Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Korean College Students’ Help-Seeking Intention

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research - When dealing with the mental health concerns of college students, access to professional mental health services is necessary to enable...     

Correction to: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Korean College Students’ Help-Seeking Intention

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-020-09744-y     

Tweeting PP: an analysis of the 2015–2016 Planned Parenthood controversy on Twitter

ObjectivesWe analyzed Twitter tweets and Twitter-provided user data to give geographical, temporal and content insight into the use of social media in the Planned Parenthood video controversy.MethodologyWe randomly sampled the full Twitter repository (also known as the Firehose) (n=30,000) for tweets containing the phrase “planned parenthood” as well as group-defining hashtags “#defundpp” and “#standwithpp.” We used demographic content provided by the user and word analysis to generate charts, maps and timeline visualizations. Chi-square and t tests were used to compare differences in content, statistical references and dissemination strategies.ResultsFrom July 14, 2015, to January 30, 2016, 1,364,131 and 795,791 tweets contained “#defundpp” and “#standwithpp,” respectively. Geographically, #defundpp and #standwithpp were disproportionally distributed to the US South and West, respectively. Word analysis found that early tweets predominantly used “sensational” words and that the proportion of “political” and “call to action” words increased over time. Scatterplots revealed that #standwithpp tweets were clustered and episodic compared to #defundpp. #standwithpp users were more likely to be female [odds ratio (OR) 2.2, confidence interval (CI) 2.0–2.4] and have fewer followers (median 544 vs. 1578, p<.0001). #standwithpp and #defundpp did not differ significantly in their usage of data in tweets. #defundpp users were more likely to link to websites (OR 1.8, CI 1.7–1.9) and to other online dialogs (mean 3.3 vs. 2.0 p<.0001).ConclusionSocial media analysis can be used to characterize and understand the content, tempo and location of abortion-related messages in today's public spheres. Further research may inform proabortion efforts in terms of how information can be more effectively conveyed to the public.ImplicationsThis study has implications for how the medical community interfaces with the public with regards to abortion. It highlights how social media are actively exploited instruments for information and message dissemination. Researchers, providers and advocates should be monitoring social media and addressing the public through these modern channels.     

The Cascading Effects of Multiple Dimensions of Implementation on Program Outcomes: a Test of a Theoretical Model

This study tests a theoretical cascade model in which multiple dimensions of facilitator delivery predict indicators of participant responsiveness, which in turn lead to improvements in targeted program outcomes. An effectiveness trial of the 10-session New Beginnings Program for divorcing families was implemented in partnership with four county-level family courts. This study included 366 families assigned to the intervention condition who attended at least one session. Independent observers provided ratings of program delivery (i.e., fidelity to the curriculum and process quality). Facilitators reported on parent attendance and parents’ competence in home practice of program skills. At pretest and posttest, children reported on parenting and parents reported child mental health. We hypothesized effects of quality on attendance, fidelity and attendance on home practice, and home practice on improvements in parenting and child mental health. Structural Equation Modeling with mediation and moderation analyses were used to test these associations. Results indicated quality was significantly associated with attendance, and attendance moderated the effect of fidelity on home practice. Home practice was a significant mediator of the links between fidelity and improvements in parent-child relationship quality and child externalizing and internalizing problems. Findings provide support for fidelity to the curriculum, process quality, attendance, and home practice as valid predictors of program outcomes for mothers and fathers. Future directions for assessing implementation in community settings are discussed.     

Parental Guidance and Children’s Healthy Food Consumption: Integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior with Interpersonal Communication Antecedents

The study of parenting practices on child food consumption has often been characterized as having great utility but lacking in theory. In contrast, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) has often been suggested to be limited in its utility. To address these gaps, interpersonal constructs – the concepts of active parental guidance (e.g., nutrition education) and restrictive parental guidance (e.g., rule-setting) – were integrated as antecedents to the original TPB variables in predicting child fruits and vegetables (FV) consumption. We surveyed 210 child/adolescent participants, aged between 10 and 16 in Singapore. Results from structural equation modeling showed that the integrative TPB model displayed an acceptable fit. Parental active guidance was associated with all three proximal predictors of behavior. Our results suggest that there are promising contributions to the theory of planned behavior in predicting child food consumption behavior by considering interpersonal antecedents.     

Assessing the Impact of a Pertussis Active Surveillance Program on Provider Testing Behavior,Minnesota 2005–2009

Objectives. The Minnesota Department of Health, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, implemented the Pertussis Active Surveillance Project to better understand pertussis epidemiology. We evaluated the program’s impact.Methods. Clinics in 2 counties were offered free diagnostic testing and an educational presentation covering pertussis epidemiology. Clinics were identified as either active or intermittent, with active clinics testing 33% or more of the total number of months enrolled. We used generalized estimating equations to assess changes in provider testing behavior over the project period.Results. Ninety-seven clinics enrolled, with 38% classified as active. Active clinics were more likely to use the state lab for diagnostic testing and had a larger staff. During the project period, a decline in days coughing at the time of visit occurred in both jurisdictions.Conclusions. Providing clinics with free diagnostic testing influenced their participation levels. Among active clinics, results suggest changes in provider testing behavior over the course of the project. However, given the lack of robust participation, this resource-intensive strategy may not be a cost-effective approach to evaluating trends in pertussis epidemiology.Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a communicable respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis. Although the disease is vaccine preventable, it remains endemic in the United States, with cyclical peaks occurring every 3 to 5 years.1 Since the 1980s, incidence rates of pertussis have been rising in all age groups,1–5 with adults and adolescents experiencing significant increases.6 Paralleling national trends in pertussis activity, Minnesota reported a peak period in 2004 that continued into 2005 with an average yearly rate of 29.2 per 100 000 cases. A subsequent peak period started in 2008 that continued into 2010 with an average annual rate of 20.9 per 100 000 cases.7 Minnesota experienced a shift in the median age between these 2 peak periods, from 13 to 11 years.Although reportable in all states, pertussis frequently goes unrecognized.4,8–10 Provider knowledge regarding pertussis epidemiology and clinical practice is inconsistent, limiting the reliability of passive surveillance systems to accurately capture disease incidence.11 The natural progression of the disease, beginning with nonspecific upper respiratory system symptoms and ending with a persistent paroxysmal cough, creates an ambiguous clinical picture for the purpose of diagnosis.5,12 This is especially true for adults and adolescents, in whom disease presentation may be mild, atypical, or difficult to differentiate from other upper respiratory tract infections.4,8,11–13 Studies have indicated that 12% to 32% of adults and adolescents with a cough of unknown etiology lasting 1 to 2 weeks are seropositive for pertussis.14 For these reasons, national and statewide estimates of pertussis incidence may be greatly underestimated.6,11,15,16In an effort to address the issues around provider awareness and underreporting of pertussis, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and 2 local public health agencies on an initiative to increase recognition and testing of suspect pertussis cases through education and free pertussis testing incentives. This initiative, the Pertussis Active Surveillance Project (PASP), ran from 2005 to 2009 (51 months total). We report here the results of a program evaluation of PASP, focusing on the factors associated with clinic participation and changes in provider testing behavior over time.     

A Parental Health Education Model of Children’s Food Consumption: Influence on Children’s Attitudes,Intention, and Consumption of Healthy and Unhealthy Foods

This study proposes that parental mediation of television advertising and parental guidance of food consumption differentially influence children’s attitude, intention, and behavior toward the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods. Structural equation modeling based on a survey of 1,119 children aged 9–12 supported our model, revealing that parental education strategies influence children’s food consumption in a complex manner that is highly context-dependent. Parental guidance of food consumption enhanced children’s healthy food attitude and intention to consume, while reducing the intention to consume unhealthy food. However, parental mediation of television advertising influenced unhealthy food attitude to a greater extent than healthy food attitude. Implications for health promotion and education, as well as parents and policy makers are discussed.     

Validity and Reliability of the Healthy Families Survey: A Key Component of the Maryland Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education (SNAP-Ed) Evaluation

Objective

This study established the validity and reliability of the Healthy Families Survey, a 45-item survey measuring nutrition and physical activity behaviors among children and parents enrolled in the Maryland Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education.

The Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors?

We investigate the causal effect of education on health and the part of it that is attributable to health behaviors by distinguishing between short‐run and long‐run mediating effects: whereas, in the former, only behaviors in the immediate past are taken into account, in the latter, we consider the entire history of behaviors. We use two identification strategies: instrumental variables based on compulsory schooling reforms and a combined aggregation, differencing, and selection on an observables technique to address the endogeneity of both education and behaviors in the health production function. Using panel data for European countries, we find that education has a protective effect for European men and women aged 50+. We find that the mediating effects of health behaviors—measured by smoking, drinking, exercising, and the body mass index—account in the short run for around a quarter and in the long run for around a third of the entire effect of education on health. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Test of Creative Imagination: making the test suitable to the age group of 5–6 years

Imagination is the ability of envisaging something that does not exist at the time being. Since 5–6-year-old children get through the pre-operational stage of Piaget’s [2004. Çocukta Zihinsel Geli?im [Intellectual Development of Child] (2nd ed., H. Portakal, Trans.). ?stanbul: Cem], they believe in empirical facts. Hence, Kujawski’s Test of Creative Imagination (TCI) is not suitable to the children aged 6 years and younger. In this study, Kujawski’s TCI was tried to be made suitable for the age group of 5–6 years. For this purpose, 204 children aged between 5 and 6 years attending the kindergartens, selected by using simple random sampling method in the city centre of Denizli Province, Turkey, were included in the study. At the end of the study, TCI was found to be a reliable and valid assessment instrument for children in the age group of 5–6 years. The 6-year-old children made more ideas and more detailed constructions than the 5-year-old children.     

Medical School Hotline: A History of the University of Hawai‘i Postgraduate Medical Education Program at Okinawa Chubu Hospital, 1966–2012

The University of Hawai‘i (UH) has been collaborating with Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital for over 46 years. This collaboration started as a post-World War II effort to increase the physician workforce. At the initiation of the US Army and State Department, the University of Hawai‘i was recruited, in cooperation with the government of the Ryukyus and USCAR, to initiate a US style postgraduate clinical training program. The Postgraduate Medical Training Program of University of Hawai‘i at Okinawa Chubu Hospital introduced a style of training similar to that in the US by offering a rotating internship. The initial contract had UH establish and run the Postgraduate Medical Training Program of University of Hawaii at Okinawa Central Hospital. After Okinawa''s reversion to Japan, under a new contract, UH physicians participated as consultants by providing lectures at “grand rounds” and guidance to faculty, staff, and students. To date, 895 physicians have completed the University of Hawai‘i Postgraduate Medical Training Program with 74 currently training. Approximately 662 (74%) of the trainees have remained in Okinawa Prefecture to practice medicine. As a result, the program has enhanced the physician workforce for the islands of Okinawa and neighbor archipelagos of Miyako and Yaeyama Islands.     

The Global Fund 2001–2006: A review of the evidence

Abstract

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria was launched in 2002 with the goals of financing a turnaround in the fight against the three diseases and fundamentally changing the manner in which money is channeled to poor countries. This paper explores the organization's success in fulfilling that mandate over its first five years of operation, examining both its execution of the core business of raising and distributing funds on the basis of proven performance, dramatically increased financing and its realization of this innovative model. The evidence collected demonstrates that, while improvement is needed in a number of areas, the Global Fund has made rapid progress towards realizing its founding ambition and has begun to have its intended impact on global health and development.     

The Outcomes of an Alcohol Prevention Program on Parents’ Rule Setting and Self-efficacy: a Bidirectional Model

Most adolescents have their first encounter with alcohol in early or middle adolescence. Parents’ rule setting about alcohol has been shown to be important to delay the onset and reduce the frequency of adolescents’ alcohol drinking, but less is known about the potential role of parents’ beliefs about their competence in and ability to influence their adolescents’ drinking habits (i.e., parental self-efficacy [PSE], Bandura (Psychological Review, 84, 191–215, 1977). In this study, we examined the direction of influence between parents’ rule setting and PSE as outcomes of the program “Prevention of Alcohol use in Students” (PAS), a prevention program aiming to reduce underage drinking by targeting parents and adolescents both separately and in a combined intervention. We tested two mediation processes in which the program would (a) have a direct effect on PSE, which in turn would increase parents’ rule setting or (b) have a direct effect on parents’ rule setting, which in turn would increase PSE. To examine these processes, we used a sample of 2562 parent-adolescent dyads (age 12 at baseline), followed annually over 3 years. The results showed that the combined intervention increased PSE via an increase in parents’ rule setting. No significant effect of the intervention on rules about alcohol via PSE was found. This is the first study to test the mediation processes involving PSE and parental rule setting in an experimental context where parenting practices are being actively changed. The results suggest that giving parents concrete advice on how to deal with alcohol drinking in their adolescents and at the same time helping adolescents to develop healthy attitudes about alcohol drinking have a positive influence on parents’ self-efficacy.     

Judgments of Sexual Orientation and Masculinity–Femininity Based on Thin Slices of Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

Studies of North Americans suggest that laypeople can judge the sexual orientation of others with greater than chance accuracy based on brief observations of their behavior (i.e., “gaydar” exists). One factor that appears to contribute to these judgments is targets’ degree of masculinity–femininity. However, behaviors related to sexual orientation and to masculinity–femininity might vary across cultures. Thus, cross-cultural work is needed to test whether judgments of sexual orientation are more accurate when targets and raters are from the same culture. American and Czech male targets, 38 homosexual and 41 heterosexual, were videotaped and brief segments of the videotapes were presented to American and Czech raters. Overall, raters’ judgments of targets’ sexual orientation were related to targets’ self-reported sexual orientation. However, the relationship was stronger when targets were judged by raters from their own country. In general, results suggest that there are both cross-cultural similarities and differences in gaydar and in cues related to sexual orientation.     

The Creation of the Federal MCH Extramural Research Program, 1950–1969: Lessons for Today

On April 9, 1912, the law establishing the Children’s Bureau was signed by President William Howard Taft. The original mission of the Children’s Bureau was to “investigate and report … upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people.” This paper focuses on the transitional years from roughly 1950 to 1969, when the Children’s Bureau’s investigative mandate was transformed from a set of intramural activities that viewed maternal and child health research as part of a larger effort cutting across investigative, programmatic, and policy goals, and across different domains of the child’s life, to an extramural research program focused specifically on maternal and child health. Discussion focuses on the mission of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Research Program, housed now within the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.