颅内胶质瘤手术加放射治疗后18F-FDG PET影像学分析

目的分析颅内胶质瘤手术并放射治疗后18 F-FDG PET影像学特点及临床应用价值。方法选取2008-03—2011-04在我院行颅内胶质瘤手术加放射治疗的50例患者,分别使用18 F-FDG PET和CT检查,比较两种方法的效果。结果 18F-FDG PET影像和CT检查的图像显示效果以及残存肿瘤或复发病灶的检查结果比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术及放射后出现脑损伤的组织与正常脑白质组织的放射性摄取(L/WM)的比值与残存肿瘤或肿瘤复发病灶测定(T/WM)值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 18F-FDG PET检查能够清楚显示出颅内胶质瘤手术并放射治疗后的脑损伤和肿瘤复发情况,具有明显优势。     

PET在胶质瘤间质内放疗后疗效判定中的作用

目的探讨正电子发射断层扫描(PET)在胶质瘤间质内放射治疗后疗效观察及预后评价中的作用。方法对21例胶质瘤病人行131I间质内放射治疗,在治疗后6个月行MRI和18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET随访,并行病理活检,对比分析PET与MRI影像改变与肿瘤疗效及复发的关系。结果9例18F-FDGPET显示为局部病变区葡萄糖代谢增高,肿瘤/白质(T/WM)比值为2.79±0.20;7例显示为放射性缺损,T/WM值为0.81±0.12;5例显示病变区18F-FDG浓聚无明显改变,T/WM值为1.35±0.17。其中假阴性1例,假阳性1例。MRI难以诊断放疗后脑坏死、残存肿瘤或肿瘤复发8例。与病理活检比较,PET诊断准确率为90.5%,MRI为61.9%。结论18F-FDGPET在胶质瘤间质内放疗后区分放射性坏死与肿瘤复发方面较MRI更敏感而准确。     

18F-FDG PET/CT对头颈部肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET/CT在头颈部肿瘤的诊断过程中的临床应用价值.方法 选取自2009-01-2012-01在我院治疗经病理组织检查诊断为头颈部肿瘤的38例患者,对38例头颈部肿瘤患者运用18F-FDG行全身PET/CT扫描,回顾性分析比较PET/CT融合图像、PET图像和CT图像.结果 经过PET/CT的全身扫描38例患者共查找出82处病灶,其中PET可以肯定诊断的病灶有73个,CT可以清楚显示的病灶有32个,而PET能够肯定诊断的而CT不能肯定诊断的病灶有32个,CT可以清楚显示病灶而PET未确定和不能确定的病灶有9个.PET/CT的总检出率 90.67 %,PET/CT的总检出率均高于PET和CT的总检出率.结论 18F-FDG PET/CT在头颈部肿瘤的诊断过程中可提高检出率,有助于早期诊断,对病灶的定位准确性高和有助于TNM的分期,值得临床上大力推广使用.     

PET显像在脑胶质瘤术前评估和神经导航手术中的应用

目的 探讨正电子发射断层扫描(PET)显像在脑胶质瘤术前评估和PET神经导航脑胶质瘤切除术中的价值.方法 50例胶质瘤行18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)、11C-蛋氨酸(11C-MET)PET检查,结果 行视觉和半定量分析,并与病理分级和Ki67标记指数(Ki67LI)进行统计分析.10例胶质瘤在PET导航下行开颅手术.结果 视觉分级:29例高级别胶质瘤中有27例18F-FDG高代谢,21例低级别胶质瘤中19例中、低代谢;除3例低级别胶质瘤表现为11C-MET低代谢外,其余均为高代谢.半定量分析:18F-FDG,除Ⅰ级与Ⅱ级之问无统计学差异外,其余各级间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);11C-MET,只有Ⅱ级与Ⅳ级之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其余均无统计学差异.18F-FDG与11C-MET摄取均与Ki67 LI相关,11C-MET的相关性强于18F-FDG.PET显示脑胶质瘤的位置和边界清晰,并能揭示肿瘤增殖的不均一性,为神经导航提供了准确的肿瘤信息.结论 PET在揭示胶质瘤增值活性和描述肿瘤界限有特殊优势;PET神经导航对提高部分肿瘤全切除率和揭示胶质瘤生物学特性有很高的价值.     

18F-FDG PET/CT检测神经系统副肿瘤综合征疑似患者恶性肿瘤的应用价值

目的 评价2-18F-2-脱氧-β-D-葡萄糖(18F-FDG)PET/CT在疑似神经系统副肿瘤综合征(PNS)患者中检测恶性肿瘤的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院核医学科自2007年6月至2009年12月行18F-FDG PET/CT检查的PNS疑似患者54例的临床资料,结合病理结果分析18F-FDGPET/CT检出恶性肿瘤的阳性率、阳性预测值以及患者的恶性肿瘤标记物和病程对检出率的影响.结果 18F-FDG PET/CT检查阳性17例(31.5%),病理结果证实恶性13例,良性4例,18F-FDG PET/CT的阳性预测值为76.5%;恶性肿瘤检出组和未检出组的病程差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);肿瘤标记物阳性患者恶性肿瘤的检出率明显高于肿瘤标记物正常组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 18F-FDG PET/CT提高了神经系统PNS疑似患者恶性肿瘤的检出率,肿瘤标记物阳性患者的恶性肿瘤的检出率更高.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the value of 2-18F-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose (18F-FDG)PET/CT in malignancy tumor detection of patients suspected as having paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS).Methods The clinical data of 54 patients suspected as having PNS, underwent PET/CT study in our hospital fiom June 2007 to December 2009, were retrospectively analyzed. The efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT on positive detection rate, positive predictive value of malignant tumors and on the detection of malignant tumor markers were analyzed with the results of pathological findings and clinical data;whether the course of disease could affect these detection was also analyzed. Results Positive results of 18F-FDG PET/CT were noted in 17 patients (31.5%), and 13 of them were confirmed as malignant tumors with pathological results. The positive predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT was 76.5%. The durations of patients with malignancies were not different from those of patients without malignancies.PET/CT enjoyed a significantly higher efficacy rate in identifying malignant tumors in patients with elevated tumor markers than in patients with tumor markers in normal range (P＜0.05). Conclusion 18F-FDG PET/CT improves the tumor detection rate in PNS suspects, especially in patients enjoying elevated tumor markers.     

发作间期颞叶癫痫的18F-FDG PET 显像研究

目的：采用诊断试验评价方法评估发作间期^18F-FDG PET显像对颞叶癫痫定性和病业定位的诊断价值，探讨其外科治疗的意义。方法：26例CT或MRI检查正常，经临床及脑电图诊断的颞叶癫痫患者在同期进行发作间期^18F-FDG PET脑显像，图像通过目测和半定量的方法进行分析，PET显示的低代谢区行皮层脑电图（EcoG）或深部脑电图（DEEG）描记以评估^18F-FDG PET检测癫痫灶的特异性，17例定位明确的单侧颞叶癫痫行前颞叶切除术，术手进行随访。2例PET未检出癫痫灶，7例DEEG定位双侧病灶未行手术治疗。结果：26例颞叶癫痫中，发现^18F-FDG PET对癫痫灶检出的灵敏度为92%（24/26），特异度为87%(21/24)。结论：从颞叶癫痫的定性定位诊断来看，发作间期^18F-FDG PET脑显像对癫痫灶的检出率较高，但^18F-FDG PET显示的低代谢区与癫痫灶的位置并非完全重叠，尚需要其他的诊断措施加以肯定，^18F-FDG PET和皮层脑电图或深部脑电图对癫痫病灶定位的一致性是手术成功的关键。     

脑部病变X刀术后影像学表现及其病理学基础

目的研究X刀治疗后颅内疾病影像学表现与术前病灶对比评价疗效及病灶病理学检查.方法用X刀治疗颅内疾病共200例,其中7例在X刀术后3～40个月进行手术治疗,其中胶质瘤6例,血管畸形1例.结果7例X刀治疗后手术中发现和病理表现,发现肿瘤细胞坏死、变性比较明显.我们也发现X刀治疗后3个月内手术的患者手术中病灶边界较清楚,病灶组织坏死明显,质地略硬,呈灰白褐色,血供不丰富,容易手术切除.结论我们通过对X刀术后影像学随访和X刀术后切除的病灶病理学检查,发现某些病灶增大和异常强化不一定是肿瘤增大或复发,而X刀术的反应.在X刀治疗后期,主要表现病灶组织坏死、脱髓鞘病变,疤痕形成,胶质细胞增生,表现边界不清的斑片状强化,这些病理改变也可累及部分周边脑组织.CT和MRI影像学检查难以与肿瘤复发鉴别,需要定期复查或进行PET扫描.     

脑胶质瘤术后CT及MRI评估分析

目的 探讨胶质瘤术后不同时期CT和MRI影像学特征，以期确切评估肿瘤切除程度。方法 随机对46例胶质瘤患于术后3d、2周、3月分别进行CT和MRI检查并对比研究。结果 提示胶质瘤术后早期CT和MRI能准确反映颅内手术情况，而中、晚期因其出现非肿瘤组织强化反应，极易与肿瘤残存相混淆，影响判断。结论 术后不同时期常规进行CT和MRI扫描，可早期明确胶质瘤残留与否和复发，对判断预后有重要意义。     

^13N-NH3PET在星形细胞瘤术后复发与放疗损伤鉴别中的意义

目的初步探讨^13氮-氨（^13N-NH3）正电子发射断层显像（PET）在脑星形细胞瘤术后鉴别诊断的意义。方法27例脑星形细胞瘤患者,术后全部做了^13N-NH3PET,所有患者均有MRI检查结果,并且通过手术病理、穿刺活检获得了临床最终诊断。分别进行定性和定量分析,至少在三个断面同一位置连续两帧以上出现高度或中度摄取为阳性,无摄取或相对低的摄取为阴性;同时测定病灶/脑白质（L/WM）比值。结果14例肿瘤复发患者13N-NH3PET显像阳性,13例脑组织放疗损伤或坏死的患者13N-NH3PET显像阴性。复发瘤灶组织L/WM值为1.77～1.96（1.87±0.10）;放疗损伤或坏死灶L/WM值为0.67～0.91（0.80±0.13）;两组之间有统计学差异。同期MRI诊断复发阳性率为85.7%,放疗损伤或坏死的阳性率为76.9%。结论^13N-NH3PET显像在脑星形细胞瘤术后复发与放疗损伤或坏死的鉴别中有优势。     

PET在颅内恶性胶质瘤治疗后疗效观察及预后评价中的作用

目的　探讨正电子发射断层扫描（ＰＥＴ）在恶性胶质瘤治疗后疗效观察及预后评价中的作用。方法　观察３２ 例手术加放疗后追加立体定向放射外科治疗的颅内恶性胶质瘤患者的ＣＴ、ＭＲ及ＰＥＴ影像改变,并经手术病理及随访来分析ＰＥＴ 显像与肿瘤治疗后疗效及预后的关系。结果　ＰＥＴ所显示病灶区的ＦＤＧ代谢与肿瘤复发密切相关,代谢越高,复发的可能越大。ＦＤＧ－ＰＥＴ指数（肿瘤／白质）与生存期呈正相关。结论　ＰＥＴ可以帮助区分恶性胶质瘤治疗后的放射性坏死与复发,并可较准确地评价预后。     

荧光素钠在高级别胶质瘤手术价值的研 究简

目的评价荧光素钠指导高级别脑胶质瘤手术切除的准确性。方法回顾性分析50例高级别脑胶质瘤病例资料,术前行增强MRI检查,术中在荧光素钠染色下指导手术切除肿瘤,术后行增强MRI、MRS检查,测量并比较胶质瘤术后术腔壁（a区）、肿瘤侧正常脑组织（b区）及对侧相应区域正常脑组织（c区）的Cho／Cr值及差异。结果a区分别与b区、c区比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．b区与c区比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在高级别胶质瘤手术中,严格按照荧光素钠的染色范围切除肿瘤,不能全切除肿瘤,需在不影响功能的前提下扩大切除。     

18F－FDGPET／CT显像对颞叶癫痫灶定位的价值

目的探讨以18氟-2-脱氧葡萄糖为显影剂的正电子发射断层扫描／计算机断层成像（18F-FDGPET／CT）对颞叶癫痫（TLE）灶的定位价值。方法本研究回顾分析被确诊为TLE的24例患者的临床资料,将术前18F-FDGPET／CT、MRI、视频脑电图（VEEG）与术中颅内电极脑电图和术后病理学检查结果进行对比研究。结果24例TLE患者中,18F-FDGPET／CT准确定位致痫灶21例,MRI准确定位10例,VEEG准确定位10例。18F-FDGPET／CT对TLE致痫灶的敏感性为87．5％（21／24）,其中对内侧颢叶癫痫（MTLE）致痫灶为88．9％（16／18）,对外侧颞叶癫痫（LTLE）致痫灶为83．3％（5／6）。MRI对TLE致痫灶的敏感性为41．7％（10／24）,其中对MTLE致痫灶为55．5％（10／18）,对LTLE致痫灶为0。VEEG对TLE致痫灶的敏感性为41．7％（10／24）,其中对MTLE致痫灶为50．5％（9／18）,对LTLE致痫灶为16．7（1／6）。18F-FDGPET／CT对TLE（包括MTLE和LTME）致痫灶的敏感性均显著高于MRI和VEEG（P〈0．05）,而MRI和VEEG对TLE致痫灶的敏感性无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论18F-FDGPET／CT对于TLE致痫灶定位具有独特的优势。     

氢质子磁共振波谱对胶质瘤放疗后复发和放射性脑损伤的鉴别价值

目的 探讨氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)对胶质瘤放疗后复发和放射性脑损伤的鉴别诊断价值.方法 选择胶质瘤术后均行放射性治疗的病人27例,经常规MRI复查不能区分胶质瘤放疗后复发或放射性脑损伤,均采用IH-MRS检查,对比分析胶质瘤放疗后复发或放射性脑损伤的相应脑组织N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)和胆碱(Cho)等的代谢规律.结果 经1H-MRS诊断,胶质瘤放疗后复发14例,放射性脑损伤9例,胶质瘤放疗后复发合并放射性脑损伤4例.1H-MRS影像表现:脑胶质瘤放疗后复发:Cho上升,NAA下降,Cho/Cr比值升高;放射性脑损伤:Cho、NAA、Cr均较低.结论 1H-MRS对判断脑胶质瘤放疗后脑损伤或肿瘤复发有重要意义.     

多参数影像技术在脑活检手术的应用

目的探讨多种影像学技术共同确定脑活检手术靶点的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析20例脑内病变并行活检手术的病例资料。术前均行18F-脱氧葡萄糖（18F—FDG）PET、CT和MRI检查。术前将PET、CT和MRJ图像进行融合,综合确定活检部位,术中在多参数影像引导下完成脑内病变活检术。结果术后病理诊断：胶质瘤15例（WHOIV级5例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅱ级6例）,淋巴瘤3例,生殖细胞瘤1例,血管炎性病变1例。PET确定的活检部位与MRI相符9例,单纯依赖PET确定活检部位7例．综合确定活检部位4例。术后病人均未出现新的神经功能损害。结论多参数影像辅助技术可帮助确定脑内病变活检部位,得到准确病理诊断．为下一步治疗奠定基础。     

CHO PET功能显像:脑胶质瘤诊断和优化放化疗方案

目的 11碳-胆碱正电子发射断层扫描(11C-Choline PET/CT,CHO-PET)功能显像在脑胶质瘤诊断和优化放化疗治疗方案中的作用.方法 分析2008年1月至2009年6月经术后病理确诊的23例(其中WHO Ⅱ级9例、Ⅲ级9例、Ⅳ级5例)脑胶质瘤患者的CHO-PET功能显像结果,与同期MRI结构影像结果相比较,依据CHO-PET显像肿瘤生物靶区(BTV)优化放化疗治疗方案.结果 ①CHO-PET功能显像的病变靶区与正常脑组织对比度良好,肿瘤边界更清晰;②CHO-PET功能显像改变了10例(43.5%)患者的诊断及靶区范围,包换术后放疗前患者5例(31.3%);放疗后患者5例(71.4%).其中1例(Ⅲ级)肿瘤靶区(GTV)范围增大而扩大GTV放疗;1例(Ⅱ级)肿瘤复发,改定期复查为化疗;4例(Ⅱ级)术后肿瘤残留,改临床肿瘤靶区(CTV)放疗为CTV+GTV放疗;4例(1例Ⅲ级;3例Ⅱ级)未见肿瘤复发,改化疗为定期复查;③ CHO-PET对WHO Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者治疗方案的改变率分别为88.9%(8/9)、22.2%(2/9)、0(0/5);④ MRI对高级别胶质瘤患者(WHO III、Ⅳ级)的诊断符合率为85.7%(12/14).结论 CHO-PET功能显像对脑胶质瘤病变显示清楚,肿瘤边界清晰;有利于WHO II、III级患者的诊断;有利于优化治疗方案;有利于疗效的判断以及肿瘤复发与坏死的鉴别诊断.     

Identification of early recurrence of primary central nervous system tumors by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

As aggressive neurosurgery and adjuvant therapy have become standard care for most patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, limitations of posttreatment neuroimaging techniques have become more apparent. Interpretation of computed cranial tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with brain tumors is complicated by changes related to surgery, corticosteroids, radiation, and chemotherapy. We investigated the role of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in these difficult diagnostic situations by obtaining FDG-PET scans in 5 patients following temporal lobectomy for epilepsy, in 5 patients with recurrent anaplastic gliomas before and after corticosteroid therapy, and in 5 patients after the development of histologically confirmed radionecrosis. We also obtained postoperative FDG-PET scans in 32 consecutive patients undergoing initial resection of a primary brain tumor. Our results indicate that glucose uptake as detected by FDG-PET scanning with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose is not increased in the postoperative period; is not affected by steroid therapy; and accurately predicts early recurrence of tumor, supplementing other predictors of tumor behavior, including extent of resection, histological diagnosis, and postoperative CT. Thus PET using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose can contribute to the optimum management of patients with primary brain tumors.     

Imaging in neurooncology

Imaging in patients with brain tumors aims toward the determination of the localization, extend, type, and malignancy of the tumor. Imaging is being used for primary diagnosis, planning of treatment including placement of stereotaxic biopsy, resection, radiation, guided application of experimental therapeutics, and delineation of tumor from functionally important neuronal tissue. After treatment, imaging is being used to quantify the treatment response and the extent of residual tumor. At follow-up, imaging helps to determine tumor progression and to differentiate recurrent tumor growth from treatment-induced tissue changes, such as radiation necrosis. A variety of complementary imaging methods are currently being used to obtain all the information necessary to achieve the abovementioned goals. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveal mostly anatomical information on the tumor, whereas magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography (PET) give important information on the metabolic state and molecular events within the tumor. Functional MRI and functional PET, in combination with electrophysiological methods like transcranial magnetic stimulation, are being used to delineate functionally important neuronal tissue, which has to be preserved from treatment-induced damage, as well as to gather information on tumor-induced brain plasticity. In addition, optical imaging devices have been implemented in the past few years for the development of new therapeutics, especially in experimental glioma models. In summary, imaging in patients with brain tumors plays a central role in the management of the disease and in the development of improved imaging-guided therapies.     

弥散张量成像在胶质瘤术前评估中的应用

目的探讨磁共振弥散张量成像在胶质瘤术前评估中的价值。方法对19例经病理证实胶质瘤的患者术前进行弥散张量成像，观察白质纤维束与肿瘤的关系，测量肿瘤实质区和周边水肿区的FA值。结果颅内胶质瘤所致白质纤维异常有三种基本改变：移位、浸润和破坏。19例中10例移位伴破坏，5例单纯浸润，4例浸润伴破坏；肿瘤的实质区和周边水肿区的FA值与对侧大脑白质FA值相比较存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。肿瘤的实质区和周边水肿区FA值之间无统计学显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论弥散张量成像技术可以显示胶质瘤与周围白质纤维束的关系，FA值不能区分肿瘤实质与周边水肿区。     

Positron emission tomography imaging of brain tumors

A wide variety of metabolic features of brain tumors can be imaged using PET, including glucose metabolism, blood flow, oxygen consumption, amino acid metabolism, and lipid synthesis. Currently, FDG is the most widely available PET tracer for body imaging and brain imaging. Malignant brain tumors, like many other soft tissue tumors, show increased glucose metabolism, which is reflected on FDG-PET imaging. FDG-PET imaging of brain tumors provides information on tumor grade and prognosis. Compared with other organ systems, FDG-PET imaging of the brain presents unique challenges because of the high background glucose metabolism of normal gray matter structures. Coregistration of the MRI (or CT) and FDG-PET images is essential for accurate evaluation of brain tumors and is performed routinely at the authors' institution. The heterogeneous nature of gliomas can result in significant sampling errors when patients are biopsied for primary tumor diagnosis or recurrent disease. FDG-PET can be used to define the most metabolically active targets for stereotactic biopsy. This in turn can improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the number of biopsy samples required. FDG-PET is also useful for evaluating residual or recurrent tumor following therapy, and can be used to survey patients with low-grade brain tumors for evidence of degeneration into high-grade malignancy. In the case of suspected tumor recurrence or progression, PET can aid in defining appropriate targets for biopsy. One limitation of FDG-PET is the occasional inability to distinguish radiation necrosis from recurrent high-grade tumor. A second limitation is that FDG-PET is less sensitive than contrast-enhanced MRI for detecting intracranial metastases, and it is the authors' experience that brain studies should not be included as part of routine whole-body PET studies. Other tracers, such as 11C-methionine and FCH, also avidly accumulate in brain tumors and have the advantage of low background cortical activity. The relationship between degree of uptake of these agents and tumor grade is not established. These tracers may be useful in specific clinical situations, however, such as tumor localization for treatment planning or evaluation of low-grade tumors.     

发作间期癫痫灶的~(18)F-FDG PET/CT显像研究

目的 探讨~(18)F-FDG PET/CT对发作间期癫痫灶定性定位诊断价值.方法 病人空腹4-6 h以上,空腹血糖3.9～6.1 mmol/L,肘静脉注射显像剂~(18)F-FDG0.12 mCi/kg体质量,平静休息40 min后行脑部PET3D及CT断层显像,层厚3.75 mm,PET图像行衰减校正及迭代法重建多层面,多幅显示,连续两个层面以上肉眼可辨的放射性改变(低代谢、高代谢区)为癫痫灶.同时根据癫痫灶对放射性示踪剂的摄取进行半定量测定.对于多发癫痫灶采用痫灶部位及对侧同一部位SUVmax与小脑SUVmax相比.每个病人开颅后根据术前脑电、PET/CT结果行颅内电极(条状脑皮质电极、脑深部电极)监测癫痫灶的脑电情况,证实~(18)F-FDG PET/CT结果.结果 38例患者中37例检出癫痫灶,术中脑电证实癫痫灶部位较准确,1例颞叶癫痫未检出.单痫灶较多痫灶准确.结论 ~(18)F-FDG PET/CT是一种无创伤性、高度灵敏、较有效的癫痫灶定位方法.