特发性炎性肌病的免疫病理及诊断

特发性炎性肌病（idiopathic inflammatory myopathy，IIM）是一组获得性的、与自身免疫有关的骨骼肌疾病.临床主要有3个亚型：多发性肌炎（polymyositis，PM）、皮肌炎（dermatomyositis，DM）和包涵体肌炎（inclusion-body myositis，IBM）.由于PM和DM应用皮质醇和免疫抑制剂治疗有效，其诊断和鉴别诊断一直备受临床医生关注.1975年Bohan和Peter提出了PM和DM的诊断标准，在世界范围内得到广泛采用.但这一诊断标准主要是以临床表现和普通组织病理为基础，在临床实践中容易造成误诊和漏诊.例如，根据这一标准不能对PM和IBM进行鉴别;无法将肌活检未发现炎症浸润的PM与其他坏死性肌病进行鉴别;也不能区别一些伴有继发性炎症反应的肌营养不良与PM.近年来，随着组织病理、免疫病理和分子病理方面的研究进展，以免疫病理和免疫组织化学为基础的IIM诊断标准和临床分型逐渐得到了确立。     

特发性炎性肌病分型诊断标准研究进展

特发性炎性肌病分型诊断以Bohan和Peter标准应用最广泛,随着免疫发病机制的研究进展,Dalakas标准提出CD8/MHC-I复合体是诊断PM特征性免疫病理标志.ENMC标准纳入了核磁共振、肌炎特异性抗体、必备的组织化学与免疫组织化学病理诊断标准,单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色可显示浸润炎细胞的类型及MHC-I、MAC免疫标志物的表达,使特发性炎性肌病分型诊断更具准确性,临床应积极推广应用,有助提高诊断治疗水平.     

多发性肌炎与自身抗体

检测了８５例多发性肌炎（ＰＭ）患者血中常见自身抗体结果显示，ＲＦ、ＡＮＡ、抗（ｕ１）ＲＮＰ、抗Ｓｍ、抗ＳＳＡ、抗ＳＳＢ及抗Ｓｃｌ－７０的阳性率分别为４０．７％、２９．４％、７．７％、３．４％、５．１％、１．７％及５％，而抗ｄｓＤＮＡ、抗Ｊｏ－１、抗核糖体抗体的阳性率均为０。患者血中自身抗体阳性与否与Ｉｇ、Ｃ３、ＥＳＲ及肌酶活性水平关系不大。讨论了各自身抗体检测对ＰＭ的诊断价值。     

少年特发性炎性肌病的研究进展

少年特发性炎性肌病(JIIMS)主要包括少年皮肌炎(JDM)、少年多发性肌炎(JPM)和少年包涵体肌炎.作为炎性肌病的一类,因少见而对其知之较少,本文将对JIIMS的流行病学、诊断标准、临床特点、治疗、疾病活动的评估和监测以及发病机制等方面最新研究进展进行综述.     

特发性炎性肌病的蛋白组学研究进展

特发性炎性肌病主要包括皮肌炎、多发性肌炎和散发性包涵体肌炎,该类肌病发病机制未明确,用于临床诊断的特异性抗体缺乏。使用蛋白组学研究数据虽然较少,但有所发现。皮肌炎主要与氧化应激相关蛋白有关,多发性肌炎多与炎症、线粒体功能障碍和氧化磷酸化通路异常相关,而散发性包涵体肌炎不仅与氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、炎症相关,还与变性相关。本文就蛋白质组学在特发性炎性肌病目前的研究做一综述。     

多发性肌炎和皮肌炎的发病机制研究进展

多发性肌炎（polymyositis,PM）和皮肌炎（dermatomyositis,DM）为特发性炎症性肌病（idiopathic inflammatory myopathy,IIM）的最常见类型,其共同特征是以横纹肌非化脓性炎性改变和进行性肌无力为主要表现,同时DM还具有典型的皮肤损害.该病目前病因未明,近年的研究主要集中于免疫遗传学方面,多数学者认为PM和（或）DM是由环境因素作用于遗传易患个体而引起的自身免疫性疾病。     

特发性炎性肌病的相关特异性抗体的研究进展

特发性炎性肌病(IIM)主要包括多肌炎、皮肌炎和免疫性坏死性肌病等。近年来已在青少年和成人IIM中鉴定出不同的抗体,例如抗Jo-1抗体、抗NXP2抗体、抗MDA5抗体和抗HMGCR抗体等。这些抗体阳性的IIM可表现出不同的临床、病理表现,并且可以帮助临床医生区分更精确的亚型,从而指导治疗及评估预后。     

多发性肌炎伴脂质沉积性肌病2例报告

多发性肌炎(polymyositis)为横纹肌弥漫性炎性疾病，常常引起进行性、对称性的肢带肌、颈肌和咽部肌肉的无力及萎缩，它可以作为一种独立的疾病而就诊于神经内科，也可以与许多结缔组织疾病并存，但与脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)合并存在的情况国内未见报道。我们在诊治多发性肌炎患者中发现2例合并脂质沉积性肌病。肌活检提示：肌炎伴脂质代谢异常。现就2例病例的临床病理报告如下。     

多发性肌炎伴脂质沉积性肌病2例报告

多发性肌炎 (polymyositis)为横纹肌弥漫性炎性疾病 ,常常引起进行性、对称性的肢带肌、颈肌和咽部肌肉的无力及萎缩 ,它可以作为一种独立的疾病而就诊于神经内科 ,也可以与许多结缔组织疾病并存 ,但与脂质沉积性肌病 (LSM )合并存在的情况国内未见报道。我们在诊治多发性肌炎患者中发现 2例合并脂质沉积性肌病。肌活检提示 :肌炎伴脂质代谢异常。现就 2例病例的临床病理报告如下。1　病例资料2例患者均为男性 ,年龄为 3 4岁及 65岁 ,双下肢无力伴吞咽及行走异常 2例 ,吞咽困难及构音障碍 2例 ,颈肌无力 1例 ,2者均伴有肌肉及关节部的疼痛…     

多发性肌炎、皮肌炎诊断治疗中的几个问题

多发性肌炎(polymyositis，PM)、皮肌炎(dermatomyositis，DM)是一组免疫性炎性肌病，其共同表现为对称性四肢近端肌肉及延髓支配肌肉力弱，血清肌酸激酶(CK)升高，肌电图呈肌源性改变，肌肉病理表现为肌纤维坏死、再生和炎性细胞浸润。近年来已经对其临床表现多样性的认识，发病机制的了解，以及治疗取得了一些进展，但是对发病机制尚未完全阐明，对各项诊断技术的评价尚未标准化，对治疗规律缺乏精确了解，对繁杂的治疗方法尚需规范。因此，有必要对一些问题进行深入的研究、讨论。     

A search for genetic influence in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

33 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis or dermatomyositis) and 45 of their first-degree relatives were investigated in a search for any influence of genetic factors in these diseases. None of the relatives had evidence of an inflammatory myopathy but 13 had some other autoimmune disease. Mean serum IgG levels were reduced and serum C3c concentration increased both in patients and relatives. Levels of IgM were reduced and C4 increased in some groups of patients. The incidence of autoantibodies was increased in the patient group, particularly in those with isolated dermatomyositis or other systemic features, but not in the relatives. HLA, blood group and other genetic markers showed no deviation from normal population frequencies. Evidence favouring a genetic influence on the etiology of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is restricted to disturbance of levels of some Ig and complement components, and for these there may be other explanations.     

肌电图在炎性肌病诊断中的意义

肌电图(EMG)系临床诊断神经肌肉疾病所必需的检查手段,最常用的是针电极肌电图,有时还需进行以下较少使用的特殊方法,如单纤维肌电图(SFEMG),可记录单个肌纤维的电活动,通常可以记录到1～2条肌纤维的动作电位(AP);     

A review of inflammatory idiopathic myopathy focusing on polymyositis

Inflammatory idiopathic myopathies are a group of autoimmune diseases affecting predominantly the proximal skeletal muscles, with raised muscle enzymes, with or without skin involvement and extramuscular organ involvement. Autoantibodies help to characterize patients into different clinical phenotypes. Successful treatment necessitates controlling inflammation early with corticosteroids and invariably requires additional immunosuppressive therapy. This review focuses on the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and management of patients presenting with inflammatory idiopathic myopathies, predominantly focusing on polymyositis and antisynthetase syndrome.     

Inclusion body myositis. A corticosteroid-resistant idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

In seven patients with slowly progressive muscle weakness, inclusion body myositis (IBM) was diagnosed on biopsy. None had stigmata of collagen-vascular disease or malignancy. Serum creatine kinase levels were mildly or moderately increased. The six patients treated with prednisone did not improve. Needle electromyography showed a "myopathic" pattern in all patients, but four also had diffuse neurogenic changes with normal nerve conductions. Histologic study of muscle showed a mixture of small rounded fibers varying in size, atrophic angulated fibers forming small groups, and hypertrophic fibers. Variable amounts of inflammation, necrosis, and regeneration were seen in all specimens. All showed numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles lined with purple-blue granules. Electron microscopy showed membranous whorls and masses of abnormal filaments measuring 14 to 18 nm in diameter. Although IBM seems to be a distinct type of inflammatory myopathy, its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear.     

炎性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断

炎性肌病是一类由免疫介导或直接由病原体感染所引起的骨骼肌的炎性病变。广义而言，它包括多发性肌炎（PM）、皮肌炎（DM）、无肌病性皮肌炎（amyopathic dermatomyositis，ADM）、包涵体肌炎（IBM）、嗜酸性筋膜炎、局灶性肌炎、肉芽肿性肌炎和感染性肌病，其中感染性肌病又可分为病毒性肌炎、寄生虫性肌炎、细菌性肌炎、真菌性肌炎和支原体肌炎等；而从狭义上来讲，炎性肌病仅指多发性肌炎、皮肌炎、无肌病性皮肌炎和散发性包涵体肌炎。除了包涵体肌炎外，其他炎性肌病均为可治愈性或可控制性疾病，因此对其早期诊断和及时治疗显得尤为重要。然而，炎性肌病并非l临床常见的神经系统疾病，尤其在不典型的情况下漏诊或误诊时有发生。因此，笔结合自己的l临床体会．就炎性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断总结概述。[第一段]     

Anti-HMGCR myopathy overlaps with dermatomyositis-like rash: a distinct subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Journal of Neurology - To characterize the clinical and pathological features of anti-HMGCR myopathy. The presence of anti-HMGCR antibody in the serum of 227 patients with idiopathic inflammatory...     

Serological risk factors for concomitant interstitial lung disease in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an extramuscular manifestation associated with increased mortality in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). To identify risk factors for ILD in patients with IIM, this study retrospectively enrolled 117 eligible patients from a university medical center. After a comprehensive chart review, 56 patients were stratified into ILD (n = 28) and non-ILD (n = 28) groups. Clinical features, laboratory data, concomitant diseases, and serology profiles were compared. Patients with ILD had high prevalence of anti-Jo1 antibodies (p = 0.002), anti-Ro52 antibodies (p < 0.001), both anti-Jo1 and anti-Ro52 antibodies (p = 0.008), anti-Jo1 or anti-Ro52 antibodies (p < 0.001), and lower initial creatine kinase (CK) levels (p = 0.006). Moreover, patients with anti-Ro52 antibodies and either anti-Ro52 or anti-Jo1 antibodies had 9.17-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.858–33.487, p < 0.001) and 13.44-fold (95% CI: 4.008–52.757, p < 0.001) increased odds of developing ILD, respectively. By contrast, patients with higher CK levels had 0.99-fold (95% CI: 0.999–0.999, p = 0.011) increased odds of developing ILD. Both anti-Ro52 and anti-Jo1 antibodies were independent serological risk factors for IIM-associated ILD. Because these serology tests are commonly available, they can be used to guide pulmonary screening for patients with IIM to increase neurologist proactivity in recognizing and treating extramuscular conditions.