鼻胆管引流对内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的预防结果

目的:探讨鼻胆管引流用于预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎的临床效果。方法:将120例拟行ERCP的患者随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各60例。对照组患者在ERCP后,未给予鼻胆管引流;试验组患者在ERCP后,给予鼻胆管引流。分别在术后3、12、24 h测定2组患者血清淀粉酶水平,比较2组患者高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的发生率。结果:试验组和对照组患者的性别、年龄等差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组高淀粉酶血症发生率为10%,显著低于对照组(26.7%),P0.01;试验组胰腺炎发生率为3.33%,显著低于对照组(11.67%),P0.05。试验组术后3、12、24 h血清淀粉酶水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:ERCP术后行鼻胆管引流可有效预防高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的发生,值得推广。     

鼻胆管引流术在预防老年逆行胰胆管造影后急性胰腺炎中的应用

目的:探讨老年患者治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胰腺的损害情况,观察内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)对ERCP术后胰腺炎发生的影响及护理。方法:选取同期我院患有胆总管结石、十二指肠乳头良性狭窄等良性病变的79例老年患者,其中ENBD组36例,常规治疗组43例,分别在ERCP术后12、24、48、72 h检测血清淀粉酶,同时密切观测腹痛情况,必要时行上腹部超声或CT检查,计算各组急性胰腺炎的发生情况和淀粉酶并做比较。结果:ENBD组急性胰腺炎患者的发生率显著低于常规治疗组,对于各组无ERCP术后胰腺炎的患者的血清淀粉酶的水平进行比较,术后12、24 h,ENBD组非胰腺炎患者的淀粉酶水平显著低于常规治疗组(P<0.05),两组48、72 h比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:ENBD能显著减少老年患者ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生及高淀粉酶血症。     

内镜鼻胆管引流术预防逆行胰胆管造影术后并发症的观察及护理

[目的]观察内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)术后急性胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的效果。[方法]对我科2010年1月—2011年12月胆总管结石行ERCP取石术的病人60例,其中ENBD组30例,常规治疗组30例,观察两组术后6h及24h高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的发生率。[结果]ENBD组术后6h、24h的血清淀粉酶分别为(106.7±22.1)U/L和(121.7±33.9)U/L,明显低于常规治疗组(195.3±76.0)U/L和(225.8±99.1)U/L;ENBD组发生5例高淀粉酶血症、1例急性胰腺炎,常规治疗组分别为12例和7例,两组发生率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]ENBD能有效预防胆总管结石病人ERCP术后急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

支架胆管引流在内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗胆总管结石中的应用

目的:探讨单猪尾胰管塑料支架胆管引流在内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)治疗胆总管结石中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析同济大学附属东方医院2014年10月至2016年10月ERCP治疗的胆总管结石患者105例的临床资料。根据胆管引流方式的不同分为支架组(n=38)和常规组(n=67)。支架组患者采用ERCP+十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)/内镜下十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation,EPBD)+取石+单猪尾胰管支架胆管内引流;常规组患者采用ERCP+EST/EPBD+取石+ENBD。比较两组患者术后急性胰腺炎(post-ERCP acute pancreatitis,PEP)的发生情况;观察支架组胰管支架脱落、内镜下支架取出等情况。结果:支架组患者PEP发生率为13.1%(5/38),常规组患者PEP发生率为14.9%(10/67),差异无统计学意义。支架组中有3例患者术后第1天支架从胆道脱落,1例因上腹部不适于术后3d拔除支架,8例术后2周仍未脱落,遂经内镜成功取出;其余26例患者于术后2周内支架脱落并经消化道自行排出体外,未发生消化道梗阻、出血及穿孔等严重并发症。结论:胆总管结石行ERCP治疗后,可应用单猪尾胰管塑料支架行胆管内引流以预防PEP的发生,降低PEP的严重程度。胰管支架多可自行脱落,安全排出,无严重并发症。     

马来酸曲美布汀对内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺损伤影响的随机对照研究

目的探讨马来酸曲美布汀对内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后胰腺损伤发病率的影响及安全性。方法入选我院自2012年6至12月收治的拟施行ERCP患者72例。患者随机分为马来酸曲美布汀组（n=36）和对照组（n=36）。术前60 min两组患者分别口服马来酸曲美布汀200 mg及安慰剂（维生素C0.2 g）。观察ERCP术后血清淀粉酶水平及胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症发生情况,观察术后腹痛黄疸情况及不良反应。结果马来酸曲美布汀组血清淀粉酶低于对照组,术后2 h两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.037）。72例中,ERCP术后急性胰腺炎（PEP）发生率为6.94%（5例）,高淀粉酶血症发生率为26.4%（19例）。其中,胰腺炎的发生率,马来酸曲美布汀组低于对照组（5.6%vs.8.3%）,但差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.687,P=0.134）。高淀粉酶血症的发生率,马来酸曲美布汀组低于对照组（19.4%vs.33.3%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.016,P=0.025）。马来酸曲美布汀组ERCP术后腹痛分级明显低于对照组,两组差异有显著性（P=0.008）。马来酸曲美布汀组ERCP术后直接胆红素（DBIL）与对照组同期比较有下降,差异有统计学意义（P=0.047）。但ERCP术后胆管炎发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.178）。两组均未出现严重不良反应。结论 ERCP术前口服马来酸曲美布汀对降低术后高淀粉酶血症的发生有益;并能辅助减轻腹痛。马来酸曲美布汀药物安全性好。     

生长抑素预防治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的:探讨生长抑素(和宁)对治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的预防作用。方法:行治疗性ERCP患者共164例分为两组,生长抑素组76例,术前30min开始静滴生长抑素(生理盐水1000mL加生长抑素6mg维持24h静滴)。对照组88例,同样在同一时间内静滴不加生长抑素的相同量的液体。分别于术前、术后6h、术后24h测定血清淀粉酶,同时观察胰腺炎的临床表现。结果:生长抑素组术后6h血清淀粉酶水平明显较对照组低,分别为(175.13±140.48)IU/L、(304.81±232.94)IU/L(P<0.01),生长抑素组24h血清淀粉酶水平也明显较对照组低,分别为(113.34±100.12)IU/L、(201.09±180.50)IU/L(P<0.01)。术后6h高淀粉酶血症发生率两组分别为32.9%、48.9%(P<0.05),术后24h高淀粉酶血症发生率两组分别为13.2%、27.3%(P<0.01)。生长抑素组及对照组治疗性ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率分别为1.3%、8.0%(P<0.05)。结论:生长抑素对治疗性ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎有预防作用。     

鼻胆管引流预防治疗性ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症

目的　探讨内镜鼻胆管引流术预防治疗性ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的效果。方法　 14 0例治疗性ERCP术后有胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症可能的病人。 5 4例高危病人术后置鼻胆管引流 ,与 86例非引流病人对照 ,观察术后 2h \2 4h血清淀粉酶值、高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎发生率。结果　两组病人术后 2h血清淀粉酶值分别为 (170 .6 8± 116 .4 5 )和 (2 75 .84± 333.11) (P <0 .0 5 ) ,高淀粉酶血症分别为 9.2 6 %和2 6 .74 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,急性胰腺炎发生率分别为 0与 6 .98% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,均具有显著差异 ;术后 2 4h血清淀粉酶值分别为 (2 34.4 7± 4 37.0 8)和 (349.4 9± 5 0 4 .5 2 ) (P >0 .0 5 ) ,胰管显影率分别为 39%和 34% (P >0 .0 5 ) ,均无显著差异。结论　内镜鼻胆管引流能有效预防治疗性ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症。     

鼻胆管引流防治经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胆管炎的临床研究

目的 探讨经内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)对于防治内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)术后胆管炎的临床应用价值.方法 依据6项病例筛选标准,将2003年3月～2008年8月804例行ERCP术的患者随机分成A、B两组,A组(n=421)于术后均行ENBD,B组(n=383)均未行ENBD,比较两组ERCP术后胆管炎的情况.结果 A、B两组患者ERCP术后胆管炎的例数分别为5例(1.2%)、24例(6.3%).A组中单纯性胆管炎4例,均经非手术治疗痊愈;重症胆管炎(ACST)1例(0.2%),行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)后仍因并发多器官功能衰竭(MOF)而死亡.B组中单纯性胆管炎15例,ACST 9例(2.3%),行手术治疗13例,4例(1.0%)出现ACST后并发MOF而死亡.A、B两组间ERCP术后胆管炎发生率比较(χ2=14.878,P<0.01)及ACST发生率比较(X2=5.667,P=0.017)差异有显著性,死亡率比较(χ2=1.009,P=0.315)差异无显著性.结论 ENBD能有效防治ERCP术后胆管炎,对于存在ERCP术后胆管炎危险因素及年老体弱者尤为必要.     

奥曲肽预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的临床观察

内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）目前已成为肝胆胰疾病有效的诊治方法,随着ERCP的广泛开展,其并发的急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症越来越受到临床医师的重视。由于其增加患者痛苦,增加住院天数及费用,甚至危及患者生命,因此如何有效地预防其发生成为一个重要的临床研究内容。     

胰管塑料支架和/或鼻胆管引流在内镜逆行胰胆管造影术选择性胆管插管困难时的应用研究

目的探讨胰管塑料支架和/或鼻胆管引流在胆总管结石患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)选择性胆管插管困难(DSBC)时的应用。方法回顾性分析57例ERCP术中DSBC的胆总管结石患者的临床资料,将患者分为胰管塑料支架组、鼻胆管引流组、胰管塑料支架+鼻胆管引流组,观察其手术成功率、术后并发胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症或其他并发症的发生率,对比分析3组间的差异。结果接受ERCP的57例患者中,胰管塑料支架组13例患者,手术成功2例(15.4%),高淀粉酶血症1例(7.7%),术后胰腺炎2例(15.4%),发热1例(7.7%),出血1例(7.7%);鼻胆管引流组20例患者,手术成功20例(100.0%),无高淀粉酶血症及术后胰腺炎,无出血及发热等并发症的发生;胰管塑料支架+鼻胆管引流组24例患者1次ERCP手术成功19例(79.2%),2次ERCP成功5例(20.8%),4例出现高淀粉酶血症(16.7%),2例出现出血(8.3%),无发热及术后胰腺炎。3组间比较术后胰腺炎的发生和手术成功率差异有统计学意义。结论 ERCP术中DSBC的患者可通过放置胰管支架和/或鼻胆管引流术提高手术的成功率,减少胰腺炎的发生。     

内镜下鼻胆管引流的临床应用

2002年11月～2002年3月我院经十二指肠镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)治疗胆胰疾病67例，取得良好的效果。现就临床应用价值分析如下。     

经内镜下鼻胆管引流术34例临床报道

目的 探讨内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)在临床应用的价值.方法 对该院内镜下鼻胆管引流术34例患者的资料加以总结分析.ENBD方法 是结合ERCP显示病变部位,经造影插入斑马导丝至病变上方扩张的胆管部位,导丝达到满意位置后退出导管,留置导丝,沿导丝边插入引流管,将鼻胆管从口中引出,再经鼻腔将鼻导管引出,在X线下进一步调整鼻胆管在十二指肠及胃内位置,妥善固定后行持续负压引流,接上引流袋,每天记录胆汁引流量及性状,鼻胆管放置2～4周,2周左右行鼻胆管造影,如临床无症状,血尿淀粉酶已正常,经夹管后无反应,予拔管.如造影有残余结石或夹管后有症状者,再次行ERCP和EST术取石.结果 该组34例均置管成功,未出现并发症.胆源性胰腺炎患者单行ENBD 10例,11例行EST术后放置鼻胆引流管,取出蛔虫2例,结石8例.急性化脓性胆管炎7例,均在发病24～36 h内行ENBD,其中4例单行ENBD,3例行EST术后放置鼻胆引流管,患者腹痛迅速减轻或消失,体温降至正常,白细胞明显下降,其中3例出现中毒性休克,在抗休克同时行ENBD,一经引流,症状逐渐减轻,血压在6～24h恢复正常,未出现肝肾功能不全,其有效率为100%.胰胆肿瘤2例,经ENBD术后,改善了患者一般状况及肝功能,提高了手术耐受力.结论 ENBD能使感染胆汁直接引流出来,迅速解除胆道梗阻,缓解临床症状,鼻胆管能使乳头开口保持通畅,防止取石不净引起部分残余结石的嵌顿,并消除胆胰反流的发生,降低胰管压力,减少胰腺炎发生,在胆胰疾病治疗中疗效确切,值得推广应用.     

护理干预对内镜下鼻胆管有效引流的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对内镜下鼻胆管有效引流的影响。方法：为干预组患者妥善固定鼻胆管,低压冲洗保持通畅、加强对引流液性状的观察和提供身心两方面的舒适护理,并与对照组比较。结果：干预组鼻胆管保持有效引流的效果明显,与对照组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）．结论：通过有针对性的护理干预措施,确保鼻胆管的有效引流,使患者早日康复。     

Septicemia after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Clinical and bacteriological data from 55 patients who developed septicemia within 3 days after ERCP were collected. Forty-four patients presented with septicemia after therapeutic endoscopy, with incomplete drainage in forty, eight after diagnostic ERCP performed in obstructed bile ducts in another center and not followed by endoscopic therapy, and three with a normal common bile duct after diagnostic ERCP. The incidence of septicemia is significantly higher in cases of malignant obstruction than in benign obstruction (21% vs 3%; p less than 0.01), due mainly to the problems of drainage associated with tumoral infiltration. Forty-eight patients (87%) had incomplete bile duct drainage when they developed septicemia, and among the seven remaining cases, 3 had cholecystitis and 3 abscesses in the biliopancreatic area. Previous diagnostic ERCP without drainage was also clearly associated with septicemia after therapeutic ERCP. The most commonly isolated bacteria from blood and bile cultures were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. P. aeruginosa was observed mainly in patients referred from other centers after previous diagnostic ERCP, and was unusual in patients without previous ERCP. It is associated with problems in the disinfection of the scopes. Six deaths were attributed to sepsis, always in patients with incomplete biliary drainage which could not be improved. In most of the cases, septicemia after ERCP is related to incomplete bile duct drainage, and in some cases, to biliopancreatic infected collections. Careful disinfection of the endoscopes and other endoscopic devices is mandatory to avoid an unacceptably high rate of P. aeruginosa infection.     

Nursing implications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

The development of therapeutic endoscopic procedures over the past 20 years has been phenomenal. From the visualization of bile and pancreatic ducts years ago, technology has progressed to complex sphincterotomies, stenting and removal of common duct stones. Nurses working with these patients after these procedures need physical assessment skills and a knowledge base of both the therapeutic endoscopic procedures and the complications associated with the procedures.     

Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and nasobiliary drainage in the management of postoperative biliary leak

In order to assess the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in evaluating the patients with post-operative biliary leak and of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage in its management, 36 patients with biliary leak seen over a period of 9 years were studied. Thirty-two had biliary leak following cholecystectomy, 3 following repair of liver trauma and 1 following choledochoduodenostomy. Patients presented at an interval of 4 days to 210 days (mean +/- SEM, 32.4 +/- 6.7 days) following laparotomy. Hyperbilirubinemia was noticed in only 13 patients (36.1%), while abdominal ultrasonogram showed ascites or biloma in 24 (66.7%). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed the leak to involve the common bile duct in 55.6%, cystic duct in 33.3% and intrahepatic biliary radicles in 8.3%. Associated lesions included bile duct obstruction due to stricture or accidental ligature in 20%, bile duct stone in 20% and liver abscess in 2.8%.Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage using a 7 Fr pig-tail catheter was attempted in 14 patients and could be established in 12 of them. Bile duct leak sealed in all but one of these 12 patients after an interval of 3 days to 40 days (mean +/- SEM, 12.2 +/- 3.2 days). A single patient with large defect and a proximal bile duct stricture did not respond and required surgery. Common bile duct stones were removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy in 3 out of 4 patients. One patient with large stone required surgical choledocholithotomy. In conclusion, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was safe and useful in confirming the presence of leak as well as its site, size and associated abnormalities. Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage proved an effective therapy in post-operative biliary leak and could avoid re-exploration in 71.4% patients.     

Problems in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Diagnostic problems occurred in five out of 55 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography who subsequently proved to have carcinoma of the pancreas. In one patient the pancreatic duct was normal, two had non-specific ductal abnormalities, one had pancreas divisum, and one had ductal ectasia. Two patients with non-specific changes on retrograde pancreatography had evidence of tumor on their retrograde cholangiogram. Two patients had ductal obstruction simulating pancreatic cancer, in one due to compression by the thoracic spine, in the other by inflammatory changes.     

Detection of pancreatic pathology by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Retrospective evaluation of the results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and pancreatic ultrasonography in identifying those patients with a normal pancreas and those with a pancreatic abnormality revealed ultrasonography to have an overall accuracy of approximately 73%, whereas ERCP had an 85% accuracy, and both modalities had a combined accuracy of 92%. Both procedures were most accurate in the identification of patients with no disease, and both were least accurate in the identification of patients with chronic pancreatitis.