不同职业流动人口流动特征及艾滋病相关知识和危险行为分析

目的了解不同职业流动人口特征及艾滋病相关知识和危险行为状况,为制定针对流动人口的艾滋病防制措施提供依据。方法于2010年5至8月采用分层抽样和方便抽样相结合的方法,在佛山市辖区招募建筑工人、工厂工人、个体经营者、住宿餐饮服务业人员、家政从业者、临时雇佣劳动力和娱乐场所服务人员等7大类流动人口进行匿名问卷调查。调查内容包括社会人口学特征、流动情况、艾滋病防治知识及艾滋病相关危险行为等。结果共调查1 358人,其中男性740人,女性618人,平均年龄(31.06±9.47)岁,以初中文化程度及省外流动人口为主,分别占46.83%(636/1 358)和60.90%(827/1 358),其城市流动率、行业流动率和单位流动率均数分别为0.47个/年、0.33个/年和0.52个/年,不同职业流动人群性别、年龄、婚姻状况、月平均收入的构成以及城市流动率、行业流动率和单位流动率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。艾滋病知识知晓率为74.08%(1 006/1 358),不同职业流动人群间知晓率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),娱乐场所服务人员、住宿餐饮服务业人员、建筑工人知晓率较低,分别为68.35%、66.97%和55.50%。最近1年内有过商业性和临时性行为者分别占30.63%(416/1 358)和8.91%(121/1 358),其中每次均使用安全套者分别占37.26%(155/416)和29.75%(36/121)。不同职业流动人口商业性行为发生率及临时性行为发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),分别以娱乐场所服务人员、临时雇佣劳动力的发生率最高(50.92%、18.35%)。同性性行为发生率为1.22%(9/740),吸毒行为发生率为0.29%(4/1 358)。结论佛山市受调查的流动人口具有较高的流动性,文化水平及艾滋病防治知识认知率较低,非婚性行为发生率较高、安全套使用率低。应加大对该人群的健康教育和行为干预。     

成都市流动人口艾滋病KAP现状及影响因素分析

目的了解城市"流入人口"艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为现状及其影响因素,为进一步开展有效的流动人口艾滋病预防和控制工作提供依据。方法对成都市成华区建筑工人、工厂工人、个体经营者、住宿餐饮从业人员、家政从业人员、临时雇佣劳动力、娱乐场所从业人员7类流动人口进行问卷调查。结果流动人口艾滋病相关知识知晓率为62.9%,不同人群之间艾滋病相关知识知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ2=35.164,P<0.001);80.0%的调查对象对艾滋病病毒感染者或病人持歧视态度;8.6%的调查对象最近1年发生过商业性行为,最近一次商业性行为安全套使用率为66.9%,其影响因素有艾滋病知识得分(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.10～2.30)、月收入(OR=0.31,95%CI:0.12～0.85),是否接受艾滋病宣传材料(OR=2.89,95%CI:1.16～7.16),最近1年51.7%的调查对象在商业性行为中坚持每次使用安全套。结论城市"流入人口"艾滋病知识知晓率低,对艾滋病病毒感染者或病人歧视态度普遍存在,商业性行为中安全套使用率较低,对流动人口开展针对性的健康教育及综合干预刻不容缓。     

常州市金坛区男性流动人口艾滋病相关知识知晓率和行为现况

目的了解金坛区流动人口艾滋病相关知识知晓情况及行为状况,为采取相关宣传干预措施提供依据。方法2014—2015年,采取整群抽样方法,抽取8个工厂和1个建筑工地男性流动人口,共800名,使用流动人口健康调查问卷进行面对面问卷调查,并现场采集血样进行艾滋病病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒抗体检测。结果艾滋病相关知识知晓率为91.8%,中青年、文化程度较高人群知晓率较高。有过性行为的调查对象,最近1年从未使用过安全套的占45.28%,有时使用的占38.23%,每次使用的占11.99%;最近1次性行为使用安全套的占28.04%。与暗娼发生过性行为的人中,每次都使用安全套的占36.0%;与临时性伴发生过性行为的人中,每次都用安全套的占24.1%。检出梅毒抗体阳性7例,HCV抗体阳性3例。结论金坛区男性流动人口艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,但高危行为仍普遍存在,应加强干预。     

不同职业流动人口流动特征及艾滋病相关知识和危险行为分析

目的了解不同职业流动人口特征及艾滋病相关知识和危险行为状况,为制定针对流动人口的艾滋病防制措施提供依据。方法于2010年5至8月采用分层抽样和方便抽样相结合的方法,在佛山市辖区招募建筑工人、工厂工人、个体经营者、住宿餐饮服务业人员、家政从业者、临时雇佣劳动力和娱乐场所服务人员等7大类流动人口进行匿名问卷调查。调查内容包括社会人口学特征、流动情况、艾滋病防治知识及艾滋病相关危险行为等。结果共调查1 358人,其中男性740人,女性618人,平均年龄（31.06±9.47）岁,以初中文化程度及省外流动人口为主,分别占46.83%（636/1 358）和60.90%（827/1 358）,其城市流动率、行业流动率和单位流动率均数分别为0.47个/年、0.33个/年和0.52个/年,不同职业流动人群性别、年龄、婚姻状况、月平均收入的构成以及城市流动率、行业流动率和单位流动率差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。艾滋病知识知晓率为74.08%（1 006/1 358）,不同职业流动人群间知晓率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,娱乐场所服务人员、住宿餐饮服务业人员、建筑工人知晓率较低,分别为68.35%、66.97%和55.50%。最近1年内有过商业性和临时性行为者分别占30.63%（416/1 358）和8.91%（121/1 358）,其中每次均使用安全套者分别占37.26%（155/416）和29.75%（36/121）。不同职业流动人口商业性行为发生率及临时性行为发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,分别以娱乐场所服务人员、临时雇佣劳动力的发生率最高（50.92%、18.35%）。同性性行为发生率为1.22%（9/740）,吸毒行为发生率为0.29%（4/1 358）。结论佛山市受调查的流动人口具有较高的流动性,文化水平及艾滋病防治知识认知率较低,非婚性行为发生率较高、安全套使用率低。应加大对该人群的健康教育和行为干预。     

边远民族地区流动人口安全套使用及相关因素

目的了解边远民族地区流动人口商业性行为和临时性伴性行为中安全套使用情况,并分析相关因素。方法 2012年7-10月,按分阶段抽样方法,在贵州省兴义市、七星关区、威宁县流动人口就业集中的工厂、建筑工地、服务场所随机抽取流动人口进行安全套使用情况一对一面访匿名问卷调查。结果 144名发生商业性行为的流动人口中,近1年经常使用安全套占28.5%,近3次经常使用安全套占25.0%,近1次使用安全套占51.4%;151名发生临时性伴性行为的流动人口中,近1年经常使用安全套占11.9%,近3次经常使用安全套占21.2%,近1次使用安全套占48.3%。商业性行为近1年经常使用安全套与艾滋病血液传播知识、共用注射器传播知识、打算使用安全套、相信能使用安全套、购买安全套等因素相关(P0.05)。临时性伴性行为近1年经常使用安全套与艾滋病血液传播知识、共用注射器传播知识、艾滋病母婴传播知识、安全套减少传播知识、1个性伴减少传播知识、安全套使用知识、打算使用安全套、相信能使用安全套、购买安全套等因素相关(P0.05)。结论边远民族地区流动人口商业性行为和临时性伴性行为安全套使用率较低,与艾滋病传播知识知晓率、安全套认知率及可及性等因素有关。     

北京市流动人口艾滋病知识与安全套使用调查

目的了解北京市流动人口的艾滋病知识掌握情况和安全套使用技能与行为。方法 2010年5—6月,采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,在北京市朝阳区的建筑工地、餐饮业、宾馆住宿业、娱乐业和集贸市场5类场所中抽取1 498名16~69岁的流动人口,利用调查问卷和模具演示的方式进行艾滋病知识和安全套使用技能与行为调查。结果北京市流动人口艾滋病知识知晓率为65.98%(987/1 498);"感染艾滋病病毒的人不能从外表看出来"和"蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病"的知晓率较低,分别为72.03%(1 079/1 498)和72.90%(1 092/1 498)。85.65%(1 283/1 498)的流动人口有过性行为,其中,每次均使用安全套的比例为14.89%(191/1 283)。能够基本正确演示安全套使用方法者占26.04%(390/1 498),仅39.32%(589/1 498)的流动人口能够"分清安全套的内外,卷边要朝外,并捏住安全套顶端挤出空气"。多因素分析结果显示,年龄、受教育程度、是否知晓艾滋病知识、能否正确演示安全套使用方法是安全套使用的影响因素。结论流动人口发生不安全性行为的风险较高,需要继续加强艾滋病知识的普及和安全套使用技能与行为的干预。     

广州市娱乐场所从业人员性病艾滋病相关知识和行为现状调查

目的了解广州市娱乐场所从业人员性病艾滋病相关知识知晓率和性行为特征，为对该人群制定行为干预方案提供科学依据。方法对广州地区夜总会、桑拿沐足、卡拉OK、酒店宾馆等娱乐场所735名从业人员进行性病艾滋病相关知识和性行为问卷调查。结果娱乐场所从业人员的性病艾滋病基本知识的知晓率为64．7％，安全套使用知识知晓率为70．1％；43．9％从业人员承认有商业性性行为，承认有商业性性行为的人员中71．7％有非嫖客性伴侣，18．6％有2个或以上性伴侣；商业性性行为中每次都使用安全套的比例为52．9％，与性伴侣每次使用安全套的比例为19．2％。结论广州地区娱乐场所从业人员的性病艾滋病防治知识缺乏，安全套使用率低，普遍存在感染性病艾滋病危险．陛行为因素，全面推广100％安全套使用，加强健康教育和行为干预是当务之急。     

厦门市流动人口特征及艾滋病相关知识和行为调查

目的 分析厦门市流动人口特征及艾滋病相关知识和危险行为,为制订防制措施提供依据.方法 对厦门市建筑工人等4类流动人口进行匿名问卷调查,同时采集血样进行HIV抗体、HCV抗体和梅毒检测.结果 共调查1 605人,以初中文化程度及省外流入为主.艾滋病知识知晓率为69.3％,不同人群间知晓率差异有显著性.有临时性行为占8.2％.男性中,有过商业性行为占8.5％,有过同性性行为占3.3％,安全套使用率和接受完整的咨询检测服务的比例很低.结论 厦门市流动人口流动性较高,艾滋病防治知识认知水平较低,安全套使用率低,应加强健康教育,大力推广自愿咨询检测服务.     

温州市男性务工人员艾滋病知晓率与高危行为的调查

[目的]研究2011年温州市男性务工人员艾滋病知识知晓率,高危行为发生率,为开展男性务工人员的艾滋病宣传教育、行为干预和建立有效的干预模式提供科学依据。[方法]采取随机抽样的方法共抽取400名流动人口,对男性务工人员的基本情况、艾滋病知识知晓率、相关行为等情况进行问卷调查,并抽血进行血清学检测。[结果]共调查400人,年龄最小16岁,最大62岁,平均（33．07±0．5）岁;以已婚为主,占70．5％,男性务工人员艾滋病知识总体知晓率为40．1％。不同年龄段的男性务工人员对于艾滋病知识知晓率存在显著性差异（X2=52．64,P〈0．05）,低年龄段的知晓率高于高年龄段。80．5％的调查对象有过性行为,最近1年与,J当时性伴发生性行为坚持使用安全套的比例为5．3％、与商业性伴发生性行为坚持使用安全套的比例为16．3％,存在吸毒行为及同性性行为。[结论]流动人口以青壮年为主、受教育程度低、艾滋病防治知识不足和普遍存在艾滋病相关高危行为,应加强男性务工人员预防艾滋病,远离毒品的宣传教育活动,增强自我防护意识。     

广东省流动人口艾滋病相关知识、行为现状及其影响因素分析

目的了解广东省流动人口艾滋病相关知识、行为及其影响因素,为制定相应防控措施提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层抽样和方便抽样相结合的方法,在东莞市某镇招募建筑工人、工厂工人、个体经营者、旅店餐馆从业者、家政从业者、临时雇佣劳动者、娱乐场所从业人员等7类流动人口进行匿名问卷调查。调查内容包括流动人口一般特征,流动史,性病/艾滋病相关知识、行为及态度,艾滋病防治需求及可能影响艾滋病知识知晓率的52个因素等。采用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归方法分析其知晓率的影响因素。结果共调查1 384人,其中男性718人,女性666人。90.03%(1 246/1 384)的流动人口听说过艾滋病,艾滋病知识总知晓率为48.55%(672/1 384),艾滋病知识的主要来源为电视(72.62%)、报刊(34.47%)和书籍(29.19%),最希望获得艾滋病知识的途径为电视宣传。非婚性行为发生率为8.38%(116/1 384),最近1次非婚性行为的安全套使用率仅为71.55%(83/116)。2名被调查者承认曾经吸毒,无人承认曾注射毒品。仅3.45%(4/116)的非婚性行为者接受过自愿咨询检测服务。多因素非条件logisti...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.