
Results and discussion: In vivo evaluation showed an increase in bioavailability up to 20-folds from the optimum KET proniosomal gel formula in the aqueous humor compared to drug suspension (KET-SP). The selected formulae were composed of spans being hydrophobic suggesting the potential use of a more hydrophobic surfactant as Span during the formulation of formulae. Factors that stabilize the vesicle membrane and increase the entrapment efficiency of KET (namely low HLB, long alkyl chain, high phase transition temperature) slowed down the release profile.
Conclusions: Proniosomal gels as drug delivery carriers were proven to be a promising approach to increase corneal contact and permeation as well as retention time in the eye resulting in a sustained action and enhanced bioavailability. 相似文献
Areas covered: We review the safety of formulations containing brimonidine tartrate and/or brinzolamide. Safety considerations for these agents in higher risk populations are highlighted.
Expert opinion: Each class of ocular hypotensive eye drop has a unique set of possible side effects. Brimonidine might have neuro-protective capabilities and offer reasonable IOP control, but its use is limited by a relatively high rate of ocular allergy, hyperemia and discomfort. Brinzolamide is generally well tolerated, but often lacks efficacy. The introduction of brimonidine/brinzolamide fixed combination suspension improves adherence (by simplifying the medical regimen) and reduces preservative load on the ocular surface. New drug delivery systems incorporating brimonidine and brinzolamide are in development and promise to improve the safety profiles of both drugs. 相似文献
Areas covered: This review describes nasal anatomy, routes of stem cell migration, and factors affecting stem cell delivery to hard-to-reach tumors. Furthermore, this review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell migration following delivery, as well as possible stem cell effector functions to be considered in combination with intranasal delivery.
Expert opinion: Further research is necessary to elucidate the dynamics of stem cell effector functions in the context of intranasal delivery and optimize their therapeutic potency. Nonetheless, the technique represents a promising tool against brain cancer and has the potential to be expanded for use against other brain pathologies. 相似文献
Areas covered: This review focuses on key brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and provide a detailed overview of the current lipid nanoparticle based treatment options explored thus far. The review also delves into basic preparation, challenges and evaluation methods of lipid drug delivery systems.
Expert opinion: Brain diseases present complex pathophysiology, in addition to the practically inaccessible brain tissues, hence according to the authors, a two-pronged approach utilizing new target discovery coupled with new drug delivery systems such as lipid carriers must be adopted. 相似文献