临床营养护理

营养评估（nutritional assessment）是临床营养护理的基础，然而准确地营养评估往往十分困难，目前各种营养评价方法均有一定的局限性。营养评估方法主要包括病史采集（包括膳食评估）、体格检查、人体测量、实验室检查及多项综合营养评价等手段，判断机体的营养状况，确定营养不良的类型和程度。     

临床营养护理

营养评估营养评估(nutritional assessment)是临床营养护理的基础,然而准确地营养评估往往十分困难,目前各种营养评价方法均有一定的局限性。营养评估方法主要包括病史采集(包括膳食评估)、体格检查、人体测量、实验室检查及多项综合营养评价等手段,判断机体的营养状况,确定营养不良的类型和程度。1营养不良的类型严格地说,任何一种营养素的失衡均可称为营养不良。因此,营养不良包括营养不足和营养过剩。临床病人常见的问题是蛋白质和能量的供给不足,即蛋白质-能量营养不良(protein-energy malnu-trition,PEM)。PEM可分为三种类型:(1)消…     

老年人营养不足筛查及评估工具的研究进展

本文对老年人营养不足流行病学特征进行介绍, 从营养不足的高危发病人群与合并病种, 工具的适用对象、评估条目、计分方式、结果判定等方面对老年人营养不足的筛查与评估工具进行综述, 同时对老年人营养不足的筛查与评估工具加以区分, 以期为临床医护人员筛查和评估老年人营养状况提供参考。     

住院期间压疮高危人群的营养筛查和评估

介绍了压疮的危险因素及其与营养的关系,指出营养筛查和评估的方法包括临床评估、体格测量、饮食评估、生化评估.     

肝硬化患者营养状态评估的研究进展

营养不良为肝硬化常见并发症,并与不良预后密切相关。目前,多种方法可评估肝硬化患者的营养状态,但仍缺乏统一标准。本文从肝硬化营养不良的原因、营养风险筛查工具、常用的营养评估方法等方面综述肝硬化患者营养状态评估的研究进展,以期为准确评估肝硬化患者营养状态和指导营养干预提供理论依据。     

肝硬化营养状态评估方法研究进展

营养不良常见于肝硬化患者,与患者预后密切相关,但临床实践中尚未足够重视肝硬化营养状况。为帮助临床医务人员对肝硬化营养评估方法进一步认识及灵活运用,文章对国内外常用肝硬化营养评估方法进行综述。通过对各种营养评估方法概括总结,临床医生可合理选用营养评估方法进行评价,以期早期合理营养干预营养风险及营养不良患者。     

脑卒中鼻饲患者营养评估及护理研究进展

<正>营养评估是确定患者存在何种营养不良风险和明确营养失调程度,进行二次筛查,帮助选择一个最佳治疗方案的营养检测工具[1]。脑卒中患者机体代谢率高、能量消耗大,若营养供给不足,易影响脑功能和神经细胞的修复。鼻饲营养支持不仅可补充身体必需的营养物质,同时对维持机体组织器官的结构、功能以及减少继发性损伤具有重要意义。对脑卒中患者进行营养评估,可作为合理营养护理的依据和指导,因而营养评估是科学地进行     

肿瘤患者临床营养风险评估研究进展

从各评估工具如SGA、MUST、NRS2002、NRI等的开发、发展、优点和局限性等方面综述了目前国内外肿瘤患者营养风险评估的研究进展,为肿瘤患者的营养风险的评估提供参考。     

住院患者营养评估单的临床应用

目的 探讨住院患者营养评估单的临床应用效果。 方法 选取2016年1~6月(应用住院患者营养评估单前)住院患者的资料3 142例,选取2016年7~12月(应用住院患者营养评估单后)的住院患者资料3 565例。比较住院患者营养评估单应用前后住院患者营养风险评估率、营养支持率及护理人员满意度。 结果 应用住院患者营养评估单后患者营养风险评估率及营养支持率均高于应用前(χ²=285.16,P<0.001; χ²=4.235,P=0.040)、护理人员满意度也明显提高(χ²=14.436,P<0.001)。 结论 应用住院患者营养评估单对住院患者进行规范化营养管理,能够及时发现患者的营养不良风险,采取营养干预措施,改善患者临床结局,保证患者安全的同时也有助于优化护理流程,规范护理行为,提高护理人员的满意度。     

运用主观评估法评价α酮酸对老年透析患者营养的改善作用

目的本研究采用主观评估（微型营养评估法与主观全面评估法）与客观指标结合的综合评估方法,初步探讨复方α酮酸制剂对于透析患者蛋白营养不良的治疗作用。方法选择上海交通大学附属第一人民医院透析中心血清白蛋白低于35g/L老年血液透析及腹膜透析患者各24例,透析时间均大于一年,其中,血液透析组及腹膜透析组各设对照组12例。除对照组外,所有患者均服用开同6个月。营养评估采用综合评估法,即客观营养指标结合主观营养评估。客观指标包括：体重指数（BMI）、血白蛋白（Alb）、血前白蛋白和平均每日每公斤体重能量与蛋白质摄入（DEI、DPI）。主观评估采用了两种评分方法：即通用的主观全面评估法（Subject Global Assessment,SGA）与专门用于老年患者的微型营养评估法（Mini NutritionalAssessment,MNA）,同时测定了患者饮食中的蛋白质与能量摄入情况。结果①伴营养不良的患者普遍存在SGA与MNA评分偏低,提示主客观的评估一致性较好;②与对照组相比,应用酮酸制剂治疗的透析患者3个月后,蛋白质与能量的摄入明显上升,虽体重指数改变不明显,但血清白蛋白水平明显升高,;治疗6个月以后,SGA评分、MNA评分明显上升;低血清白蛋白血症进一步改善,而蛋白质与能量的摄入未进一步增加,患者的体重指数BMI、透析充分性、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血脂改变仍不明显。结论复方酮酸制剂能够提高血清白蛋白水平,改善营养状况,微型营养评估法更适合老年透析患者的营养评估。     

Methodological issues in the development and use of instruments to assess patient nutritional status or the level of risk of nutritional compromise

This paper presents the results of an appraisal of the evidence for the effectiveness of methods of nutritional assessment currently in use by nurses and from this develops concepts which may be applied to many areas of nursing practice. The paper first shows how the approach to nutritional assessment by nurses has changed over time, producing the present search for methods which are relatively quick and easy to use. It then describes the limited nature of the evidence of effectiveness of these methods and considers the reasons for this situation. It suggests that the difficulty of validation is an important factor and describes the three most common approaches to validation, showing how problems arise from lack of clarity in the definition of terms and the assumption of a simple relationship between the level of risk of nutritional compromise and actual nutritional status. In conclusion, it is suggested that these difficulties illustrate principles applicable to many areas of nursing care, and a definition of 'segments' of care processes, each with well-defined purposes and outcome measures, is proposed. Such an approach will help to demonstrate the complexity and value of nursing activity.     

改良主观全面营养评价法在维持性血液透析患者营养评价中的应用与护理对策

目的探讨改良主观全面营养评价法(subjective global assessment,SGA)在维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者营养评价中的应用效果,并提出护理对策。方法便利抽样法选择2010年2月至2013年2月在华中科技大学附属同济医院住院行透析治疗的患者80例,分别应用改良SGA、传统SGA对其进行营养评估,同时进行人体学指标、实验室指标的测定,通过对改良SGA评分、传统SGA评分与患者一般情况、人体学指标、实验室指标的相关性分析,比较两者的评价效果。结果改良SGA评分结果定量的评分系统(dialysis malnutrition score,MS)值与年龄、三头肌皮褶厚度(triceps skinfold thickness,TSF)、上臂围(mid-upper arm circumference,MAC)、上臂肌围(mid-arm muscle circumference,MAMC)、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、球蛋白(immunoglobulin,GLB)、肌酐(creatinine,SCr)具有相关性(P0.05或P0.01);传统SGA评分仅与TSF、MAC、BMI有相关性。结论改良SGA较传统SGA对于MHD患者营养状况的评估更敏感、有效,护理人员应根据营养评价相关结果而采取一定综合性措施,从而全面有效地对患者进行营养管理,以预防并发症,降低病死率,提高患者生活质量。     

Interrater Variability and Validity in Subjective Nutritional Assessment of Elderly Patients

The subjective Global Assessment technique was evaluated with regard to its reliability and validity in a Swedish elderly population. Ninety patients, 70 years of age or older, and newly admitted to the geriatric clinic, participated in the study. The nutritional state was assessed subjectively by two independent observers using the Subjective Global Assessment form, and objectively, using a combination of anthropometry and serum-protein analysis. The subjectively assessed malnutrition rate was about 20% higher than that assessed objectively. The agreement level between the two observers was 77.8%, Kappa 0.56 (<0.001), and the levels between the subjective and objective assessments were 57.8% (Kappa = 0.17) and 73.3% (Kappa = 0.46), respectively. The experienced observer identified 85.2% of those who were defined as malnourished using the objective criteria and the less experienced observer, 66.6%. Furthermore, a regression analysis indicated weight index as the main significant objective factor influencing the subjective assessment. The subjective technique could be regarded as reliable from a clinical and preventive perspective since the agreement between the two rates was just under 80%. It seems also to be valid since the subnormalities in the selected criteria showed a similar pattern. The necessity of being well trained in order to manage nutritional status assessment, for both clinical and research purposes, is obvious.     

血液透析患者营养状态评估的临床研究

【目的】探讨综合性营养评估法（GNA）对血液透析患者营养状况的评价作用。【方法】建立了由13项主、客观评价指标组成的GNA,对57例维持性血透患者进行营养评估,分析GNA与各项营养指标的相关性。【结果】本组营养不良发生率为54．4％（31／57）。GNA评分与血清白蛋白（A1b）、前白蛋白（PA）、肌酐（SCr）、蛋白分解率（nPCR）、饮食蛋白摄入（DPI）、SGA评分、近期体重变化、消化道症状、肌肉消耗程度、水肿、皮下脂肪厚度均具有显著相关性（P〈0．01）,与胆固醇（Ch）、尿素氮（BUN）、转铁蛋白（TRF）明显相关（P〈0．05）。多重回归分析显示,GNA评分与PA、SCr、nPCR、SGA、TRF、A1b、Ch均显著相关。【结论】GNA对血透患者具有良好的营养评价作用,半数以上的血透患者发生营养不良。     

Nutritional screening and assessment tools for use by nurses: literature review

AIM: This paper reports a literature review describing the range of published tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess nutritional status of patients/clients, and to examine whether the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tool have been investigated. Tools developed specifically for use with older adults are not considered in this review. A screening/assessment tool is described as a tool that uses a questionnaire-type format, contains more than one risk factor for malnutrition and gives an assessment of risk. BACKGROUND: The incidence of malnutrition in people cared for by nurses is high and screening or assessment tools are often used to identify those with, or at risk of, malnutrition. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review methodology was employed. A range of electronic databases was searched from 1982 to 2002. Search terms incorporating "nutrition", "screening", assessment, feeding, instrument, tool, validity, reliability, sensitivity and specificity were combined. Manual searches were also conducted. RESULTS: Seventy-one nutritional screening/assessment tools were identified of which 35 were reviewed. Tools not reviewed included those which incorporated significant use of biochemical measures (8), included complex anthropometric measures (3), were concerned specifically with ingestion (4) or were designated for use with an older population (21). The tools reviewed use a wide variety of risk factors for malnutrition, varying from anthropometric measurements to socio-cultural aspects of eating behaviour. Some identify an action plan based on the score obtained. Many have not been subjected to validity and/or reliability testing and yet appear to be in use in clinical practice. The sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tools are often not investigated. CONCLUSION: There are many published nutritional screening/assessment tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess the nutritional status of patients/clients. Many have not been subject to rigorous testing. Future work should consider a more standardized approach to the use of these tools.     

The nutritional management of acute renal failure

Summary

• ? Acute renal failure (ARF) is a syndrome in which the kidneys are unable to excrete the products of metabolism. The failure of renal function is rapid in its onset but potentially reversible. It occurs rapidly, within 8 weeks of renal injury resulting in a rapid increase in serum urea and creatinine concentrations in patients with previously normal renal function.
• ? It is a condition traditionally associated with a high mortality rate, often due to the complications of sepsis, delayed wound healing and disrupted haemocoagulation. Survivability has been demonstrated to be improved by early appropriate nutritional support (Bartlett et al., 1986) although in practice this is often difficult to achieve as nutritional support is complex. In the past high morbidity and mortality rates were related to infections and inadequate nutritional intake. This resulted from unnecessary protein restrictions in an attempt to control uraemic symptoms (Thomas, 1988).
• ? To a large extent survivability of ARF has still not been greatly improved even with modern antibiotics and the careful dietary assessment of ARF patients. This reflects the complexity of managing patients with this condition. However, appropriate dietary management of ARF patients is essential to improve their long-term prognosis. Although the precise form this takes remains a contentious issue amongst clinicians.

     

住院患者672例营养状况评价

目的:评价住院患的营养状况，以制定营养治疗方案。方法:通过人体测量和生化分析对672例住院患营养状况进行评价。结果:营养过剩患占所有评价患的40．2％，性别间无差别。营养过剩、营养正常和营养不足思考的三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围、血红蛋白和前白蛋白值的异常率与营养状况呈正相关。营养不足患的三头肌皮褶厚度和上臂肌围低于正常值80％分别占75．6％和82．2％。白蛋白低于35g/L时，83．3％的患上臂肌围低于正常值。结论:营养评价有助于制定住院患的营养治疗方案，促进思考康复及改善预后。     

慢性伤口患者营养状况及其影响因素的调查分析

目的：了解慢性伤口患者的营养状况及其影响因素。方法：采用人体测量、实验室检查以及主观全面评定法（SGA）对102例慢性伤口患者进行营养状况评估。结果：慢性伤口患者中营养不良发生率为10.8%～40.2%,年龄、合并症指数、膳食摄入是否充分是营养不良发生的影响因素。结论：部分慢性伤口患者存在营养不良,应针对营养状况的影响因素给予护理干预。     

营养支持与创伤修复的相关性研究进展

介绍了创伤后病人机体代谢状况、营养状况的评估、营养支持的选择以及对创伤修复的影响。