Effect of nutritional treatment of esophageal cancer patients on pre and post-operative hemodynamic changes and postoperative lung complications

In 35 patients with esophageal cancer, preoperative nutritional state and hemodynamic changes on exercise test using Swan-Ganz catheter were studied. Thirty-five patients were divided into two groups. Group 1; preoperative daily calorie intake was less than 1.75 X BEE (basal energy expenditure), Group 2; preoperative daily calorie intake was more than 1.75 X BEE. There were significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2 in preoperative daily calorie intake, serum transferrin, retinal binding protein, pre-albumin and total lymphocyte count. From this result, Group 1 was thought to be malnutritional state, but nutritional state of Group 2 was thought to be improved. From the analysis of the hemodynamic changes on exercise test using Swan-ganz catheter, the cardiac function was better in Group 2 than in Group 1. The difference of the cardiac function was thought to be brought by the difference of nutritional state. In postoperative hemodynamic changes, Group 2 was better than Group 1 and in the occurrence of lung complications, Group 2 was much less than Group 1. These results was thought to be due to the difference of cardiac function brought by differences of nutritional state.     

Endocrine and hemodynamic changes during liver surgery in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis

The purpose of this study was to determine hormonal levels in compensated liver cirrhotic patients under general anesthesia before and after liver surgery. We measured plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone levels and renin activity in non-cirrhotic and compensated cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection after induction of anesthesia but before skin incision and after the end of operation but before discontinuation of nitrous oxide. We simultaneously measured hemodynamic variables. Plasma levels of norepinephrine (P 0.001), epinephrine (P 0.001), arginine vasopressin (P 0.05), renin (P 0.05) and aldosterone (P 0.001) significantly increased after completion of surgery compared with those before incision in both groups. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma renin and aldosterone (r = 0.56, P 0.01) levels in non-cirrhotics, but no correlation was observed in cirrhotics; and there was a significant positive correlation between plasma norepinephrine and arginine vasopressin (r = 0.45, P 0.05) levels in non-cirrhotics, but no correlation in cirrhotics. Cardiac index and arterial pressure increased after the end of operation (P 0.05). This increase after the operation was the same between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic groups. There were no changes in heart rate, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure after the end of operation. We conclude that hemodynamic and endocrinological changes were similar between compensated cirrhotic patients and non-cirrhotic patients during liver surgery. Endocrine changes might partly explain the hemodynamic changes during surgery.(Maruyama K, Sakakura S, Nishimura K, et al.: Endocrine and hemodynamic changes during liver surgery in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. J Anesth 7: 157–166, 1993)     

持续低温灌注对大鼠移植肝脏的保护作用

目的 探讨离体供肝持续低温灌注对大鼠移植肝脏的保护作用.方法 60只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,假手术组12只.离体供肝进行持续性冷灌注组和常规冷保存组各24只,供肝保存时间5 h.假手术组及后两组受体分别于术后24 h留取血液、肝组织,并记24 h平均胆汁流量.各组分别检测肝功能,测定胆汁中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性及萄萄糖(Glu)含量.肝组织行常规病理学检查.结果 持续低温灌注组和常规冷保存组血清肝功能指标均高于假手术组(P＜0.05),而持续低温灌注组较常规冷保存组低(P＜0.05).持续低温灌注组平均每小时胆汁流量明显高于冷保存组(P＜0.05).持续低温灌注组胆汁中GGT活性和Glu含量明显低于常规冷保存组(P＜0.05).结论 离体供肝持续低温灌注对大鼠移植后肝功能有明显的保护作用.     

Preoperative complications and intraoperative hemodynamic changes in very old patients with femoral neck fractures

We compared preoperative complications and intraoperative hemodynamic changes in very old patients, 85 years or older, and those with elderly patients aged 70-84 for hip fracture repair. Spinal anesthesia with 0.25 or 0.5% of bupivacaine was performed except for the patients with dementia and/or deformity of the spinal column. The incidence of cardiac disease and anemia was higher in very old patients than in elder patients, and its odds ratios were 2.29 and 3.10, respectively. There is no difference in intraoperative hemodynamic changes between the two groups. Two patients of very old groups had severe intraoperative complications, heart failure and grave arrhythmia, but other patients underwent the operation without severe complication. In conclusion, even in very old patients with hip fracture, spinal anesthesia was performed safely unless patients had serious diseases preoperatively.     

肝硬化患者原位肝移植术后的内脏循环血流动力学变化

目的　探讨肝硬化患者背驮式原位肝移植 (PBOLT)术后 1年内内脏循环血流动力学变化。方法　 15例因肝硬化行PBOLT患者 ,分别于术前和术后 1～ 3d ,7～ 15d ,3～ 6个月 ,1年应用彩色多普勒血流显像仪 (CDFI)测定门静脉血流平均流速 (PBV)、门静脉血流量 (PBF)、肝动脉搏动指数 (HA PI)、脾动脉阻力指数 (SA RI)、脾脏纵向直径 (LDS)、肠系膜上动脉搏动指数 (SMA PI)等血流动力学指标 ,并与 10例正常人进行对照。结果　PBV ,HA PI ,SA RI等血流动力学指标在肝移植术后 1年内基本恢复正常 ( P >0 .0 5 ) ;LDS明显缩小 ,但仍高于正常值 ;PBF于术后 1年仍较正常对照值高 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;SMA PI于术后 1年较术前有所恢复 ,但仍低于正常对照值 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　肝硬化患者的内脏循环血流动力学紊乱在原位肝移植 1年内绝大部分得到恢复。说明肝移植术本身并不导致术后高血流动力学的发生 ,肝硬化患者肝移植后的早期内脏血流动力学紊乱可能与移植前已存在的病理生理因素有关     

Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic changes in patients with fulminant hepatic failure during liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Cerebral autoregulation and metabolism may be seriously compromised in patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The mechanism responsible for the alteration in cerebral blood flow (CBF) has not been yet clearly defined; however, it is known that it does correlate with liver function. Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) rapidly restores normal liver function, but little is known about the restoration of cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. To investigate the relationship between liver function and CBF, we evaluated autoregulation and metabolic changes during OLT in six patients comatose due to FHF. METHODS: We evaluated autoregulation based on a linear regression analysis between mean arterial blood pressure and parallel CBF velocity (CBFV) changes using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Cerebral metabolism rate was estimated by the arterial-jugular venous oxygen content difference (a-jDO2), while the percentile variation in cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) was estimated using CBFV percentile variation rather than CBF percentile variation (eCMRO2). RESULTS: Prior to transplant autoregulation was impaired in all patients. However it markedly improved at the end of surgery (P <.05). The eCMRO2 improved as well, particularly among subjects who displayed prompt neurological recovery. In all patients the a-jDO2 was low before transplantation increasing to normal values at the end of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A hallmark of FHF seems to be failure of autoregulation, which is linked to uncoupling between CBF and CMRO2 as attested by an a-jDO2 lower than normal in all patients (luxury perfusion). The recovery of liver function rapidly improves cerebral hemodynamics and metabolic stability. The study of autoregulation and eCMRO2 recovery using Doppler monitoring proffers the possibility to predict early graft function after liver reperfusion. In our patients eCMRO2 seemed to be associated with improved neurological outcomes.     

Renal hemodynamic changes in children with liver cirrhosis

To assess the sensitivity of duplex Doppler ultrasonography in detecting early impairment of renal function in childhood cirrhosis, intrarenal arterial pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI) were measured in 10 ascitic and 11 non-ascitic children with liver cirrhosis and normal creatinine clearance and 10 age- and sex-matched controls. PI and RI were higher in ascitic than non-ascitic children [PI 1.54±0.4 vs. 1.1±0.2 (mean ± SD), P=0.006; RI 0.76±0.07 vs. 0.68±0.07, P=0.03). Non-ascitic patients had higher PI and RI than controls (P=0.002 and 0.0001, respectively). PI was inversely correlated with creatinine clearance (r=–0.54, P=0.01). A significant positive relationship was observed between both PI and RI and Child score (r=0.47, P=0.009; r=0.45, P=0.01, respectively). However, no significant correlation was observed between PI and RI and portal hypertension. We conclude that renal vascular resistance indexes evaluated by duplex Doppler ultrasonography are increased in the non-ascitic phase of cirrhosis. Development of ascites is associated with a further increase in these indexes. The resistance indexes are best correlated with severity of hepatocellular dysfunction, assessed by Child score, but not with portal hypertension. Hence, monitoring these indexes, especially PI, is a non-invasive means of studying early renal hemodynamic alteration in childhood cirrhosis. Received: 2 September 1998 / Revised: 15 February 1999 / Accepted: 19 February 1999     

Factors predicting early postoperative liver cirrhosis-related complications after lung cancer surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis

We aimed to determine the factors predicting liver cirrhosis-related complications in the early postoperative period after lung cancer surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent curative surgery for primary lung cancer in our institute from January 1990 to March 2007, finding 37 cases with comorbid liver cirrhosis. These patients were divided into two groups, according to whether liver failure, bleeding, and critical infection had occurred postoperatively. Various clinical parameters were analyzed statistically between the bigeminal groups. Liver cirrhosis-related complications occurred in seven of the 37 patients (18.9%). Transient liver failure occurred in two patients (5.4%) after pulmonary resection. Acute intrathoracic bleeding occurred in four cases (10.8%). Two patients died (5.4%) in both cases due to sepsis. Preoperative total bilirubin (P<0.05), and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (P<0.05) were significantly higher in patients with liver failure. Only serum value of total bilirubin was an independent risk factor (P<0.05) by multivariate analysis. In predicting death from infection, only preoperative nutritional status was a significant risk factor (P<0.05). To avoid postoperative cirrhosis-related complications, preoperative preparation to improve their liver function and nutrition status is essential.     

同种原位肝移植术后并发症的防治体会

目的 探讨同种原位肝移植术后并发症发生的常见原因与预防及处理。方法 回顾性分析我科近一年来所施行的18例原位肝移植病人术后并发症发生的种类及数量,以及诊治处理方法,以探讨成功及失败原因,结果 18例肝移植病人中,原发病为终末期乙肝肝硬变13例,造型性弥漫性肝内胆管囊性扩张2例,布－加氏综合征1例,原发性肝癌2例,术后发生并发症15例次,含因凝血功能紊乱致术后腹腔内继发性出血3例,术前腹水感染未能控制致术后腹水严重感染1例,激素用量过大致应激性溃疡出血、穿孔1例,胆瘘1例,肺部感染4例,口腔弥漫性溃疡3例,肠道霉菌感染2例,手术死亡3例,分别为肺部曲霉菌感染,应激性溃疡穿孔及腹水感染所致。术后5个在肝癌复发死亡1例,现仍存活14例,4例已存活1年以上。结论 我国肝移植病人适应证以终末期,乙肝肝硬化为主,这类病人肝功不良,凝血障碍,围手术期凝血功能的纠正甚为重要,同时这类病人多存在营养不良,免疫功能低下,应重视围手术期感染的控制及营养支持,手术技术的完善是预防肝移植后血管并发症的关键。     

合并肝硬化门脉高压症胃癌患者手术后并发症的危险因素分析

目的：分析胃癌合并肝硬化患者术后并发症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析解放军南京第八一医院普通外科2000年1月至2013年12月间41例合并肝硬化胃癌手术患者的临床资料,采用Logistic回归模型分析术后并发症的危险因素。结果全组无手术死亡病例,术后27例（65．9％）患者出现并发症,按发病频数依次为腹水（15例）、肺部感染（8例）、出血（5例）、切口感染（4例）、术后肝肾功能障碍（4例）、胃排空延迟（3例）、膈下感染（2例）和胰瘘（1例）。多因素回归分析显示,肝功能Child分级（OR＝27．96,95％ CI：1．16～672．23）、血清白蛋白（OR＝17．98,95％ CI：1．28～253．36）和术中出血量（OR＝10．60,95％ CI：1．21～92．82）是术后并发症的独立危险因素。结论对于合并肝硬化的胃癌患者,应积极进行围手术期处置,调整术前Child分级,并于术中遵循损伤控制原则,减少出血量,从而有效减少术后并发症的发生。     

大鼠肝移植术后并发症的预防

目的 探讨大鼠肝移植术后并发症的预防措施.方法 比较建立模型初期所行50例大鼠肝移植前20例(前组)与后30例(后组)的手术时间、无肝期、手术成功率、术后生存率及并发症.结果 与前组相比,后组供体手术时间、供体修整与套管安装时间、无肝期及受体手术时间明显缩短(P＜0.05),手术成功率与术后3 d及7 d生存率明显提高(P＜0.05),早期术后出血并发症明显减少(P＜0.05),但胆道并发症差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 掌握大鼠肝移植技术存在明显的学习曲线,熟练的手术操作及术后并发症的合理预防可提高手术成功率及术后大鼠生存率.     

活体供者供肝术后早期并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植供者术后早期并发症的发生情况.方法 对2002年1月至2009年8月间170例活体肝移植供者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,依据供肝类型分为右半供肝组和左半供肝组,采用Clavien分类系统对术后早期发生的并发症进行分析.结果 两组间供者年龄、身高体重指数、手术时间等差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与左半供肝组比较,右半供肝组实际切取的供肝重量较大(P＜0.05),残余肝重量较小(P＜0.05),残余肝重量与标准肝重量之比较小(P＜0.05),且住院时间较长(P＜0.05).住院期间,共有55例供者发生并发症62例次,总的并发症发生率为32.35％(55/170),其中右半供肝组并发症发生率为34.39％(54/157),左半供肝组并发症发生率为7.69％(1/13),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.787,P＞0.05).62例次并发症中,Ⅰ级39例次,Ⅱ级5例次,Ⅲ级16例次占,Ⅳa级2例次,无Ⅳb和Ⅴ级(死亡)并发症.所有并发症经积极治疗后得以痊愈,所有供者均健康存活.结论 活体肝移植供者总体安全性较好,但仍面临着发生严重并发症的风险.术前应严格对供者进行选择和评估,术中手术操作应严密精细,重视供者术后管理,避免供者术后发生并发症.     

Orthotopic liver transplantation: postoperative complications and their management

The Birmingham liver transplant programme started in 1982. Forty-six patients have been transplanted with a follow-up of 3 months or longer. Twenty-seven patients are still alive, of whom sixteen have lived for more than one year. The 30 day hospital mortality was 30.4 per cent and the actuarial predicted one year survival 55.5 per cent. Four patients have been regrafted for chronic rejection and graft failure. Thirteen patients have required surgery in the postoperative period for: bleeding (two), removal of abdominal packs (four), biliary leaks and obstruction (five), duodenal perforation (one) and small bowel obstruction (one). Acute rejection was common, occurring in 30 patients and progressing to chronic rejection in 4. Ten patients developed renal failure with an 80 per cent mortality and eleven patients developed grand mal fits. Severe bleeding (greater than 70 units) was associated with previous abdominal surgery and a high mortality (88.9 per cent). Opportunistic fungal infection carried a 100 per cent mortality. Although more than half of all transplanted patients will survive for more than one year, the postoperative period is still one of high morbidity and mortality.     

肝脏低温保存肝血窦变化的实验观察

目的：探讨低温保存肝血窦超微结构的变化及其在肝微循环障碍中的作用，方法：将63只大鼠肝脏分别在低温UW液中保存0（对照组）、2、8、16、24、32和48h，然后对肝血窦进行电镜观察，结果：肝血窦内皮细胞在保存2、8h后，筛板小孔扩大，融合成许多大洞隙，16、24h细胞胞明显回缩，呈树根状，32，48h似索网状，部分内皮细胞突起，脱落，肝细胞微绒毛在保存8h后出现肿胀并形成膜浆泡从扩大的内皮小孔突入血窦；随着保存时间延长，膜浆泡增多，变大并脱落或破裂，结论：肝血窦内皮细胞的低温保存损伤和膨入血窦内的膜浆泡可引起肝微循环紊乱，导致肝血流和肝功能障碍。     

Analysis of neurological complications in children transplanted due to fulminant liver failure

Treatment of patients with fulminant liver failure is a challenge of contemporary medicine. Liver transplantation, in this group, is presently the only reasonable alternative, but in many patients the disastrous condition of the patient results in serious life-threatening complications, including neurological sequelae, which may influence the quality of life after transplantation, and in some cases even cause death. From 1990 to 2004, we performed 241 liver transplantations in children, including 20 transplanted due to fulminant liver failure (8.2%). Serious neurological complications followed liver transplantation in five cases (20%), three of which were fatal. The analysis revealed that the duration of pretransplant coma (grade III or IV) strongly correlated with the incidence of neurological complications (P < .05). Also a suboptimal quality of the donor liver and poor early graft function may contribute to these posttransplant complications.     

原位肝移植术后近期并发症的防治

目的：探讨原位肝移植术后并发症发生的常见原因、预防及处理措施。方法：回顾性分析我科近3年来所施行的72例原位肝移植病人术后并发症发生的种类及数量，以及诊治处理方法。结果：72例肝移植病人中，原发病为良性疾病50例（其中终末期乙肝肝硬变34例），恶性疾病22例（其中HCC19例）。术后发生并发症54例次，因凝血功能紊乱致术后腹腔内继发性出血4例，术前腹水感染未能控制致术后腹水严重感染2例，激素用量过大致应激性溃疡出血、穿孔1例，胆漏6例，肺部感染21例，肠道霉菌感染5例。全组无原发性肝无功能及血管并发症，随访2-41个月。无远期胆道并发症及慢排发生。住院期死亡6例，随访期死亡6例，目前生存60例，总生存率为80.33％，存活超过1年者32例，最长已3年5个月。结论：我国肝移植病人适应证以终末期乙肝肝硬化为主，这类病人肝功能不良，凝血障碍，围手术期凝血功能的纠正甚为重要，同时这类病人多存在营养不良，免疫功能低下，应重视围手术期感染的控制及营养支持。手术技术的完善是预防肝移植后血管并发症的关键。     

Evaluation of a forced-air system for warming hypothermic postoperative patients

Thirty adult surgical patients admitted to the recovery room with an oral temperature less than or equal to 35.0 degrees C were randomized into two groups. Group 1 patients were covered with cotton blankets warmed to 37.0 degrees C, and group 2 patients were treated with a forced-air warming system. Mean oral temperature on admission to the recovery room was the same in both groups (34.3 degrees C). Oral temperature and the presence or absence of shivering were recorded at 15-min intervals. After application of the selected warming method, patients in group 2 were warmer at all time intervals. Mean temperatures in the forced-air heating group and in group 1 were, respectively, 34.8 degrees C and 34.3 degrees C (P less than 0.05) at 15 min; 35.0 degrees C and 34.2 degrees C (P less than 0.01) at 30 min; 35.2 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C (P less than 0.05) at 45 min; 35.8 degrees C and 34.7 degrees C (P less than 0.001) at 60 min; 36.0 degrees C and 35.0 degrees C (P less than 0.01) at 75 min; and 36.0 degrees C and 35.0 degrees C (P less than 0.01) at 90 min. The incidence of shivering was significantly greater in group 1 at 15 and 45 min. In addition, time spent in the recovery room was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 2, 156.0 min versus 99.7 min (P less than 0.003).