硬脂酸镁过度润滑作用对盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的影响

目的 考察硬脂酸镁过度润滑作用对盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的影响。方法 通过改变硬脂酸镁的用量、改变硬脂酸镁的混合时间、改变加料器转速,制备不同盐酸二甲双胍缓释片。通过对比总混颗粒的粉体性质、片剂的溶出。综合评价硬脂酸镁过度润滑对盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的影响。结果 增加硬脂酸镁的用量、延长总混时间、加快加料器的转速均会导致硬脂酸镁过度润滑。表现为颗粒流动性并未明显改善,但可压性显著下降,盐酸二甲双胍缓释片溶出无明显减缓。结论 盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的可压性对硬脂酸镁的润滑作用敏感,需控制硬脂酸镁的用量、混合的时间以及加料器的转述,防止过度润滑,造成可压性变差的现象产生。     

Functionality of magnesium stearate derived from bovine and vegetable sources: dry granulated tablets

Magnesium stearate is a functional excipient used to ensure efficient ejection of tablets. This study compares the functionality of a vegetable and bovine grade of magnesium stearate. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and dry granulation of a model formulation. Physical and chemical tests were performed on bulk powders, granule intermediates, and finished tablets to provide a comprehensive comparison of the two grades of magnesium stearates. Raw material characterization of the two grades showed no difference in particle size, surface area, true density, and total moisture content. However, significant differences in fatty acid composition, surface tension, and zeta potential were detected. Tablet ejection force for the physical mixture formulations was variable, showing similar ejection force for the two grades of magnesium stearate at some concentrations and different ejection forces at other concentrations. The dry granulated formulation containing vegetable-based magnesium stearate showed a lower ejection force than the formulation containing bovine-based magnesium stearate. There was no difference between the dissolution profiles of the tablets containing the two grades of magnesium stearate prepared by both methods. The results indicated that magnesium stearate interchangeability with respect to lubricant efficiency depends upon the level in which it is used and the manufacturing method.     

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for nondestructive analysis of Avicel powders and tablets

The purpose of this study was to use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a nondestructive technique to (a) differentiate three Avicel products (microcrystalline cellulose [MCC] PH-101, PH-102, and PH-200) in powdered form and in compressed tablets with and without 0.5% w/w magnesium stearate as a lubricant; (b) determine the magnesium stearate concentrations in the tablets; and (c) measure hardness of tablets compressed at several compression forces. Diffuse reflectance NIR spectra from Avicel powders and tablets (compression forces ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 tons) were collected and distance scores calculated from the second-derivative spectra were used to distinguish the different Avicel products. A multiple linear regression model was generated to determine magnesium stearate concentrations (from 0.25 to 2% w/w), and partial least squares (PLS) models were generated to predict hardness of tablets. The NIRS technique could distinguish between the three different Avicel products, irrespective of lubricant concentration, in both the powdered form and in the compressed tablets because of the differences in the particle size of the Avicel products. The percent error for predicting the lubricant concentration of tablets ranged from 0.2 to 10% w/w. The maximum percent error of prediction of hardness of tablets compressed at the various compression forces was 8.8% for MCC PH-101, 5.3% for MCC PH-102, and 4.6% for MCC PH-200. The NIRS nondestructive technique can be used to predict the Avicel type in both powdered and tablet forms as well as to predict the lubricant concentration and hardness.     

Drug-excipient interactions resulting from powder mixing. IV: Role of lubricants and their effect on in vitro dissolution

Two lubricants, magnesium stearate and sodium stearyl fumarate, were compared under identical mixing conditions to study their roles in drug-excipient interactions. After prolonged mixing, sodium stearyl fumarate did not interact with the drug or excipients; as a result, the disintegration time and drug dissolution rate from hand-filled, uncompacted capsules were not adversely affected. In contrast, magnesium stearate did exhibit drug-excipient interactions which resulted in lamination and subsequent adhesion of the lubricant to the drug-crospovidone agglomerates. These interactions adversely affected the disintegration time and drug dissolution rate from hand-filled, uncompacted capsules. Although the initial specific surface area of magnesium stearate was higher than that of sodium stearyl fumarate, flaking of magnesium stearate due to particulate-particulate interactions caused a large increase in the surface area. The adhesion of the magnesium stearate flakes to the drug-crospovidone agglomerates resulted in a decrease in the drug dissolution rate.     

Studies on flufenamic acid capsules and tablets

In this study, the in vitro dissolution rate of flufenamic acid was investigated in two different dosage forms, tablets and capsules, and the influence of the commonly used additives (lactose, corn starch, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulphate). Using lactose, starch, Avicel PH 101, and methyl cellulose as additives, direct compression and wet granulation techniques were tried for preparing flufenamic acid tablets. The rotating basket method of U.S.P. XIX was used for determination of release rate. The findings were compared to the dissolution rate results of the commercial flufenamic acid capsules.     

处方中的辅料对瑞舒伐他汀钙片溶出的影响

目的:通过对比溶出曲线,研究处方中的辅料对瑞舒伐他汀钙片溶出的影响。方法:采用粉末直接压片工艺,通过单因素试验,考察处方中乳糖的型号、微晶纤维素的来源、钙盐的种类、交联聚维酮的型号及用量、硬脂酸镁的用量和包衣粉的用量对瑞舒伐他汀钙片溶出的影响。结果:不同的乳糖型号(T80、PW80、315)、微晶纤维素来源(PH102、M102、102)、硬脂酸镁用量(0.5%、1%、2%)、包衣粉用量(2%、3%、4%)对溶出的影响差异较小,钙盐的种类(磷酸钙、无水磷酸氢钙、碳酸钙)、交联聚维酮的型号(XL、XL-10)及用量(3%、5%)对溶出的影响有一定差异。结论:处方中的稳定剂及崩解剂对瑞舒伐他汀钙片的溶出有影响,填充剂、润滑剂及包衣粉对溶出影响较小。     

Effect of magnesium stearate on bonding and porosity expansion of tablets produced from materials with different consolidation properties

The negative effect of magnesium stearate on tablet strength is widely known. This strength reduction is always considered to be the result of reduction of interparticle bonding. It is also known that interparticle bonding affects relaxation of tablets. Relaxation increases with decreasing bonding. Microcrystalline cellulose is an example of a material with a high lubricant sensitivity, which effect is caused by its plastic deformation behavior during compression. This paper shows for microcrystalline cellulose that the porosity under pressure was equal for unlubricated tablets and for tablets containing 0.5% magnesium stearate. This points to equal densification properties. The lubricated tablets show, however, a much larger relaxation than the tablets without magnesium stearate. This difference can be ascribed to the reduction of interparticle bonding by the lubricant, because a strong interparticle bonding counteracts tablet relaxation. In contrast to microcrystalline cellulose, aggregated gamma-sorbitol (Karion Instant) has a low lubricant sensitivity. Both porosity under pressure and tablet relaxation were found to be equal for lubricated and unlubricated sorbitol tablets. This phenomenon is caused by the particle structure of gamma-sorbitol. During compression, a lubricant film will be destroyed by fragmentation of the sorbitol aggregates. For this reason, magnesium stearate will hardly affect the interparticle bonding between sorbitol particles and hence have only a small or no effect on tablet relaxation.Copyright     

Evaluation of Cocoa Butter as Potential Lubricant for Coprocessing in Pharmaceutical Tablets

The lubricant activity of cocoa butter coprocessed with magnesium stearate plus talc (CMT) was compared with magnesium stearate plus talc (MT) using flow and compressional characteristics of paracetamol granules and mechanical properties of their tablets as assessment parameters. The flow of the granules quantified as Hausner's ratio, Carr's index, and angle of repose showed that CMT has a higher ability than MT to reduce densification of granules due to vibration. Compressional characteristics analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita plots revealed that CMT did not facilitate the increase in the densification of the granules during the filling and at low pressures, D_b. Also, CMT reduced the plastic deformation of the granules measured by the P_y-yield pressure at onset of plastic deformation and P_k-yield pressure of deformation under compression. The mechanical properties determined by the tensile strength, T, and brittle fracture index, BFI, of the tablets produced were affected by CMT. The T and BFI of tablets with CMT were lower than those of MT. The results suggest that though CMT lowered the plasticity of the granules, it improved their flow rate and assisted in producing tablets with fewer tendencies to cap or laminate. This work concluded that cocoa butter, an inexpensive and easily available lipid, is an effective and viable lubricant that can be co-processed with magnesium stearate/talc mixture for an efficient lubrication of granules and may be useful in reducing lamination and capping in formulations that are susceptible to these 2 defects of tablets.     

Application of external lubrication during the roller compaction of adhesive pharmaceutical formulations

A novel use of external lubrication has been investigated in which magnesium stearate was applied directly to the roll surface during roller compaction. A scalable parameter; travelling roll distance per shot (D_pS), has been defined which ensures that an equal amount of magnesium stearate is applied to the roll surface per rotation at any roll speed. It was found that a formulation containing 20% w/w of either the API Pravastatin or Ibipinabant required a smaller D_pS than a placebo formulation in order to prevent roll adherence. The inherent adhesiveness, and hence the required amount of external magnesium stearate to prevent roll adhesion, will depend on the material properties of the formulation. The amount of magnesium stearate transferred from the roll surface to the ribbon was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and was found to be less than 0.01% w/w. This is a significant reduction in magnesium stearate compared to the normal manufacturing procedure of blending 0.25–2.0% w/w within the formulation.The advantage of external lubrication during roller compaction is the significant reduction in magnesium stearate from the formulation which could lead to the production of tablets with superior mechanical properties and faster dissolution times.     

Punch geometry and formulation considerations in reducing tablet friability and their effect on in vitro dissolution.

The tablet friability resulting from formulation variations was studied under controlled granulation moisture content and tablet crushing strength. Tablets made with lactose were more friable than tablets made with microcrystalline cellulose. Replacement of 0.5% magnesium stearate with 0.5% stearic acid in the formula reduced tablet friability, whereas the combination of 0.5% stearic acid and up to 0.25% magnesium stearate did not increase tablet friability, decrease drug dissolution rate, or increase tablet-to-tablet variability in dissolution. Tablets compressed with extra deep concave punches resulted in lower friability compared with tablets compressed with standard concave or deep concave punches. The friabilities of the standard convex and deep convex tablets were similar, indicating that a critical level of punch tip curvature was important in reducing tablet friability. The dissolution rate was not affected by the punch tip geometry, but the tablet-to-tablet dissolution variability at the 0.5% stearic acid level for the extra deep convex tablets was higher compared with the standard convex tablets.     

Effect of storage at specified temperature and humidity on properties of three directly compressible tablet formulations.

Direct compression tablets containing sodium starch glycolate, an alginate derivative, or povidone as a disintegrant, magnesium stearate as a lubricant, amaranth as a tracer, and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the matrix were stored for 30 days at 23 degrees and 75% relative humidity (R.H.), 45 degrees and 75% R.H., and 65 degrees and 40% R.H. Samples were evaluated after 0, 10, 20, and 30 days for size, hardness, and dissolution characteristics. Although no significant changes in the dimensions or hardness of the three tablet formulations, prepared at three different compaction pressures, were observed, the dissolution efficiency of the systems showed significant changes, some systems dissolving more rapidly and some more slowly after storage. In some cases, the changes were so substantial as to indicate the possibility of significant changes of the bioavailability of drugs formulated in such systems. The relevance of this work to the problem of evaluating aging effects on the physical properties of tablets is discussed.     

伏立康唑片的制备及其质量评价

目的制备并评价伏立康唑片。方法采用预胶化淀粉、一水乳糖、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、聚维酮、硬脂酸镁制备伏立康唑片,并对其进行薄膜包衣。采用正交设计法确定最佳处方。对其硬度、脆碎度和溶出度进行考察并与市售伏立康唑片比较。结果预胶化淀粉、一水乳糖、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、硬脂酸镁的用量分别为片重的40%,21%,3%和1%,采用5%聚维酮K90水溶液做黏合剂,片芯硬度为15 kg.cm 2,包衣厚度为4%左右时,伏立康唑片的溶出度接近原研产品。结论伏立康唑片的制备工艺简单,重现性好,药物的溶出行为达到预期目的。     

Evaluation of cocoa butter as potential lubricant for coprocessing in pharmaceutical tablets

The lubricant activity of cocoa butter coprocessed with magnesium stearate plus talc (CMT) was compared with magnesium stearate plus talc (MT) using flow and compressional characteristics of paracetamol granules and mechanical properties of their tablets as assessment parameters. The flow of the granules quantified as Hausner's ratio, Carr's index, and angle of repose showed that CMT has a higher ability than MT to reduce densification of granules due to vibration. Compressional characteristics analyzed using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita plots revealed that CMT did not facilitate the increase in the densification of the granules during the filling and at low pressures, D(b). Also, CMT reduced the plastic deformation of the granules measured by the P(y)-yield pressure at onset of plastic deformation and P(k)-yield pressure of deformation under compression. The mechanical properties determined by the tensile strength, T, and brittle fracture index, BFI, of the tablets produced were affected by CMT. The T and BFI of tablets with CMT were lower than those of MT. The results suggest that though CMT lowered the plasticity of the granules, it improved their flow rate and assisted in producing tablets with fewer tendencies to cap or laminate. This work concluded that cocoa butter, an inexpensive and easily available lipid, is an effective and viable lubricant that can be co-processed with magnesium stearate/talc mixture for an efficient lubrication of granules and may be useful in reducing lamination and capping in formulations that are susceptible to these 2 defects of tablets.     

正交设计试验优选腺苷钴胺片处方

目的:优化腺苷钴胺片的处方组成。方法:以辅料中的羧甲基淀粉钠、微粉硅胶、硬脂酸镁用量为因素,以溶出度为指标,采用L9(34)正交设计试验优化腺苷钴胺片处方(每片含腺苷钴胺0.25 mg),对所制腺苷钴胺片进行验证试验(30 min溶出度、羟钴胺素在460 nm与352 nm处吸光度比值、崩解时限和含量),并考察制剂的加速稳定性。结果:辅料中影响腺苷钴胺片溶出度的主要因素是羧甲基淀粉钠;最优处方(10 000片)为羧甲基淀粉钠18 g,微粉硅胶1.8 g,硬脂酸镁3 g;所制片剂的30 min溶出度为97%⁹9%,羟钴胺素的吸光度比值均为0.93,崩解时间为999%,羟钴胺素的吸光度比值均为0.93,崩解时间为9¹0 min,含量为99.3%10 min,含量为99.3%⁹9.7%,6个月的加速试验结果与0个月时比较无明显变化。结论:成功制得各项指标符合《中国药典》要求的腺苷钴胺片。     

Impact of solid-state properties on lubrication efficacy of magnesium stearate

The advent of high-speed tableting and slug capsule-filling machines has ushered in an increasingly important role for the lubricants to enact during manufacturing of dosage forms. Although lubricants help in processing, they can also adversely affect the flow properties and dissolution profile of the drug. It is thus critical to maintain a balance between these two behaviors, by understanding the underlying mechanisms and using their optimum concentration in the formulation. The source and manufacturing process inculcate different solid-state properties to magnesium stearate, the most commonly used lubricant, leading to variations in its lubrication efficacy. However, there has been no complete study relating the lubrication efficacy of magnesium stearate to various levels of solid state. Hence, this study was aimed at comprehensively scrutinizing the role of molecular, particle, and bulk level properties of solid state on the lubrication efficacy of magnesium stearate. A method based on net work done during compression using texture analyzer, was developed and validated to analyze its performance. Particle and bulk-level properties were studied using microscopy, particle size analysis, and particle surface area determination, and molecular level was characterized using thermal, spectroscopic, and crystallographic methods. Interplay of solid-state characteristics such as particle size, degree of agglomeration, and crystal habit were found to markedly influence the lubrication potential of magnesium stearate.     

几种直压辅料的可压性及其对硬脂酸镁的敏感性

目的比较不同类型的直压辅料,微晶纤维素、预胶化淀粉、山梨醇、乳糖和3种二元混合辅料的可压性以及对硬脂酸镁的敏感性。方法采用压实性和压缩度的测定方法比较辅料的压片性质差异,分别采用不同浓度的硬脂酸镁含量,不同的物料混合时间。不同的辅料粒径大小比较辅料对硬脂酸镁的敏感率。结果含有塑性物料微晶纤维素类的辅料具有较好的可压性,而直压辅料对硬脂酸镁的敏感性强弱为：弹性辅料〉塑性辅料〉脆性辅料。结论不同类型辅料压片性质差异较大,可选择塑性辅料和脆性辅料组合的方式作为填充剂。     

盐酸普拉克索片剂的处方设计及质量评价

目的:通过对盐酸普拉克索片处方工艺研究的介绍,以期为国内企业研发该品种时提供有益的参考。方法:以淀粉、甘露醇为填充剂,以聚维酮K30为黏合剂,以微粉硅胶为助流剂,以硬脂酸镁为润滑剂,采用L₉(3⁴)正交设计优化各辅料的用量,以溶出度、含量均匀度为指标,进行本品的处方优化。结果:淀粉与甘露醇的用量为1:1,润湿剂为50%的乙醇溶液,黏合剂为10%的聚维酮K30,助流剂为1%的微粉硅胶,润滑剂为1%的硬脂酸镁,制备的片剂含量均匀度最佳,溶出度最接近原研处方。结论:制备的盐酸普拉克索片剂外观光洁,含量均匀度好,药物溶出行为达到了预期的目的。     

Preparation, characterization, and tableting of a solid dispersion of indomethacin with crospovidone

A significant problem with solid dispersion (SD) systems is the difficulty in preparing dosage forms. This difficulty can be overcome using crospovidone (CrosPVP) as a carrier. A powder SD of indomethacin (IM) with CrosPVP was prepared using mechanical mixing followed by heating to temperatures below the melting point. IM and CrosPVP interacted to produce IM in an amorphous state when its concentration was <40%. The solubility of IM was improved about fourfold compared to IM crystal. The SD had good fluidity, and tablets were prepared by direct compression. Tablets with small weight variation and acceptable hardness were obtained using only 1% of magnesium stearate as excipient. The dissolution of IM from tablets was similar to that of SD powder because CrosPVP, a disintegration agent, caused the tablets to break up rapidly.     

Chemoinformetrical evaluation of dissolution property of indomethacin tablets by near-infrared spectroscopy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to use near-infrared spectrometry (NIR) with chemoinformetrics to predict the change of dissolution properties in indomethacin (IMC) tablets during the manufacturing process. A comparative evaluation of the dissolution properties of the tablets was performed by the diffused reflectance (DRNIR) and transmittance (TNIR) NIR spectroscopic methods. METHODS: Various kinds of IMC tablets (200 mg) were obtained from a powder (20 mg of IMC, 18 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 160 mg of lactose, and 2 mg of magnesium stearate) under various compression pressures (60-398 MPa). Dissolution tests were performed in phosphate buffer, and the time required for 75% dissolution (T75) and mean dissolution time (MDT) were calculated. DRNIR and TNIR spectra were recorded, and the both NIR spectra used to establish a calibration model for predicting the dissolution properties by principal component regression analysis (PCR). RESULTS: The T75 and MDT increased as the compression pressure increased, since tablet porosity decreased with increasing pressure. Intensity of the DRNIR spectra of the compressed tablets decreased as the compression pressure increased. However, the intensity of TNIR spectra increased along with the pressure. The calibration models used to evaluate the dissolution properties of tablets were established by using PCR based on both DRNIR and TNIR spectra of the tablets. The multiple correlation coefficients of the relationship between the actual and predictive T75 by the DRNIR and TNIR methods were 0.831 and 0.962, respectively. CONCLUSION: It is possible to predict the dissolution properties of pharmaceutical preparations using both DRNIR and TNIR chemoinformetric methods. The TNIR method was more accurate for predictions of the dissolution behavior of tablets than the DRNIR method.     

硬脂酸镁对盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊溶出的影响

目的:通过对比溶出曲线,研究盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊中硬脂酸镁对溶出的影响。方法:根据参比制剂,采用原辅料直接混合制备胶囊,以溶出曲线作为评价指标,考察不同厂家硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸镁用量、终混时间、混合方式对溶出的影响。结果:硬脂酸镁用量、终混时间及混合方式均会对硬脂酸镁的疏水作用产生显著性影响,从而影响药物的溶出,不同厂家的硬脂酸镁对溶出的影响差异较小。结论:硬脂酸镁在盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊中除用作润滑剂外,其疏水作用会对胶囊溶出有延缓作用。