中国2004—2015年城乡女性恶性肿瘤死因顺位及死亡率分析

目的对中国2004—2015年城乡女性恶性肿瘤死因顺位及死亡率分布规律进行分析。方法对2004—2015年全国疾病监测系统所获得的恶性肿瘤统计资料用统计图表进行描述,采用χ2检验分析各年份、不同肿瘤死亡率城乡之间的差异。结果女性恶性肿瘤死因顺位为第2～3位;恶性肿瘤死因顺位排前5位的是肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、结直肠肛门癌;肺癌上升趋势最为明显,由2006年的17.47/10万上升到了2015年的27.69/10万。死亡率城市高于农村的肿瘤是肺癌、结直肠肛门癌、乳腺癌(P 0.001);农村高于城市的肿瘤是胃癌、肝癌、食管癌(P 0.001)。结论恶性肿瘤位于女性死因顺位的第2～3位,肺癌死亡率上升趋势明显,女性恶性肿瘤总死因顺位排前5位的是肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、结直肠肛门癌,而且有城乡差异。     

金华市监测区居民恶性肿瘤死因分析

目的了解2006—2010年金华市居民恶性肿瘤死亡水平及其变化趋势,为恶性肿瘤的防治决策提供科学依据。方法对2006—2010年金华市3个死因监测区死因监测资料进行统计分析。结果 2006—2010年金华市居民恶性肿瘤平均死亡率为160.23/10万,标化死亡率为128.54/10万;男性死亡率为209.48/10万,女性死亡率为108.96/10万。恶性肿瘤排名前5位是肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结肠直肠肛门癌和食管癌。不同类别恶性肿瘤变化趋势不同,肺癌和结肠直肠肛门癌呈上升趋势,而肝癌和胃癌死亡率基本维持在稳定水平,食管癌则呈下降趋势。不同年龄组恶性肿瘤死因不同,且死亡率随着年龄增长而升高。结论恶性肿瘤已成为疾病负担加重的主要疾病,严重危害金华市居民的生命和健康。今后要从加强健康教育,建立良好生活方式,提高居民整体健康水平。     

杭州市居民恶性肿瘤死亡趋势分析

目的分析2006—2015年杭州市居民恶性肿瘤死亡情况及变化趋势。方法收集2006—2015年杭州市死因监测资料,计算主要恶性肿瘤死亡率、标化死亡率,使用年度变化百分比(APC)评价死亡率变化趋势。结果2006—2015年杭州市居民恶性肿瘤死亡率为177.61/10万,标化死亡率为105.17/10万,男性恶性肿瘤死亡率高于女性(P0.05)。肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠、肛门癌和食管癌为恶性肿瘤前5位死因。恶性肿瘤标化死亡率呈下降趋势(APC=-1.78%,P0.01),男性胰腺癌和前列腺癌标化死亡率呈上升趋势(APC=3.25%和4.39%),食管癌、胃癌及肝癌呈下降趋势(APC=-2.96%、-5.07%和-6.48%);女性宫颈癌呈上升趋势(APC=8.00%),食管癌、胃癌和肝癌呈下降趋势(APC=-8.06%、-7.13%和-7.32%)。结论杭州市居民恶性肿瘤标化死亡率呈下降趋势,男性死亡率高于女性,肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠和肛门癌及食管癌是主要死因。     

2006-2010年成都市居民恶性肿瘤死亡分析

目的 分析成都市居民2006-2010年恶性肿瘤死亡水平、变化趋势和分布状况,为预防恶性肿瘤提供科学依据.方法 对成都市2006-2010年恶性肿瘤死亡资料进行统计分析,计算其死亡率、死因构成、死因顺位及分布等.结果 2006-2010年成都市恶性肿瘤死亡共84925人,占总死亡人数的25.95％,死亡率逐年上升,平均死亡率为151.44/10万,标化死亡率为137.71/10万,男性高于女性,城市高于农村地区,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为8 563.23,314.45,P＜0.01).在恶性肿瘤的死亡顺位中,居前5位的依次为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、肠癌,占恶性肿瘤死亡总数的73.91％.主城区顺位为肺癌、肝癌、肠癌、胃癌、食管癌,农村顺位为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、肠癌.结论 成都市恶性肿瘤死亡水平呈逐年增高趋势,男性高于女性、城市高于农村,肺癌位居恶性肿瘤死亡首位.     

同安区2004—2012年居民恶性肿瘤死亡特征分析

目的了解同安区居民恶性肿瘤死亡特征及趋势。方法用2004—2012年居民死因监测资料进行根本死因的推断确定和编码,进行死因分析。结果同安区2004—2012年恶性肿瘤死亡率148.51/10万,标化率95.56/10万,占全死因的28.1%,为居民首位死因,性别比2.3∶1。肝癌为男性的首位（死亡率59.69/10万,构成比28.9%）,食管癌为女性首位（17.79/10万,19.7%）。男性前5位占男性恶性肿瘤总数的85.2%,女性占69.0%;前10位依次为肝癌、食管癌、肺癌、胃癌、结直肠肛门癌、白血病、脑癌、鼻咽癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌（前5位中消化系统恶性肿瘤占4位）,肺癌、结直肠肛门癌和脑癌的死亡水平呈上升趋势,其余较平稳。结论恶性肿瘤是同安区主要死因,死亡率仍处较高水平,应加强监测与防控。     

1993～2007年寿光市农村人群恶性肿瘤死因资料分析

[目的]摸清寿光市农村居民恶性肿瘤死亡水平及死因构成,为卫生决策提供科学依据。[方法]对寿光市疾病监测系统1993～2007年恶性肿瘤死亡资料进行分析。[结果]1993～2007年恶性肿瘤合计死亡4300例,年均死亡率为172.83/10万,标化死亡率为126.55/10万,死亡率呈逐年上升趋势,标化死亡率呈下降趋势。年均死亡率,男性为216.51/10万,女性为127.69/10万(P0.01)。年均死亡率居前4位的恶性肿瘤,全体居民和男性为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌,女性为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌。[结论]寿光市1993～2007年农村居民恶性肿瘤总死亡率呈逐年上升趋势,主要死因是肺癌、胃癌、肝癌和食管癌。     

2013—2015年南浔区居民恶性肿瘤死因分析

目的探究南浔区居民恶性肿瘤死亡情况及影响因素,为制定南浔区恶性肿瘤防控措施提供依据。方法2013—2015年南浔区恶性肿瘤死亡资料来自浙江省慢性病监测信息管理系统,采用国际ICD—10疾病分类标准进行疾病编码和根本死因分类,对不同性别和年龄人群的恶性肿瘤死亡信息及各类肿瘤的死亡率顺位情况进行描述性分析。结果 2013—2015年南浔区恶性肿瘤年均粗死亡率为195.85/10万,标化死亡率为117.90/万。其中男性恶性肿瘤平均粗死亡率为269.26/10万,高于女性的124.82/10万(P0.01)。恶性肿瘤死亡率随年龄增加呈升高趋势(P均0.01)。恶性肿瘤死因前五位依次为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌和胰腺癌,占全恶性肿瘤死因的75.06%。其中男性恶性肿瘤死因前五位为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌和结直肠肛门癌,女性恶性肿瘤死因前五位为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌和乳腺癌。白血病是0岁~组唯一的恶性肿瘤死因;15岁~组恶性肿瘤死因首位为肝癌,且均为男性;40岁~组和65岁~组恶性肿瘤死因首位均为肺癌。结论南浔区居民恶性肿瘤死亡率处于较高水平,应开展有针对性地健康教育和行为干预,提高居民预防恶性肿瘤的意识。     

2004～2010年青岛市李沧区恶性肿瘤死亡情况分析

[目的]了解青岛市李沧区居民恶性肿瘤的死亡特征,为有效开展恶性肿瘤的预防和控制提供科学依据。[方法]对李沧区2004~2010年居民恶性肿瘤死亡资料进行分析。[结果]2004~2010年李沧区居民恶性肿瘤年均死亡率为222.81/10万。年均死亡率(/10万),男性为287.21,女性为157.81(P<0.01);0~14岁为5.23,15~34岁为8.85,35~54岁为110.01,55~74岁为592.10,≥75岁为1 676.82(P<0.01)。2004~2010年死亡率(/10万)分别为209.67、232.27、206.10、199.51、232.50、231.81、246.19(P<0.01)。居民前5位恶性肿瘤死因依次是肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌及肛门癌、食管癌,其中男性依次为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、结直肠癌及肛门癌,女性依次为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、结直肠癌和乳腺。[结论]李沧区恶性肿瘤死亡率较高,肺癌是死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤。     

江西省第3次死因回顾恶性肿瘤调查结果分析

目的 分析江西省第3次死因回顾调查地区恶性肿瘤死亡分布特点和流行趋势,为制定恶性肿瘤干预措施提供依据.方法 抽取2004-2005年全国第3次死因回顾调查江西省2个市6个县恶性肿瘤死亡资料,按性别和地区分别计算恶性肿瘤死亡专率、恶性肿瘤死因构成比、年龄别恶性肿瘤死因构成比、中国和世界人口标化死亡率(简称中标率、世标率)、恶性肿瘤死因顺位.结果 2004-2005年江西省恶性肿瘤死亡病例7842例,死亡率为115.37/10万,男性为144.59/10万,女性为83.77/10万;中标率为83.41/10万,男性为110.03/10万,女性为56.68/10万;世标率为110.34/10万.恶性肿瘤死亡率男性高于女性,城市高于农村,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).江西省居民恶性肿瘤死亡的前5位分别为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和食管癌.前3位恶性肿瘤死因中城市依次为肺癌、肝癌和胃癌,农村依次为肝癌、胃癌和肺癌.结论 江西省第3次死因回顾调查地区恶性肿瘤死亡率低于全国平均水平,而高于西部地区水平,肺癌、肝癌和胃癌是严重危害江西省城乡居民最主要的肿瘤死因.     

2004-2005年江西省消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率回顾性分析

目的 了解江西省2004-2005年消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡水平和分布特征,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 利用2004-2005年江西省第3次死因回顾抽样调查消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡数据,按性别和地区分别计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、恶性肿瘤死因顺位等.结果 2004-2005年江西省调查地区消化系统恶性肿瘤粗死亡率63.63/10万,中标率45.49/10万,消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率男性(86.41/10万)高于女性(38.99/10万),差异有统计学意义(x2 =599.942,P＜0.01);城市(67.73/10万)高于农村(62.36/10万),差异有统计学意义(x2=5.553,P=0.018).江西省消化系统恶性肿瘤死因顺位前4位依次为肝癌、胃癌、结直肠肛门癌和食管癌,占全部消化系统恶性肿瘤的90％以上.结论 江西省消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率略低于全国平均水平,肝癌、胃癌、结直肠肛门癌和食管癌是江西省居民消化系统肿瘤干预的重点.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.