八肽胆囊收缩素在吗啡依赖及戒断大鼠相关脑区的表达变化

目的:探究慢性吗啡依赖及戒断大鼠相关脑区八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)表达的变化。方法:利用Wistar大鼠建立慢性吗啡依赖及戒断模型,分为对照组(control)、吗啡依赖组(MOR)、纳洛酮催促戒断组(NAL)。Gellert-Holtzman评分评价吗啡成瘾及戒断程度,采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术分别检测相关脑区CCK-8蛋白及CCK mRNA表达的变化。结果:戒断组Gellert-Holtzman评分与对照组和吗啡依赖组比较显著增加;前额叶皮质(PFC)、黑质致密部(SNc)、中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)CCK-8及CCK mRNA表达依赖组较对组明显升高,戒断后表达下降;杏仁核、蓝斑(LC)吗啡依赖后CCK-8及CCK mRNA表达较对照组显著增高,海马齿状回(PoDG)、杏仁核、LC戒断后较依赖组表达进一步升高;尾壳核(CPU)、伏隔核(NAc)、中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)未检测到CCK-8及CCK mRNA的表达。结论:CCK-8参与了大鼠吗啡依赖与戒断过程并具有脑区特异性。     

大鼠中缝背核参与NO介导的脊髓对吗啡依赖和戒断的调节

目的:探索大鼠脑干内神经核团中缝背核(dorsal raphe nucleus,DRN)在吗啡依赖和戒断形成过程中的作用及其机制。方法:雄性成年SD大鼠、(260±20)g,随机分为戒断组,依赖组,生理盐水组,纳洛酮组和抑制剂组。建立吗啡依赖与戒断并进行行为学观测评分后取材相关部位,连续冠状冰冻切片,神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuron nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)免疫组织化学标记。计数各组动物相同层面脑片和脊髓背角nNOS标记细胞的表达情况。结果:戒断组大鼠,戒断症状及总评分较对照组和依赖组大鼠差异显著(P<0.01);给NOS抑制剂组戒断症状评分较戒断组明显降低(P<0.05)。生理盐水组和纳洛酮组于中缝背核相应区域计数到部分nNOS标记神经元,但两但间无显著性差异(P<0.05);依赖组与戒断组大鼠nNOS标记神经元计数明显增加(P<0.05);而NOS抑制剂组大鼠nNOS标记神经元数量较戒断组明显减少(P<0.05)。脊髓背角切片显示,依赖组与戒断组大鼠nNOS标记神经元计数均较各对照组明显增加(P<0.05);而NOS抑制剂组大鼠nNOS标记神经元数量较戒断组减少显著(P<0.05),其变化与中缝背核结果一致。结论:脑内中缝背核可能参与通过一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)信号通路介导的脊髓对吗啡依赖和戒断形成的调节。     

大鼠触液核中TRPC6的分布及其在吗啡依赖与戒断条件下的表达

目的:研究TRPC6在大鼠触液核(cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus,CSF-CN)中的分布及其在吗啡依赖与戒断条件下的表达变化。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常大鼠组、生理盐水组、吗啡依赖组和吗啡戒断组。每组大鼠进行戒断总评分(total withdrawal scores,TWS);采用侧脑室注射CB-HRP,并结合CB-HRPP/TRPC6免疫荧光双标技术,观察大鼠触液核内TRPC6的表达情况。结果:上述4组大鼠的戒断总评分分别为2.0±0.6、2.1±0.7、2.6±0.7和41.0±4.6,其中吗啡戒断组与其他三组相比,差异具有显著性(P<0.01);在侧脑室注射CB-HRP后,上述4组大鼠触液核内可观察到大量的CB-HRP标记神经元;同时在触液核内也可观察到部分神经元表达TRPC6免疫阳性。经计数,CB-HRP/TRPC6双标神经元的数量分别为81.78±4.93、79.44±7.09、254.61±15.36和260.00±12.04,其中吗啡依赖组和吗啡戒断组分别与其他两组相比,差异具有显著性(P<0.01);但吗啡依赖组和吗啡戒断组相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:正常大鼠触液核内表达TRPC6;触液核可能通过上调TRPC6的表达参与吗啡依赖和戒断的形成。     

β—内啡肽在褪黑素缓解吗啡戒断反应中的作用

目的探讨β-内啡肽(β-endorphin,β-EP)在褪黑素(melatonin,MT)缓解大鼠吗啡戒断反应中的作用.方法建立急性吗啡依赖大鼠及吗啡自然戒断模型,用脑室插管进行推挽灌流及侧脑室微量注射(icv),放免测定脑脊液(CSF)中β-EP的含量.结果(1)icv β-EP可明显抑制吗啡戒断反应,并呈量效关系.(2)腹腔注射(ip)MT明显抑制吗啡自然戒断反应.(3)吗啡依赖组大鼠CSF中β-EP含量(32.8±9.8pg.ml-1)低于正常组(54.2±12.5pg.ml-1);吗啡戒断组大鼠CSF中β-EP含量(124.3±17.6pg.ml-1)明显高于正常组给吗啡戒断组大鼠腹腔ip MT后CSF中β-EP含量(68.3±13.0pgml-1)亦比吗啡成瘾组和正常组CSF中β-EP含量高;正常大鼠经ip MT后CSF中β-EP含量(75.6±15.5pg.ml-1)也有提高.结论(1)β-EP可明显抑制吗啡戒断反应;(2)吗啡成瘾可使CSF中β-EP减少,而吗啡戒断大鼠CSF中β-EP却有明显增加;(3)MT可抑制吗啡戒断反应,这一抑制效应与脑内β-EP的增加有关.     

小鼠脑干交感运动前区前阿黑皮素能神经传入投射的实验研究

目的:研究脑干交感运动前区的前阿黑皮素能神经纤维的分布及其传入投射。方法:以免疫组化法检测前阿黑皮素能神经纤维在脑干交感运动前区的分布;将霍乱毒素B微量注入小鼠脑干交感运动前区进行逆行追踪。结果:α-MSH(α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone)能神经终末密集分布于交感运动前区内,同时则未见AgRP(agouti-related protein)能神经终末,显示交感运动前区仅接受前阿黑皮素(POMC)能神经的单向调节。逆行追踪实验显示脑干交感运动前区的POMC能纤维投射来自于下丘脑弓状核/视交叉后区,而非孤束核尾侧部;统计结果表明下丘脑弓状核/视交叉后区向脑干交感运动前区的神经投射中有近一半为POMC能投射。结论:小鼠下丘脑的POMC能神经元可直接投射到脑干交感运动前区,该神经通路在能量平衡的调节中可能发挥重要的作用。     

海洛因诱导大鼠伏隔核NMDA受体亚基对GABA表达的影响

目的:研究大鼠伏隔核(NAc)在海洛因诱导条件性位置偏爱(CPP)状态及戒断状态下，NMDA受体亚基NR2B和NR2C对GABA表达的调控，探索GABA能神经元上NR2B和NR2C亚基在海洛因诱导中的作用。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为两组，即对照组和海洛因诱导组。海洛因诱导组又分为海洛因诱导CPP状态和海洛因戒断状态。采用海洛因小剂量递增法皮下连续注射7 d,建立海洛因诱导CPP模型，再自然戒断7 d,免疫组织化学染色检测各组大鼠伏隔核GABA和NR2B、NR2C亚基的位置关系。结果:采用小剂量递增法连续注射7 d海洛因，大鼠形成了稳定的海洛因诱导CPP模型。免疫荧光染色结果可见，各组大鼠伏隔核均有GABA、NR2B和NR2C表达，且GABA与NR2B及NR2C受体均有共表达。免疫组织化学结果显示，海洛因成瘾状态大鼠伏隔核GABA表达量明显高于对照组和戒断状态，具显著性差异(P<0.01)。戒断状态大鼠GABA表达量最低。结论:GABA的表达变化受NMDA受体亚基活性的影响；NR2B亚基对GABA的调控作用可能参与了海洛因依赖的复燃。     

用非同位素原位杂交组化在光镜和电镜水平观察前阿黑皮素mRNA在垂体的分布

用地高辛标记反意前阿黑皮素(pro-opiomelanocortin,POMC)cRNA探针原位杂交组化在光镜和电镜水平观察了POMC mRNA在大鼠垂体的分布,并比较了碱性磷酸酶(AKP)显色系统和辣根过氧化酶(HRP)显色系统在光镜水平上的敏感性.结果:POMC mRNA广泛地分布于垂体的中间叶和前叶.中间叶全部细胞均为POMC mRNA阳性.前叶中除前叶的腹侧缘和前叶与中间叶交界处阳性细胞较少外,都有较多的POMC mRNA阳性细胞分布.AKP显色系统比HRP显色系统敏感.在电镜水平,POMC mRNA主要分布于粗面内质网,少数分泌颗粒可能呈阳性反应,胞核未见阳性反应沉淀.文内还就阳性分泌颗粒在调节细胞合成功能方面可能起的作用进行了讨论.     

大鼠下丘脑内前阿黑皮素原mRNA的老年变化

研究大鼠下丘脑内前阿黑皮素原（POMC）mRNA表达的老年变化，本实验采用SPraque－Dawley大鼠3月龄（青年组）和28～30月龄（老年组）各8只，利用地高辛标记POMC反义RNA探针进行原位杂交组织化学并行图象定量分析。结果：在青年组大鼠肉，OPMCmRNA阳性胞体主要分布于弓状核及其邻近区域；老年大鼠POMCmRNA胞体主要分布于弓状核的内侧，着色浅谈．与年轻大鼠相比，老年大鼠下丘脑内POMCmRNA神经元数量显著减少，（P＜0．01），胞体灰度值明显升高（P＜0．05），而胞体截面积略有增大，但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结果表明，大鼠下丘脑内POMCInRNA神经元有明显的老年变化，提示老年大鼠下丘脑POMC神经元胞体发生了衰老形态学改变，功能活动低下，细胞丢失，POMC的表达显著增加，生物合成功能紊乱。     

CCK-8及其受体拮抗剂对吗啡戒断大鼠额叶皮质及海马CREB与pCREB表达的影响

 目的：观察八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）及其受体拮抗剂对吗啡戒断大鼠额叶皮质和海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）表达及其磷酸化（pCREB）的影响,初步探讨CCK-8调节吗啡戒断大鼠的受体后机制。方法：建立大鼠吗啡慢性依赖及纳络酮催促戒断模型,并给予CCK-8、CCK1受体拮抗剂L-364718和CCK2受体拮抗剂LY-288513慢性干预,应用Western blotting和免疫组织化学技术观察额叶皮质和海马CREB与pCREB 表达的变化。结果：（1） 正常组大鼠额叶皮质神经元胞浆、胞核均表达CREB蛋白,pCREB蛋白则仅在胞核中高表达;海马CA1区锥体细胞层神经元中,CREB蛋白在胞浆中高表达,胞核低表达,pCREB蛋白则仅在胞核中表达。（2） 慢性吗啡作用后CREB无明显变化,pCREB增加;急性纳洛酮催促戒断后CREB仍无明显变化,pCREB进一步升高。（3） 与戒断组相比,CCK-8、L-364718和LY-288513慢性干预对吗啡依赖戒断大鼠额叶皮质CREB蛋白表达无明显影响,pCREB蛋白表达均明显降低;L-364718和LY-288513慢性干预后,海马CREB与pCREB表达均明显降低,而CCK-8慢性干预对CREB蛋白表达无明显影响,仅pCREB蛋白表达明显降低。结论：CCK-8及其受体拮抗剂可能通过调节核转录因子CREB减轻吗啡戒断症状,并具有脑区特异性。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究

中药石斛早在《神农本草经》中就被列为上品,其应用历史悠久,具有养阴生津、补肾益气、润喉护嗓、活血明目、抗癌防老等功效。本文对国内外石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究进行了综述。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的关节镜治疗体会

目的我科自2001～2005年4月对59例67膝的骨性关节炎（0A），进行关节镜检查及镜下清理术。方法镜检：膝关节骨性关节炎伴不同程度滑膜炎，滑膜皱壁粘连纤维片，关节软骨不同程度破坏。镜下清除增生滑膜，松解粘连，去除剥脱软骨、修复关节面。结果随访2月～4年，平均1.5年，术后综合评估2月～1年，优良率94％；1～2年，优良率79.2％；2年以上优良率54.8％。结论关节镜对膝关节骨性关节炎诊断能提供了比较全面的资料，并对骨性关节炎早期有良好疗效，具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和重复治疗等优点。     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Pathways of the realization of immunomodulating effects of neurotransmitters

Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 115, N ^o 4, pp. 401–404, April, 1993     

Characterization of sterols of three digenetic trematodes of buffalo

Sterols of three digenetic trematodes were isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sterols identified were cholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol and 24-ethylcholestanol.     

Mechanisms of generation of slow components of bioelectric activity in diagnostics of functional state of the gastrointestinal tract

New electrophysiologic devices were used for the diagnostics of the state of excitable structures in the gastrointestinal tract and correction of their motor functions. Bioelectrical and biomechanical activities form the basis of functioning of internal organs. The mechanisms of generation of slow bioelectrical activity that are important for clinical and physiological studies are described. One of these mechanisms is a capacitance parametric transducer converting the energy of contractions into specific electric signals reflecting muscle functions. Another mechanism results from slow oscillations of resting potentials of interrelated excitable cells in large neuromuscular structures of internal organs. The elaborated procedure is efficient for preventing early postoperative paresis of the gastrointestinal tract. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 10, pp. 448–452, October, 1999     

胃小弯侧血管弓的MDCT解剖

目的：研究正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的多排螺旋CT表现。方法：回顾性分析51例正常成人的上腹部CT资料,观察胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的显示情况、血管弓形态及其与胃壁的关系。结果：51例均显示胃小弯侧血管弓,血管弓贲门部属支、胃体部属支和幽门部属支分别显示46例、15例和10例;血管弓与胃壁紧邻41例。结论：MDCT检查可良好显示正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管。     

Assessment of the efficacy of treatment of hemangiomas

Assessment of the aftereffects of cryoexposure and ultrahigh-frequency cryoexposure on hemangioma tissue of various types, cavernous and squamous, showed a higher cryogenic effect in hemangiomatous tissue preexposed to ultrahigh-frequency waves. A quantitative criterion is proposed for assessing the efficacy of the studied methods of exposure. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 6, pp. 669–672, June, 1995