舟山群岛各县区新布尼亚病毒基因同源性分析

目的 了解舟山群岛各县区流行的新布尼亚病毒的基因同源性.方法 采集舟山群岛不同县区5例发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)重症或死亡患者的急性期血清,用Vero细胞分离培养毒株,采用RT-PCR扩增所获毒株L、M、S特异性基因节段,使用DNA Star和MEGA5.2软件进行同源性分析并构建系统进化树.结果 5株发热伴血小板综合征病毒(SFTSV)的L、M、S基因序列可分成3个进化分支.第一分支毒株全基因序列与韩国JP系列毒株及日本SPL004A有较高同源性,核苷酸相似度在97.8％;第二分支与临近内陆地区部分毒株和日本的部分毒株序列(SPL057A)均有高度同源性,核苷酸相似度均在98.8％～99.9％;第三分支毒株与来源于江苏(JS2007-1等)、辽宁(LN3/2010)、河南(WCH-97/2011)、安徽(AH15/2010)、河南淮阳山(2010-FQM)、湖北(HB2014-20)有较高同源性,核苷酸相似度在97.8％～98.5％.结论 舟山群岛内流行的SFTSV同源性不一,存在韩国-舟山、中国其他地区-舟山传播路径可能性.     

图们江流域中朝俄边境地区长角血蜱中SFTS病毒监测分析

  目的  掌握图们江流域中朝俄边境地区长角血蜱分布特征,了解该地区长角血蜱携带发热伴血小板减少综合征（severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome,SFTS）病毒情况,分离病毒,分析其基因特征。  方法  2017年4月~9月,在吉林省图们江流域中朝俄边境地区珲春市、图们市、和龙市、龙井市采集蜱虫进行形态学分类,选择新鲜长角血蜱对其进行分组,采用实时荧光定量多聚核苷酸链式反应方法检测SFTS病毒。对阳性样品,利用绿猴肾细胞进行病毒分离,并扩增S、M、L基因片段,比对同源性,建立系统进化树,分析其基因特征。  结果  长角血蜱主要分布在图们江下游珲春市和图们市,为该两县优势种,分别达到71.85%和87.62%。在珲春市长角血蜱中分离到一株病毒,命名为YBHC-TICK2-2017/CHINA。该病毒S片段（1 746 bp）、M片段（3 336 bp）、L片段（6 376 bp）基因序列与美国国家生物技术信息中心（National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI）DNA序列数据库中记录的中国和韩国SFTS病毒分离株基因序列同源性为98.00%~99.00%。系统进化树分析,该病毒株S片段基因序列与中国吉林株（KT890282）分为一簇,M片段和L片段基因序列与中国江苏株（KR230781）分为一簇。  结论  长角血蜱在图们江下游中朝俄边境地区具有广泛的分布。该研究首次在该地区长角血蜱中分离到SFTS病毒,提示该地区为SFTS防控重点区域。     

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome,South Korea, 2012

We report a retrospectively identified fatal case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in South Korea from 2012. SFTS virus was isolated from the stored blood of the patient. Phylogenetic analysis revealed this isolate was closely related to SFTS virus strains from China and Japan.     

Genetic characteristics and analysis of a novel rotavirus G3P[22] identified in diarrheic feces of Korean rabbit

Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are important gastroenteric pathogens that infect humans and animals. This study aimed to analyze the complete genome sequence, i.e., 11 genome segments of the lapine rotavirus (LRV) identified in the intestine of a dead rabbit in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to describe the genetic relationships between this lapine isolate [RVA/Rabbit-wt/KOR/Rab1404/2014/G3P[22] (Rab1404)] and other lapine isolates/strains. Rab1404 possessed the following genotype constellation: G3-P[22]-I2-R3-C3-M3-A9-N2-T3-E3-H3. The P[22] genotype was found to originate from rabbits and was for the first time identified in the ROK. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Rab1404 possessed VP1-3 and VP7 genes, which were closely related to those of the bat strain LZHP2; NSP1-4 genes, which were closely related to those of the simian strain RRV; and VP4, VP6, and NSP5 genes, which were closely related to the genes obtained from other rabbits. Interestingly, a close relationship between Rab1404 and simian RVA strain RVA/Simian-tc/USA/RRV/1975/G3P[3] for 8 gene segments was observed. RRV is believed to be a reassortant between bovine-like RVA strain and canine/feline RVA strains. Rab1404 and canine/feline RVAs shared the genes encoding VP1, VP3, VP7, NSP3, and NSP4. Additionally, the genome segments VP6 (I2), NSP1 (N2), and NSP5 (H3) of Rab1404 were closely related to those of bovine RVAs. This is the first report describing the complete genome sequence of an LRV detected in the ROK. These results indicate that Rab1404 could be a result of interspecies transmission, possibly through multiple reassortment events in the strains of various animal species and the subsequent transmission of the virus to a rabbit. Additional studies are required to determine the evolutionary source and to identify possible reservoirs of RVAs in nature.     

2011-2013年济南市发热伴血小板减少综合征流行病学及病原学特征分析

目的分析济南市2011-2013年发热伴血小板减少综合征（severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome,SFTS）的流行病学特征和病原学特性,为更好地预防和控制SFTS提供科学依据。方法采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测济南市2011-2013年SFTS疑似病例急性期血清样本和蜱虫样本中的SFTS布尼亚病毒核酸,采用RT-PCR方法进行扩增并测序,使用DNASTAR和MEGA软件对测序结果进行序列比对和进化分析;用描述性流行病学方法对监测数据进行统计分析。结果 2011-2013年济南市共确诊95例SFTS病例,检测出3只蜱虫样本中的SFTS布尼亚病毒核酸阳性;发病地区主要集中在章丘市。对SFTS布尼亚病毒的S片段基因进行测序,结果显示2012年SFTS布尼亚病毒基因与安徽、江苏、河南分离株遗传距离相对较近。2013年SFTS布尼亚病毒基因与山东本地分离株遗传距离相对较近。结论济南市发热伴血小板减少综合征病例以新布尼亚病毒为其主要病原;夏秋季多发;中老年农民为主,具有明显职业性;发病范围逐年扩大,局部地区疫情活跃。应加强传染源的管理控制,深入开展对高危人群宣传教育和行为干预。     

Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards

Influenza virus is not known to affect wild felids. We demonstrate that avian influenza A (H5N1) virus caused severe pneumonia in tigers and leopards that fed on infected poultry carcasses. This finding extends the host range of influenza virus and has implications for influenza virus epidemiology and wildlife conservation.     

舟山市三例发热伴血小板减少综合征患者的分子生物学特征

目的 了解舟山市普陀区发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒的流行情况及分子生物学特征,为制订疾病预防控制措施提供科学依据.方法 采集普陀区六横岛和登步岛健康人群静脉血清各300份,用双抗原ELISA方法作抗体检测.检测3例实验室确诊患者的急性期静脉血清病毒核酸,阳性样本进行序列测定后做同源性比对和遗传进化分析.结果 健康人群血清抗体总阳性率3.5％(21/600),其中发病区与无疫情地区的抗体阳性率分别为6.0％和1.0％,两者差异具有统计学意义(x2=9.67,P＜0.01).3例确诊病例血清中病毒L、M、S基因序列比对结果为99.8％～100.0％,与来源于岱山长途岛病毒基因序列具有高度同源性.结论 舟山普陀六横岛健康人群中发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒抗体阳性率明显高于登步岛.普陀六横岛的病毒遗传进化分析显示与本市岱山长途岛流行的病毒基因有高度同源性,与国内的江苏JS6、辽宁的LN3及宁波的也有较高的同源性,而与舟山市流行的优势病毒序列有一定的差异.     

德阳市乙型肝炎病毒基因型、血清亚型和变异分析

目的了解德阳市乙型肝炎病毒基因型、血清亚型和变异。方法从HBsAg阳性的血清标本提取病毒DNA,S基因全序列多聚酶链反应和测序后,根据进化树和推导氨基酸确定基因型、血清亚型及＂α＂抗原决定簇氨基酸变异。结果 41份标本中,33份标本为B基因型/adw2血清亚型,7份标本为C基因型/adrq＋血清亚型,另1份标本为B基因型/ayw1血清亚型;6份标本＂α＂抗原决定簇内氨基酸发生变异,分别为Thr126Ser,Thr126Ala,Gln129His,Met133Leu和Thr143Met,且变异集中在第1环内氨基酸（6/7,85.7%）。1份标本在114位和115位氨基酸间插入额外1个氨基酸,1份标本的216位氨基酸变异为终止码。结论德阳市HBV以B基因型/adw2为主,自发的＂α＂决定簇氨基酸变异集中在第一环氨基酸。     

Introduction of the Republic of Korea–the United States of America's Joint Exercise Against Biothreats in 2013: Able Response 13

The Republic of Korea (ROK) and the the United States of America (USA) has held joint exercises to respond to biothreats in the Korean Peninsula since 2011. The exercise was called Able Response (AR) and it aims to coordinate interministerial procedures inside Korea and international procedures in requesting the medical resources urgently between ROK and USA, and among ROK and the United Nations, and nongovernmental organizations. AR13 was a functional exercise with a scenario that presumed a series of attack by terrorists, dispersing Bacillus anthracis in Seoul. The participants conducted exercises with action cells and using point-to-point communication system. It was followed by Senior Leadership Seminar participated by high-ranking officials in ROK and USA to discuss possible collaboration in advance. AR and its following actions will fortify collaboration between ROK and USA and enhance the capability of countermeasures against biothreats in Korea.     

Status of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea, 2008-2009: decrease followed by resurgence

The number of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2008 was 1009, a 54.2% decrease on the previous year. It then resurged to 1317 cases in 2009 (30.5% increase on 2008). One possible cause for the sharp decrease in 2008 might be the large-scale presumptive anti-relapse therapy with primaquine that was undertaken in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 2007. Of the 2326 cases of P. vivax malaria diagnosed in the ROK during 2008-2009, 599 cases (25.8%) were military personnel, 535 cases (23.0%) were veterans, and 1192 cases (51.2%) were civilians. Local transmission within the ROK appeared to increase gradually, and the length of the transmission period of P. vivax malaria extended during this period. Parasite clearance time after chloroquine treatment has increased in the late 2000s, which requires the introduction of countermeasures against the decreasing chloroquine susceptibility, including reduction of mass chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine in the ROK Army.     

Laboratory confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome in South Korea in 2017: A genomic epidemiological investigation

• The WHO Regional Verification Commission certified in 2017 that Korea was the first country in the WHO Western Pacific Region to achieve rubella elimination. A suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in August 2017. The mother of a new-born had visited Vietnam during her pregnancy. CRS was confirmed based on the detection of rubella-specific IgM and rubella RNA in the urine and throat swab. Rubella virus isolated from the throat swab was classified as genotype 2B, and a phylogenetic analysis indicated that this genotype had been imported from Vietnam. This is the first report of CRS confirmed using virus isolation in Korea. Laboratory surveillance plays a critical role in the elimination of rubella through the provision of laboratory testing data, and characterisation of circulating strains.

     

2011年厦门市某医院十例无菌性脑炎暴发病例病原学分析

目的 对2011年5月11-17日厦门某医院收治的10例无菌性脑炎患者进行病原学鉴定.方法 采集10例患者的咽拭子、肛拭子及部分患者的脑脊液,进行总肠道病毒核酸检测.总肠道病毒核酸阳性的样本,分别用肠道病毒A、B、C基因型各自的VP1通用引物扩增,VP1区扩增阳性的标本测序后进行序列分析.同时,用Vero细胞进行病毒分离培养,对培养成功的病毒与原始临床标本进行VP1序列同源性分析,从而对引发本次脑炎的病原进行鉴定.结果 10例脑炎患者中,有7例患者的临床标本总肠道病毒核酸检测阳性.这7例患者的咽拭子和(或)肛拭子标本肠道病毒B基因型VP1通用引物扩增阳性,测序后分析表明均为肠道病毒B基因型埃可病毒30(Echo 30),且与浙江2004年流行毒株的同源性达95.3%～97.1%.其中编号为XM2、XM3、XM4、XM8的咽拭子和XM3、XM6的肛拭子相互间序列同源性为99.4%～100.0%,但与XM1的咽拭子序列存在差异,同源性为92.8%～93.4%.此外,XM1、XM2、XM3、XM4、XM8咽拭子标本Vero细胞分离培养病毒成功,其VP1区部分序列与相应的原始标本同源性大于99.9%.结论 导致这次无菌性脑炎的病原体为肠道病毒B基因型Echo 30,并提示可能存在多种不同遗传背景的Echo 30在流行.

Abstract：

Objective To identify the etiology of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of Xiamen city from 11 to 17 May, 2011.Methods A total of ten patients′ throat swabs, anal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid were collected and detected by RT-PCR for pan-enterovirus. The samples containing detectable pan-enterovirus were tested by PCR with genotype-specific general primers located in VP1 region of enterovirus genotype A, B and C (HEV-A, B and C). The PCR products of VP1 segment were purified and sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Meanwhile, the pathogens in those samples were isolated in Vero cell culture. Homologous analysis of VP1 sequences were carried out for the cultured virus samples and the original clinical samples to identify the outbreak etiology.Results Among the ten cases, seven cases were positive for pan-enterovirus nucleic acid. When tested by genotype-specific PCR, the throat and anal swab samples from those 7 patients were positive with HEV-B VP1 primers. Meanwhile, the HEV-B VP1 segments were sequenced and phylogenetic analyzed, which indicated the seven cases were all infected by enterovirus Echo 30. The sequences from those samples had homology of 95.3%-97.1% with the epidemic strains in Zhejiang, 2004. Out of the seven cases, the sequences of XM2,XM3,XM4,XM8 throat swab samples and XM3,XM6 throat samples showed 99.4%-100.0% homology which were different from the sequence of XM1, and the homology was 92.8%-93.4%. Furthermore, the viruses were isolated using Vero cells from XM1,XM2,XM3,XM4 and XM8 throat swab samples,and the VP1 sequence showed more than 99.9% homology with the original specimens.Conclusion The local outbreak of aseptic encephalitis was caused by Echo 30 of enterovirus genotype B, and the epidemic strains may have different genetic background.     

Migration,recombination, and reassortment are involved in the evolution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV) has been identified as the etiological agent causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). SFTSV was reported in recent years as a newly emerging tick-borne virus in China, Japan and South Korea and is a novel member of the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, which is suspected to be transmitted by the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. The genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships between geographically distributed SFTSV strains are currently unclear. In this study we used extensive bioinformatics analyses to provide deep insight into the mechanisms of evolution and relationships among SFTSV strains. The genetic diversity of SFTSV was characterized and found to be generated through recombination and reassortment events. Further, potential correlations between the geographic distribution and migration pathways of SFTSV were subject to in-depth analysis. The potential of birds migration related to SFTSV migration were also discussed. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms of evolution of SFTSV, which will be important in developing public-health interventions and strategies for SFTS disease control and prevention in endemic areas.     

Schmallenberg Virus Infection among Red Deer,France, 2010–2012

Schmallenberg virus infection is emerging in European domestic and wild ruminants. We investigated the serologic status of 9 red deer populations to describe virus spread from September 2010 through March 2012 among wildlife in France. Deer in 7 populations exhibited seropositivity, with an average seroprevalence of 20%.     

Zoonotic Pathogens among White-Tailed Deer, Northern Mexico, 2004-2009

TO THE EDITOR: Intense wildlife management for hunting affects risks associated with zoonotic pathogens (1). White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are increasingly managed by fencing, feeding, watering, and translocation to increase incomes from hunting in northern Mexico (2). These deer also play a major role in dissemination and reintroduction of pathogens and vectors from Mexico into the United States (3,4). White-tailed deer are suitable reservoir hosts for Mycobacterium bovis (1), and an M. bovis-positive white-tailed deer was recently found in Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico (2). Brucellosis is widespread in many animal hosts in Latin America (5) and thus of interest in white-tailed deer. Another major zoonosis, sometimes linked to raw deer meat consumption, is hepatitis E, which is caused by genotypes of hepatitis E virus (HEV) (6). HEV is increasingly prevalent in red deer (Cervus elaphus) (7), but its prevalence in white-tailed deer is unknown.     

Aichi Virus in Sewage and Surface Water,the Netherlands

Detection of Aichi virus in humans was initially reported in Japan in 1989. To establish a timeline for the prevalence of Aichi virus infection among humans in the Netherlands, we conducted molecular analysis of archival water samples from 1987–2000 and 2009–2012. Aichi virus RNA was detected in 100% (8/8) of sewage samples and 100% (7/7) of surface water samples collected during 1987–2000 and 100% (8/8) of sewage samples and 71% (5/7) of surface water samples collected during 2009–2012. Several genotype A and B Aichi virus lineages were observed over the 25-year period studied, but the time course of viral genetic diversity showed recent expansion of the genotype B population over genotype A. Our results show that Aichi virus has been circulating among the human population in the Netherlands since before its initial detection in humans was reported and that genotype B now predominates in this country.     

马鞍山地区不同人群戊型肝炎病毒基因型初步分析

目的了解马鞍山地区不同人群中戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）流行株基因型的分布状况。方法对来自一般人群、有偿献血人群、吸毒人群的血清标本进行HEV IgG、IgM抗体检测并将HEV IgM阳性的血清标本进行RT-PCR扩增,PCR阳性标本进行基因测序及序列分析。结果 HEV PCR扩增成功16份,其中HEV IgM抗体阳性病人和正常人群中10份标本阳性,吸毒人群和有偿献血人群中各3份标本PCR阳性,测序结果显示均为HEVⅣ型毒株感染。结论马鞍山地区不同人群中HEV流行株均为基因Ⅳ型,但不同人群内部的流行株存在较大变异。     

Environmental sources of prion transmission in mule deer

Whether transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion among cervids requires direct interaction with infected animals has been unclear. We report that CWD can be transmitted to susceptible animals indirectly, from environments contaminated by excreta or decomposed carcasses. Under experimental conditions, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) became infected in two of three paddocks containing naturally infected deer, in two of three paddocks where infected deer carcasses had decomposed in situ =1.8 years earlier, and in one of three paddocks where infected deer had last resided 2.2 years earlier. Indirect transmission and environmental persistence of infectious prions will complicate efforts to control CWD and perhaps other animal prion diseases.