遂宁市小儿肺炎细菌培养及耐药性分析

目的了解遂宁市小儿肺炎常见细菌耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法随机抽取入院患儿1200例。男722例,女478例;年龄1个月～15岁。在无菌操作下采用负压吸取下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验。结果有明确病原细菌426株。革兰阳性菌193株,占45.3%,其中肺炎链球菌94株,金黄色葡萄球菌52株,表皮葡萄球菌47株,对青霉素均有较高耐药性,对头孢类抗生素耐药率9.3%～48.9%。革兰阴性菌210株,占49.3%。其中大肠埃希菌184株,肺炎克雷伯菌26株,对三代头孢菌素耐药率11.4%～34.6%。另分离出其他菌23株（5.4%）。结论青霉素类抗生素在遂宁市具有较高的耐药性,头孢菌素类对革兰阳性菌及阴性菌敏感性也有较大差异,应定期监测病原菌及其耐药谱变化,为抗生素合理使用提供依据。     

新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及耐药性监测

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及其对抗生素的耐药情况.方法 对646株培养阳性菌株以VITEK全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验.结果 646株培养阳性标本中,革兰阴性菌380株,占58.8％,革兰阳性菌254株,占39.3％.革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌最常见,其次为大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最常见.产ESBL阳性菌株73株,包括肺炎克雷白杆菌50株,大肠杆菌23株.常见革兰阴性细菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉耐药率高,对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率低.ESBL阳性肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢菌素类耐药显著高于亚胺培南及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(P＜0.01).常见革兰阳性细菌对青霉素耐药率高达74.6％～ 91.7％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、红霉素、亚胺培南、苯唑西林、青霉素耐药率均高,达80％ ～ 100％,目前未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺革兰阳性细菌.结论 我院新生儿重症监护病房细菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌最常见,对常用抗生素的耐药现象需重视,尤其ESBL阳性细菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象更严重,应尽早根据药敏试验调整抗生素.     

2005-2006年抗生素应用与细菌耐药监测状况分析

目的 了解本地区儿科抗生素的使用情况和细菌耐药性的流行趋势.方法 从医院HIS服务器中提取重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2005年1月-2006年12月所有来院就诊患儿消耗药品的详情,采用限定日剂量(DDD)法分析抗生素的使用趋势;根据儿童感染性疾病的诊断,治疗标准,制定统一的病例报告表(case report form,CRF),以病案室提取的住院病历为依据填写呼吸、感染和PICU病房的CRF表,以此反应患儿的基本情况和抗生素的使用状况;同期临床分离病原细菌采用Kirlby-Bauer法进行药敏检测,按美国临床实验标准委员会2005版标准分析结果,对金黄色葡萄球菌等8种临床常见致病菌耐药性监测的2年资料进行统计分析.结果 2年中抗生素消耗金额分别占同期药品的51.88%、48.17%,抗生素累积DDDs分别占同期药品的11.53%、11.95%,2年中平均有63.29%门诊内科患儿使用抗生素,住院病区人均用抗生素品种最高为3.14个;2年分离8种病原菌5 767株,其中革兰阴性菌占60.20%,主要分离菌为大肠埃希菌(25.30%)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(23.25%)、铜绿假单胞菌(7.82%)、流感嗜血杆菌(3.83%),肠杆菌科病原菌的产ESBL酶的分离率在50%以上,亚胺培南、头孢吡肟和环丙沙星对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性最强;革兰阳性菌占39.80%%,主要为肺炎链球菌(21.00%),青霉素不敏感率2年分别为63.18%和70.45%;金黄色葡萄球菌检测率为16.79%,青霉素不敏感率2年分别为93.54%和95.89%.结论 2年中抗生素的消耗保持较高水平,ESBL仍然是目前革兰阴性菌中的主要问题,未发现万古霉素耐药肠球菌,对临床分离株的耐药情况应进行流行病学调查及采取相应的控制措施.     

2000~2004京沪穗渝5家儿童医院革兰阳性球菌耐药情况分析

[摘要]探讨我国不同地区儿科主要革兰阳性球菌耐药的情况。方法 对五家儿童专科医院从2000年1月1日至2004年12月31日内检验科送检标本分离出的四种革兰阳性球菌(共计8215株)进行Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验，并按照每年NCCLS标准进行判读，并计算出所测细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率（R%＋I%）和敏感率（S%）。 结果 从感染患儿中分离出4004株金黄色葡萄球菌，甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为7.15%，红霉素总耐药率为61.96%,并且有逐年上升的趋势，4004株金葡菌中未发现对万古霉素耐药或中介的金葡菌；肺炎链球菌共2402株，青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）的检出率为63.42%，红霉素耐药率为86.22%，两者耐药率均在上升；β溶血性链球菌共432株，对青霉素全部敏感，对红霉素的耐药率为68.47%，且耐药率在逐年增加；肠球菌共1377株，对万古霉素的中度敏感率为2.73%，对氨苄西林的耐药率为51.91%，对红霉素的耐药率高达88.10%。 结论 除了β溶血性链球菌之外，多数G＋细菌对广谱青霉素的耐药率都偏高；G＋细菌对万古霉素和环丙沙星的敏感率较高,但对红霉素的耐药率居高不下并有逐年上升的趋势。MRSA及仍在较低水平，在本研究中没有发现VRSA及VISA，但是仍然要加强各地对革兰阳性球菌耐药性和抗生素使用情况的监测,合理使用抗生素。     

儿童尿路感染病原菌10年变迁及耐药分析

目的探讨近十年来小儿尿路感染病原菌的变迁及常见致病菌的耐药性。方法对1995年1月～2004年12月185例尿路感染患儿的尿液行细菌培养,采用VITEK全自动微生物鉴定仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果共检出菌株196株,以革兰阴性菌为主（占76.5%）,大肠杆菌最多见（占51.0%）,革兰阳性球菌占19.9%。比较前后5年革兰阳性菌检出率,两组差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.456,P=0.035）。常见革兰阴性菌（大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌）对抗菌药物的敏感性依次为亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他巴唑、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、呋喃妥因、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星、头孢三嗪、阿莫西林/棒酸等,耐药率少于50%;而对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉的耐药率超过50%。常见革兰阳性菌（肠球菌）对常用抗菌药物的敏感性依次为万古霉素、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、诺氟沙星、SMZco;对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素以及头孢唑啉的耐药率均在70%以上。比较前后5年常见细菌对不同抗生素的耐药率变化,大肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素和头孢唑啉的耐药率分别为：78.8%vs93.8%（χ^2=4.605,P=0.032）和36.5%vs58.3%（χ^2=4.760,P=0.029）,差异有统计学意义。结论小儿尿路感染病原以革兰阴性菌占优势,但革兰阳性菌有增加趋势;氨苄青霉素、头孢唑啉已不能作为小儿尿路感染的首选用药;及时监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

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目的调查温州育英儿童医院小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法对2003-01—2004-12温州医学院附属育英儿童医院呼吸病区1763例下呼吸道感染患儿的痰液标本经分离培养,做菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果共分离培养出病原菌715株,总阳性率为40·6%。其中革兰阴性菌448株,占62·7%;革兰阳性菌148株,占20·7%;真菌119株,占16·6%。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的百分率分别为49·3%和46·5%,较敏感的抗生素为亚胺培南、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦;除铜绿假单胞菌对复方新诺明的耐药率为100%外,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对各种抗生素的耐药性均较低。革兰阳性菌中以肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主。肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率达到71·1%,对环丙沙星和万古霉素敏感,耐药率为0。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)占18·0%(9/50),对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和万古霉素敏感。结论温州地区小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原菌。对抗生素的耐药性较强,临床上应注意对这些菌株的检测,积极防治。     

新生儿败血症病原菌及其药敏分析

目的　 了解新生儿败血症病原菌及药物敏感情况 ,以减少临床上应用抗生素的盲目性 ,降低耐药菌的产生。 方法　对 2 0 0 1年 1— 12月收住我院新生儿科临床诊断败血症的 72例患儿进行细菌培养。用法国生物梅里埃微生物鉴定及药物敏感分析仪 ,做细菌鉴定及药敏试验。 结果 　共培养出细菌 73株 ,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (3 0株 )及金黄色葡萄球菌 (2 5株 ) ,为主要致病菌。 结论 　几乎全部细菌对青霉素耐药 ,对红霉素及苯唑西林耐药率均超过 75 % ,对万古霉素及环丙沙星高度敏感。几株革兰阴性杆菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星及第三代头孢菌素敏感     

181例患儿深部痰培养细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 了解我院儿童肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性,指导早期经验性抗生素应用.方法 统计分析了2005年1月至2007年12月我院儿科181例住院患儿深部痰细菌培养结果.结果 符合条件的痰标本共分离细菌269株,其中革兰阴性菌占69.14%(186株),主要是大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌,其对β内酰胺类抗生素有较高的耐药性,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希杆菌和肺炎克雷白杆菌的耐药性尤为突出,但对含β内酰胺酶抑制剂的头孢菌素和亚胺培南仍较敏感.革兰阳性菌占30.86%(83株),粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌占革兰阳性球菌的前三位,除对万古霉素仍敏感外,金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢菌素以及氨基苷类抗生素的耐药率很高.结论 儿童深部痰培养分离菌株以革兰阴性菌为主,其耐药性较强,特别是产ESBLs的菌株对β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性尤为突出.革兰阳性菌以葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主,其耐药率均较高.     

儿科重症监护室细菌感染流行菌及其耐药性

目的研究我院儿科重症监护室(PICU)临床病原菌的变迁及其对常用抗生素的耐药性,指导临床合理选用抗生素。方法统计分析自1999年来对PICU临床分离细菌的监测,对2153例患儿采集标本1684例次,标本主要来源于呼吸道、脓液、尿、便和各种体液等。结果467例患儿细菌分离阳性,共分离病原体526株,其中革兰阳性菌100株(19·0%),主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌等;革兰阴性菌355株(67·5%),主要为克雷伯菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌、阴沟杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、黄杆菌等;真菌71株(13·5%)。近年来凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌有增多趋势。细菌耐药性检测结果提示PICU中革兰阴性菌对头孢唑啉敏感率17·9%,对头孢哌酮、头孢三嗪敏感率约50%,头孢他啶敏感率65·4%,头孢吡肟敏感率81·3%。葡萄球菌是阳性菌中主要耐药菌株,其耐甲氧西林发生率>55%,氨基糖苷类和万古霉素敏感率高;革兰阴性菌中主要耐药菌是克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟杆菌中产超β-内酰胺酶菌,其发生率分别是29·8%、22·2%和21·9%,对喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感。结论加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素十分重要。     

新生儿下呼吸道感染病原学及耐药性检测

目的：调查该院新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法：对2005年1月至2006年12月该院NICU 1 173例下呼吸道感染新生儿的痰液标本经分离培养,做菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果：共分离培养出病原菌707株,阳性率为60.3%。其中革兰阴性菌521株,占73.7%;革兰阳性菌106株,占15.0%;真菌80株,占11.3%。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌为主,较敏感的抗生素为亚胺培南、环丙沙星、第四代头孢菌素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、丁胺卡那霉素,肠杆菌的敏感谱与之相似,但敏感率较低。革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌和其他凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS）为主。金黄色葡萄球菌和其他CNS对青霉素的耐药率达到100%,对万古霉素、环丙沙星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感。结论： 该院NICU下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主, 大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主要病原菌。     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的应用

目的研究氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的作用及不良反应。方法随机选择肿瘤32例患儿,采用自身对照,观察患儿在同一化疗方案中使用氨磷汀辅助治疗后黏膜损伤、骨髓抑制时间、发热持续时间、抗生素及刺激因子应用时间及氨磷汀的不良反应。结果氨磷汀辅助治疗组发生黏膜溃疡4例,明显低于对照组9例;中性粒细胞<0.5×109/L持续时间缩短,血小板<5×109/L持续时间缩短;发热持续时间、抗生素和刺激因子应用时间缩短。两组化疗过程中均未出现低体温、皮疹、低血压等情况,化疗后肾功能、心电图均正常;对肝功能影响程度相似;氨磷汀组低钙血症尤其是低钙性抽搐发生率高。结论氨磷汀能够有效保护正常组织细胞,不良反应较低,可在儿童肿瘤患者化疗中应用。     

Determinants of pregnancy in adolescents in Nepal

Objective : Social factors and prevalent norms in the community determine the proportion of teenage pregnancy in the community. In the light of high risk associated with teenage pregnancy, the socio-cultural determinants, which influence the conception among teenagers in Nepal, need to be understood. These determinants may be modified by suitable interventions to reduce teenage pregnancy. Aim of this study was to examine the socio-cultural determinants of teenage pregnancy in eastern Nepal.Methods : A case-control study design was selected for comparing the education, economic status, family support and freedom towards conception among teenagers as compared to higher age group women.Result : Seventy adolescent pregnant women were compared with seventy primigravida women in the 20 to 29 years age group. The teenage pregnant women were less educated, had poor economic background, more likely to have accidental pregnancies as compared to the other group and more likely to have love marriages. Husbands were more likely to decide about continuation of pregnancy. They had less psychological and social support from the family.Conclusion : Marriage at young age and pregnancy during teens are associated with less social acceptance and poor support in the family.     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

他汀类药物在儿童家族性高胆固醇血症治疗中的研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是一种常染色体显性遗传的脂质代谢障碍疾病,由于FH早期就可引起动脉粥样硬化病变,增加患者严重心血管疾病的患病风险和死亡风险,因此目前越来越强调患者自儿童期就使用他汀类药物进行治疗,以改善远期预后。文章综述他汀类药物治疗儿童FH的必要性、有效性和安全性,同时也提出目前存在的一些问题和思考。     

皮质激素在癫痫治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫痫中的应用已有近50a的历史，现已证明其对某些癫痫综合征如婴儿痉挛症、Landau—Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态的癫痫综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用，其确切的作用机制尚不清楚。在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应。     

Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children in Chile

The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children was studied prospectively in 112 children aged 1 mo to 14 y. Diagnosis of C. pneumoniae was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal aspirates and serology by the microimmunofluorescence test on a single serum specimen. Three (2.7%) cases of pneumonia due to this agent were diagnosed by both PCR and serology. C. pneumoniae was not found in any of 62 children below 5 y of age. In the age group 5-8 y, only 1/30 (3%) was found positive, and in the age group 9-14 y, C. pneumoniae was diagnosed in 2/20 (10%) children. Conclusion: Although the number of enrolled patients is small, and the diagnostic techniques used may have some limitations, the results of this study suggest that C. pneumoniae plays a minor role in the aetiology of pneumonia in children less than 9 y of age in our country. However, it should be considered as a potential agent in pneumonia in older children.     

Efficacy of amphotericin B in multi-drug resistant kala-azar in children in first decade of life

Fifty children in the first decade of life, and suffering from multiple drug resistant kala-azar, confirmed by demonstration of amastigotes in aspirates of bone marrow or spleen were treated with amphotericin B in gradually increasing dosage to a total dose of 20 mg/kg. All patients had classical features of severe kala-azar, and had taken more than one course of antimony and pentamidine, and three patients had taken one additional course of ketoconazole besides many courses of antimony and pentamidine. The clinical response started just after first infusion in 8 patients, and the patients became afebrile. By 5th infusion, all looked better and 18 patients became afebrile. By 15th infusion all patients were afebrile and cheerful. Their spleens became smaller and body weights and total white cell counts increased. Forty eight patients had parasitological cure at the end of treatment, and only 2 patients required an additional 5 infusions for parasitological cure. All patients were ultimately cured. No one relapsed within six months of follow up. All patients had shivering, rigor and rise of temperature on the day of infusion, which could be minimized with prior administration of low dose of hydrocortisone, but could not be eliminated. Eighteen patients had loose motions during treatment, while 14 patients had decrease in appetite which improved quickly when the treatment was over. Fourteen patients had transient rise of blood urea, in six patients serum creatinine also increased and 16 patients had a minor fall in serum potassium. It is concluded that amphotericin B is a very effective drug for multidrug resistant kala-azar in children, and should be used without hesitation in all such cases in children, but under close medical supervision.