Salivary testosterone and body composition among Ariaal males

To determine if testosterone is negatively related to acute and/or chronic nutritional status among men in a subsistence society, saliva samples and anthropometric measures were compared among nomadic and settled Ariaal pastoralists of northern Kenya. Fifty‐six nomadic men and 62 settled men facing drought conditions, estimated ages 22–96 years, were sampled. Measures included height, weight, four skinfolds, and %body fat by bioelectric impedance (BIA). Saliva samples were assayed for testosterone using radioimmunoassay. Overall, both body mass index (BMI) (avg. = 17.8 ± 6.0 kg/m²) and salivary testosterone (T) levels (avg. am value = 176.8 ± 74.8 pmol/l) were low compared to values from Western populations. Comparison of the two subpopulations revealed no significant difference in height, weight, BMI, or lean body mass. However, nomadic males exhibited significantly smaller skinfolds. Evening, but not morning, salivary T values differed between the subpopulations. Age‐related changes in body composition included a significant decline in BMI with age, related to loss of body fat, but with little change in lean body mass. Age‐related declines in BMI and %body fat were more pronounced among the nomadic males. am salivary T values declined with age; again, the decline was significantly greater among nomadic males. pm salivary T levels showed no significant decline with age. When controlled for residence and age, salivary T was positively related to %body fat and WHR ratio, but not lean body mass. These results provide evidence that salivary T is related to acute nutritional status among males in an energetically stressed subsistence population, in accordance with life history theories of somatic allocation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:697–708, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Age-related changes in body composition among Turkana males of Kenya.

To determine if age-related changes in body composition among males from an energetically limited population are similar to those of Western populations, we collected anthropometric data from Turkana pastoral nomads of northern Kenya. Measures included height, weight, and triceps, suprailiac, and subscapular skinfolds. Subjects were 132 nomadic and 90 settled Turkana males, with estimated ages 20+. Skinfold measures were used to calculate both fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat. Results were analyzed by 10-year age groups, using general linear models. Subpopulations did not differ in FFM, but percent body fat was significantly higher among settled males. Age-related changes in FFM were curvilinear, peaking in the 30 s for nomads and 40s for settled males, with a significant decline in men over 60 years of age. Nomadic males show declines in percent body fat from the 20 s onward, while percent body fat among settled males increased across age groups. These results indicate that age-related patterns of FFM in Turkana men are similar to those found in Western populations, but that age-related patterns of adiposity can differ. As such, they suggest that age-related patterns of fat-free mass in men may vary little across populations, while age-related patterns of adiposity are more closely related to environmental conditions.     

Hierarchical differences in body composition of professional Sumo wrestlers

The body composition of 36 professional Sumo wrestlers and 39 collegiate male students were assessed densitometrically. The means of body weight, BMI and %fat for Sumo wrestlers were 117.1 kg, 36.5 and 26.2%, extraordinarily large compared with untrained men (p < 0.001). Results of the analysis of variance of divisions of Sumo wrestlers revealed significant differences in body weight, fat-free mass, fat mass, BMI, fat-free mass index (FFM/height2) and fat mass index (FM/height2). For the visual expression of the hierarchical differences of body composition, fat mass index and fat-free mass index of the wrestlers in various leagues were plotted on a body composition chart. Wrestlers in the Sekitori division had significantly larger fat-free mass index scores in comparison with wrestlers from the lower divisions who share a common area of the chart. The cut-off point of fat-free mass index which divided Sekitori wrestlers from other wrestlers is approximately 30 and this value may be one of the anthropometrical indications of whether or not a Sumo wrestler is destined to be successful.     

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and body composition

Exogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) administration causes significant weight loss in both humans and animal models, but the effects of endogenous CNTF and the CNTF null allele on body composition are not fully understood. A recent study in a European cohort demonstrated a significantly higher body weight and body mass index (BMI) in older males homozygous for the CNTF null allele (A/A genotype). We sought to replicate these findings in three cohorts: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA) consisting of 422 adult men and women (19-90 years); the Study of Osteoporotic Risk in Men (STORM) consisting of 333 older men (50-84 years); and a third sample obtained by combining older males aged 59-73 years from the BLSA and STORM cohorts (n=286). In contrast to the European study, we were unable to detect a significant association between CNTF genotype and body weight in the BLSA (P=0.49), the STORM (P=0.28), or the combined samples (P=0.72). There was also no significant association observed between CNTF genotype and BMI in the BLSA (P=0.59), the STORM (P=0.34) or the combined (P=0.56) samples. In addition, we were unable to detect a significant association between CNTF genotype and total body fat (P=0.95) or fat-free mass (P=0.86) in the BLSA cohort. Our results do not support an effect of the CNTF null allele on body composition, contrary to previous findings.     

Urinary cortisol and muscle mass in Turkana men.

To determine the role of cortisol in modulating the effects of energetics on muscle mass in a subsistence society, measures of cortisol and body composition were obtained from a sample of Turkana men. Subjects were 63 settled and 69 nomadic men, ages 24 and older. Urinary cortisol was determined along with measures of muscle mass. Cortisol/creatinine ratio was higher among nomadic men (57.8 +/- 56.8 vs. 34.5 +/- 44.6; P < 0.001). Controlled for age, urinary cortisol was inversely related to arm muscle plus bone area (MPBA) among the nomadic (beta = -0.28; P = 0.04), but not the settled (beta = -0.04; P = 0.78) sample. Urinary cortisol was not related to any other measures of body composition. These results suggest that even in chronically undernourished populations, cortisol may be elevated primarily under conditions of acute nutritional stress. However, the catabolic effects of cortisol on muscle in our results may be confounded by other energetic factors, including energy availability.     

Age-related changes in testosterone and SHBG among Turkana males.

To determine age-related changes in biologically available testosterone (T) among men in a subsistence society and their relationship to energetic status, T, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and anthropometric measures were compared among nomadic and settled Turkana pastoralists of northern Kenya. Hormonal measures were available for 104 nomadic men and 72 settled men, estimated ages 20-90 years. Comparison of the two subpopulations revealed significantly higher blood T (32.7+/- 15.1 vs. 23.4+/-15.2 nM) and SHBG (53.8+/- 19.5 vs. 39.7+/- 20.nM) but not free testosterone index (FTI) (65.6+/- 39.3 vs.66.3+/- 45.9) among the nomads. Total blood T did not exhibit a significant linear decline with age in either subgroup, while SHBG values showed a significant linear increase among the nomads. When controlled for energetic status, FTI showed a significant decrease with age among the nomads, but not the settled males. Total blood T was negatively associated with waist circumference among the nomads, but not the settled males. FTI showed a marginally significant negative association with waist circumference, suprailiac skinfold, and % body fat among the nomads but no associations with body composition among the settled group. These results add additional evidence that T is related to energetic status under conditions of negative energy balance and suggest that cross-population variation in the slope of age-related declines in free serum T and salivary T may be related to energetic status through the effects of SHBG.     

Body composition and serum levels of adiponectin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-6 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Aim. To investigate differences in body composition and body mass index (BMI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their correlations with serum production of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Methods. The study included 83 patients (age 53±5 years) with RA treated with methotrexate. We determined their BMI, fat mass, and fat-free mass using bioimpedance analysis, and serum concentrations of adiponectin, VEGF, and IL-6 using immunoassay analysis. Results. Normal BMI was found in 39 (47%), overweight and obesity in 26 (31%), and underweight in 18 (22%) patients. Concentration of adiponectin was lower in overweight/obese patients than in patients with normal BMI (2.1 [0.8-3.9] μg/mL vs 8.9 (7.2-11.3) μg/mL). In underweight patients, it was moderately increased (12.7 [9.3-14.8] μg/mL) and the correlation between the concentrations of adiponectin and IL-6 was positive (r=0.4; P=0.01). Concentrations of VEGF and IL-6 were increased in all groups with RA. The overweight/obese group showed a negative correlation between the concentrations of adiponectin and VEGF (r=- 0.34; P=0.04), a positive correlation between VEGF concentration and fat mass (r=0.39; P=0.02), and a negative correlation between adiponectin concentration and fat mass (r=- 0.23; P=0.02). Conclusion. Inflammatory and angiogenesis activation was found in RA patients with all types of body composition, but only in those with obesity and overweight there was a direct antagonism between adiponectin and VEGF. Further research is needed to identify possible regimens of metabolic correction in different variations of body composition.     

Characteristics of body fat, body fat percentage and other body composition for Koreans from KNHANES IV

Accurate measurement of fat mass has become increasingly important with the increasing incidence of obesity. We assessed fat and muscle mass of Koreans with the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (KNHANES IV). We studied 10,456 subjects (aged 20 to 85 yr; 4,476 men, 5,980 women). Fat and muscle mass were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Reference values of body compositions were obtained using the LMS method. The fat mass index (FMI, body fat mass/height(2); kg/m(2)) of Korean men did not correlate with age (P = 0.452), but those of Korean women (P < 0.001) did. The ratio of percentage of fat in the trunk and legs was positively related with age in both the genders. The appendicular lean mass/height(2) (kg/m(2)) of Korean men was negatively related to age (P < 0.001). In women, this ratio increased with age (P < 0.001). When we defined obesity according to the FMI classification, the rates of obesity were 6.1% (FMI > 9 kg/m(2)) in men and 2.7% (FMI > 13 kg/m(2)) in women. It is concluded that the muscle mass decreases and obesity increases with aging in Korean men, whereas both fat mass and obesity increase with aging in Korean women.     

内蒙古蒙古族察哈尔部人体组成成分分析

目的 探讨内蒙古蒙古族察哈尔部的人体组成成分的现状及特点.方法 采用生物电阻抗分析法,对内蒙古蒙古族察哈尔部403(男161,女242)例成人进行人体组成成分的测量.结果 男性躯干脂肪率最高,总体脂率和下肢脂肪率接近,上肢脂肪率最低;女性躯干脂肪率、总体脂率、下肢脂肪率相近,高于上肢脂肪率;男、女性左、右上肢及左、右下...     

Vital capacity in trained and untrained healthy young adults in the Netherlands

Summary Slow inspiratory vital capacity was measured in 226 healthy young adults, aged from 17 to 35 years. The group included 119 men and 107 women, 87 trained subjects, 71 untrained subjects who intended to take part in a training program for competitive rowing, and 68 untrained subjects who never took part in any competitive sport.The vital capacity increased with height, weight, fat-free mass, height×fat-free mass, and height-independent fat-free mass, with men having significantly higher vital capacities than women of the same height or weight. In both males and females vital capacity showed the best relation with height×fat-free mass (correlation coefficients are 0.78 and 0.57 respectively). Multiple regression on vital capacity with height, weight, fat-free mass, height×fat-free mass, height-independent fat-free mass, percentage body fat, and age increased the correlation coefficient only slightly (0.80 and 0.59 respectively).The subjects had vital capacities that were much higher than those predicted for them by equations originating from the USA. There was no difference between the observed vital capacities and those predicted by equations originating from Europe. There is a difference in vital capacity between the European subjects studied and subjects of similar height studied in the USA. This implies that equations derived from subjects in the USA cannot be applied to European subjects.From our results we conclude that vital capacity is not increased by physical activity.We derived one simple equation that can be used to predict the vital capacity for both male and female, trained and untrained young adults, who have a similar genetic background to our subjects.     

广西毛南族群体体成分与血脂和血尿酸的相关性

目的 了解毛南族成年人的体成分与血脂、血尿酸的相关关系,探讨体成分变化对血脂、血尿酸的影响.方法 广西毛南族自治县毛南族村寨毛南族成人584人(男237,女347),年龄20～80岁.用人体测高仪测量身高;用ANITA MC-180仪测量体成分;用日立7600仪测量血脂和血尿酸.所得数据用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进...     

Skeletal differences between black and white men and their relevance to body composition estimates

Skeletal differences exist between closely matched Black and White women, although it is unknown if similar differences also exist between Black and White men after controlling for age, body weight, and stature. The aim of this study was twofold: to test the hypothesis that Black men have greater bone mass, higher bone mineral density, and longer limbs compared to White men of similar age, weight, and height; and second, to establish if ethnic variation in skeletal characteristics has an impact on the models upon which three widely used methods for estimating total body fat are based. Twenty-four healthy Black men were matched by age (±5 years), height (±3 cm), and weight (±2 kg) to 24 healthy White men. Skeletal characteristics and body composition were studied using anatomical and compartment estimates derived by anthropometry, ³H₂O dilution, hydrodensitometry, whole-body ⁴⁰K counting, and dual photon systems. Black men had greater bone mineral mass (P = 0.007), higher bone density (P = 0.054), longer femurs (P = 0.002), longer anthropometric arm and thigh lengths (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively), lower spine to femur ratio (P = 0.004), and similar spine length (P = 0.271) compared to White men. Total body fat and fat-free body mass (FFM) were estimated in the men using a four-compartment model. Black and White men had similar total body fat, K (TBK), water (TBW), and FFM. Density of FFM and TBK/FFM were also similar between Black and White men, suggesting that current two-compartment hydrodensitometry and TBK models for estimating fat may not require adjustments for ethnicity. The TBW/FFM ratio, which is the main assumed steady-state relation for the two-compartment TBW method of estimating fat, was modestly increased (P = 0.05) in Black men (x? ± SD, 0.744 ± 0.018) compared to White men (0.732 ± 0.021). These results confirm that Black and White men differ significantly in some skeletal characteristics and these differences have implications in the study of both osteoporosis and human body composition. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Body water compartments with human aging using fat-free mass as the reference standard.

Forty-five healthy men and women aged 16-39 and 59-89 yr were studied for total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW); intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as the difference (ICW = TBW - ECW). An independent measurement of total body fat by inert gas uptake provided a value (+/- 2%) for fat-free mass (FFB is wt minus body fat). Results agreed with observations by others that TBW and ICW are lower in the aged and lower in women, whether expressed as absolute volumes or per unit of weight, surface area, or height. However, with FFB as the reference standard very different aging trends appeared. TBW/FFB remained constant to our oldest measured subjects (704 +/- 7 ml/kg). ICW/FFB was slightly lower at advanced age, but the 4-5% decrease for each sex was within statistical variability. With age ECW increased slightly and its proportion within the fat-free body (ECW/FFB) was significantly higher. Based upon FFB, the distribution, proportions, and aging trends of body water compartments were similar for men, women, and male rats. Although its potential limitations must be appreciated, the FFB appears widely useful as a reference standard. The stability of ICW volume and of fat-free mass in aging man does not support the hypothesis that cellular mass is lost by healthy mammals with age.     

Fat-free mass as a determinant of left ventricular mass in children: The Muscatine Study

To assess the relationship of somatic growth to heart growth, associations were examined among body composition, blood pressure, androgens, sexual maturation, and left ventricular mass (LVM) during early puberty in 123 children, 7–12 years of age. All subjects underwent anthropometry, random-zero blood pressure measurements, hormone determination of androgens, physician's examination to determine sexual maturation, and echocardiographic examinations. Subjects then repeated these procedures 1 year later. Data were examined cross-sectionally (year 1, year 2) and longitudinally (Δ = year 2 minus year 1). The strongest correlations with LVM were among weight and fat-free mass (FFM) (r = 0.60 to 0.83). In males, cross-sectional predictors of LVM were FFM and stage of sexual maturation (r² = 0.49 to 0.65). Δ LVM was best predicted in males by Δ testosterone and Δ weight (r² = 0.22). In females, FFM was the strongest cross-sectional predictor of LVM (r² = 0.70). Δ LVM was best predicted in females by Δ FFM and Δ height (r² = 0.27). When males and females were pooled, gender did not predict LVM in any of the models. The results suggest that FFM is an important predictor of LVM in circumpubertal children. Boys and girls do not significantly differ in LVM once normalized for FFM. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cultural consonance and adult body composition in urban Brazil.

In previous research in Brazil, we found socioeconomic and gender differences in body mass and percent body fat, consistent with a model in which individuals in higher socioeconomic strata, especially women, could achieve a cultural ideal of body size and shape. In this article, using new data, we examine these processes more precisely using measures of cultural consonance. Cultural consonance refers to the degree to which individuals approximate, in their own beliefs and behaviors, the shared prototypes for belief and behavior encoded in cultural models. We have found higher cultural consonance in several domains to be associated with health outcomes. Furthermore, there tends to be a general consistency in cultural consonance across domains. Here we suggest that measures of body composition can be considered indicators of individuals' success in achieving cultural ideals of the body, and that cultural consonance in several domains will be associated with body composition. Using waist circumference as an outcome, smaller waist size was associated with higher cultural consonance in lifestyle (beta = -0.311, P < 0.01) and higher cultural consonance in the consumption of high prestige foods (beta = -0.260, P < 0.01) for women (n = 161), but not for men (n = 106), controlling for age, family income, tobacco use, and dietary intake of protein and carbohydrates. Similar results were obtained using the body mass index and weight as outcomes, while there were no associations with height. These results help to illuminate the cultural mediation of body composition.     

西藏藏族成人体成分与骨量异常的相关性

目的探讨西藏藏族成人骨强度指数的变化特点,并分析骨量异常与体成分的相关性。方法抽取西藏藏族自治区日喀则市藏族成人560例,采用生物电阻抗分析仪及超声骨密度仪分别测量被研究者体成分各指标及右足跟骨骨强度指数、T值等,采用非条件Logistic回归法分析骨量异常与体成分间的关系。结果西藏藏族男女性成人骨强度指数均在18~30岁达到峰值,之后随年龄增长而下降;50岁以上男女性骨质疏松症检出率分别为7.6%及11.7%;Binary Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(B=0.046,OR=1.047,P0.01)、内脏脂肪量(B=0.452,OR=1.572,P0.05)是西藏藏族成人发生骨量异常的危险因素,而皮下脂肪含量(B=-0.181,OR=0.835,P0.01)及肌肉量(B=-0.055,OR=0.947,P0.05)是骨量异常的保护性因素,腰臀比与骨量异常无相关性。结论西藏藏族50岁以上人群骨质疏松症发病率相对国内其他报道的民族同龄人群较低;内脏脂肪量越高、皮下脂肪量及肌肉量越低者,发生骨量下降及骨质疏松症的危险性越高。     

Assessment of the composition of major body regions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), with special reference to limb muscle mass.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been used to assess and compare the composition of whole body and major body regions in 12 female (weight, 56.9 +/- 6.2 kg; BMI, 17-25 kg m-2) and 16 male (weight, 73.1 +/- 9.6 kg; BMI, 20-28 kg m-2) healthy subjects. Standard deviations (and % coefficients of variation) of the differences between repeated measurements of fat ranged from 0.11 kg (9.0%) for arms to 0.42 kg (3.0%) for whole body; for arm bone mineral, 0.01 kg (2.0%), and for fat-free soft tissue of the whole body, 0.42 kg (0.8%). Limb muscle mass was estimated using a new theoretical model of body composition, and the corresponding precision ranged from 0.15 kg (3.8%) to 0.27 kg (1.5%) for arms and total limb muscle mass, respectively. Proportions of each region consisting of fat were greater in females than in males (range, 20-31% vs. 16-18%), respectively, but the ratio of trunk to leg fat was lower (34:49% vs. 46:38%, respectively). Regional proportions of bone were similar between the sexes (all in the range 2.9-5.6%, for both females and males). Mean total limb muscle masses were 14.2 kg (arms, 2.8 kg; legs, 11.4 kg) for females and 22.2 kg (arms, 4.8 kg; legs, 17.4 kg) for males, which were 33.6% and 36.0% of fat-free mass, respectively. The correlation coefficients between limb muscle (DEXA) and other indices of muscle mass were: for DEXA vs. total body potassium, 0.90 (SEE 1.1 kg muscle mass) to 0.94 (1.6 kg); and for DEXA vs. anthropometry, 0.43 (1.2 kg) to 0.85 (1.3 kg). Those for limb volume (DEXA) vs. anthropometric volume, 0.91 (0.78 1) to 0.94 (1.91 1). It is concluded that DEXA enables the valid and reproducible estimation of fat, fat-free soft tissue, bone, and limb muscle mass.     

Comparison of body size and composition between young adult Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals in the 1980s

Background : Data on body composition of American-born Japanese (Japanese-Americans) are scarce. Studies on differences of body composition between Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals at various stages of life as well as at various times of measurements are useful for understanding the impact of lifestyle changes on body composition in the two societies. Aim : To see the differences in body size and composition between young adult Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals. Subjects and Methods : Body size and composition of 50 Japanese-Americans consisting of 28 males and 22 females ranging in age from 18 to 23 years were compared with Japanese nationals matched for age and height. Body composition was measured using the underwater weighing method. The study was conducted in the 1980s in the USA and Japan. Results : The average percentage body fat of males was 13.7% for both Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals, and that of females was approximately 24% for both groups, even though Japanese-American males and females had significantly greater body weight, fat-free mass, and body mass index than Japanese nationals. Conclusion : Although young adult Japanese-Americans showed larger body size than Japanese nationals, their percentage fat did not differ at this stage of life in the 1980s.     

Effects of weight, body composition, and testosterone on bone mineral density in HIV-infected women

Recent studies suggest that bone loss occurs among HIV-infected women. This study examined the effects of reduced androgen levels, changes in weight, body composition, and menstrual dysfunction on bone mineral density (BMD) among 152 HIV-infected women characterized by normal weight (>90% ideal body weight [IBW], n = 124) and low weight (相似文献   

Independent associations of body-size adjusted fat mass and fat-free mass with the metabolic syndrome in Chinese

Background: Excess fat leads to adverse health outcomes. Most previous studies investigating body fatness using BMI or fat percentage, which contain both fat mass and fat-free mass, were not able to differentiate the exposure.

Aim: The present study assessed the independent association of fat and fat-free mass with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese.

Subjects and methods: A population-based study of 1144 subjects aged 50–70 from urban and rural areas of Shanghai in 2005–2006 was employed. Body composition was measured with DEXA. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria without waist circumference for its high correlation with body composition.

Results: Both FMI and FFMI were significantly related with higher odds of MetS (OR 3.97, 95% CI 2.58–6.09 for FMI; OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.70–4.18 for FFMI, the highest quartile vs the lowest group) after adjusting for age, residence, sex, smoking, drinking, physical activity, medication, family history of chronic diseases, and fat-free mass (for FMI) or fat mass (for FFMI).

Conclusion: Both FMI and FFMI are independently associated with increased MetS risks. Proper expression of body composition is essential in assessing body composition and disease risk association.