CHADS2评分及CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测老年非瓣膜性心房颤动合并缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的意义

目的探讨CHADS2评分及CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)合并缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的意义。方法调查我院2011年6月至2013年8月老年医学科216例老年NVAF合并缺血性脑卒中患者,应用CHADS2评分(0~6分)及CHA2DS2-VASc评分(0~9分)进行卒中风险评分,分为3组,低危组(0分)、中危组(1分)和高危组(2~9分),在发病后3个月时,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评定患者的预后,将患者分为预后良好和预后不佳组,比较两组临床资料、CHADS2评分及CHA2DS2一VASc评分差异,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果共纳入符合条件的206例(95.3%)患者,其中CHADS2评分0、1、2~6分组各31、83、92例,CHA2DS2-VASc评分0、1、2~9分组各24、78、104例,预后良好89例(43.2%),预后不佳117例(56.8%)。预后良好与预后不佳患者的年龄、性别、卒中史、CHADS2评分、CHA2DS2-VASc评分的差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR:1.23,95%CI:1.07~1.54,P=0.01)、CHADS2评分(OR:1.36,95%CI:1.17~2.36,P=0.00)和CHA2DS2-VASc评分(OR:3.24,95%CI:1.32~6.98.P=0.00)为预后不佳的独立预测因素。结论年龄、CHADS2评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是老年NVAF缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后不佳的独立预测因素;对于老年NVAF缺血性脑卒中早期病情改善的预测作用,CHA2DS2-VASc评分优于CHADS2评分。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者红细胞分布宽度与CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc评分的关系

目的:探讨非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)患者红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与评估房颤患者发生血栓栓塞风险的CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分的关系。方法:连续入选非瓣膜性房颤患者99例(其中阵发房颤68例,持续房颤31例),每例患者均进行CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分,同时记录年龄、性别、伴发疾病、实验室指标及超声心动图结果。根据CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分将房颤患者发生血栓栓塞的风险分为低中危组和高危组,比较房颤患者发生血栓栓塞风险的低中危组与高危组各项指标的差异,同时探讨房颤患者RDW与CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc评分的关系。结果:无论何种分组方式,两组间年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、脑卒中史有统计学差异(P0.05)。与低中危组相比,高危组患者年龄增加,RDW、血肌酐升高,左房直径增加,左室射血分数下降(P0.05)。多变量Logistic回归分析显示,RDW是房颤患者CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc评分的独立预测因素(OR值分别是2.184、3.815,均P0.05)。预测CHADS2高分的RDW的ROC曲线下面积为0.690(95%CI:0.583~0.797,P0.05),预测CHA2DS2-VASc高分的RDW的ROC曲线下面积为0.735(95%CI:0.634~0.836,P0.05)。结论:非瓣膜性房颤患者RDW与CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分呈正相关,而且是CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc评分的独立预测因素。     

CHADS2评分与CHA2DS2-VASc评分在非瓣膜病房颤患者左房血栓风险评估中的对比分析

目的探讨CHADS2评分及CHA2DS2-VASc评分在非瓣膜病心房颤动(AF)患者左房血栓风险评估中的作用。方法 2011年6月至2015年6月选择该院收治的非瓣膜病AF患者423例,根据其左房是否发生血栓分为左房血栓组和未发生左房血栓组;采用CHADS2评分系统和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统对非瓣膜病AF患者发生血栓事件的风险进行危险分层,收集患者一般临床资料,采用Logistics回归对左房血栓发生的危险因素进行分析。结果 423例非瓣膜病AF患者进行食道心脏超声检查发现65例(15.36%)发生左房血栓;患者CHADS2评分显著低于CHA2DS2-VASc评分(P0.05);秩和检验显示CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统对患者危险分层的严重程度显著高于CHADS2评分系统(P0.05);随着CHADS2评分系统和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统危险的增加患者发生左房血栓的比例逐渐升高(P0.05);单因素分析显示年龄≥65岁、左房内径≥38 mm及射血分数≤40%是非瓣膜病AF患者发生左房血栓的危险因素(P0.05);多因素Logistics回归显示CHA2DS2-VASc评分是导致非瓣膜病AF患者发生左房血栓的危险因素。结论 CHA2DS2-VASc评分能够预测非瓣膜病AF患者左房血栓的发生,其预估价值明显优于CHADS2评分。     

比较CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分对非瓣膜性心房颤动卒中和血栓栓塞发生风险的预测价值——Meta分析

目的:比较CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分对非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者卒中和血栓栓塞发生风险的预测价值。方法:系统性检索Cochrane图书馆,EMBASE、EBSCO和PubMed数据库中有关CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测NVAF患者卒中和血栓栓塞发生风险的英文文献。采用STATA 12.0软件进行统计分析。结果:本研究共纳入11篇文献。当C-统计量作为连续型变量分析时,CHADS2评分C-统计量分布从0.650到0.717,中位数0.660;CHA2DS2-VASc评分C-统计量分布从0.637到0.724,中位数0.697,合并后C-统计量分别为0.66(0.66~0.67)和0.67(0.66~0.68)。当C-统计量作为分类型变量分析时,CHADS2评分C-统计量分布从0.586到0.722,中位数0.630;CHA2DS2-VASc评分C-统计量分布从0.521到0.850,中位数0.606,合并后C-统计量分别为0.65(0.62~0.67)和0.63(0.59~0.68),但存在高异质性,结果需慎重分析。CHA2DS2-VASc评分低危组的不良事件发生率明显比CHADS2评分低(0.54%:1.40%,P0.05),且将更多的患者划分到高危组(81.0%:46.0%,P0.05)。结论:CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分对NVAF患者卒中和血栓栓塞发生风险的预测价值相类似。但CHA2DS2-VASc评分更容易发现真正"低危"患者,且将更多的患者纳入高危组,有利于指导临床上预防性治疗。     

CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分在冠心病外科治疗中的应用

目的：评价CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统在冠心病外科治疗中的意义。 方法：选择2006年1月至2010年1月行不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的768个病人,术后新发房颤患者97例,回顾病人的围术期及随访资料,应用CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统,进行分析。 结果：分为术后新发房颤组与非房颤组。术后新发房颤发生率12.6%。平均年龄70.74±8.21岁和65.90±9.83岁,围术期脑卒中8例和9例,CHADS2评分值分别为3.2±1.26和2.13±0.94,CHA2DS2-VASc评分值分别为4.2±1.50和3.23±1.07,CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是术后新发房颤的预测因素,与围术期脑卒中显著相关,P < 0.01。 结论：冠心病外科治疗中应用CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统可预测术后新发房颤及围术期脑卒中,对冠心病术后新发房颤的抗凝及抗血小板治疗决策提供了依据,对卒中风险及预后有一定的评估价值。     

CHA_2DS_2-VASc评分有助于房颤脑卒中和(或)血栓栓塞预防性抗凝治疗的规范化Meta分析

目的:系统评价CHA2DS2-VASc评分在预防抗凝治疗房颤(atrial fibrillation,AF)患者脑卒中和(或)血栓栓塞(thromboembolism,TE)发生风险预测中的应用价值。方法:系统性检索Cochrane图书馆,PubMed和Embase等数据库,纳入国外已经公开发表的有关CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测脑卒中和(或)TE发生风险的相关队列研究。采用Revman 5.2软件进行Meta分析,计算合并后的相对危险度(risk ratios,RRs)和95%可信区间(confidence interval,CIs),分别比较在抗凝或未抗凝治疗AF患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2(高危组)和CHA2DS2-VASc评分2(低中危组)分层内脑卒中和(或)TE风险发生情况。χ2趋势检验分析各危险组脑卒中和(或)TE发生风险与评分值的相关趋势。结果:本研究共纳入12篇文献,5篇以脑卒中为终点事件(RR=5.31,CI:3.69~7.62;P0.01),7篇以TE为终点事件(RR=5.94,CI:5.48~6.43;P0.01)(Pdiff=0.55);其中4篇研究对象接受抗凝基线治疗(RR=5.43,CI:4.92~6.00;P0.01),8篇研究对象未接受抗凝基线治疗(RR=5.92,CI:5.26~6.67;P0.01)(Pdiff=0.57)。CHA2DS2-VASc评分低危组终点事件发生率明显比CHADS2评分要低(0.54%vs 1.40%)(P0.05),且将更多的患者纳入高危组(81.0%vs 46.0%,P0.05)。结论:与CHADS2评分相比,CHA2DS2-VASc评分将更多的AF患者归类于高危组,且高危组脑卒中和(或)TE发生风险更高,并显示已接受抗凝治疗的AF患者仍然存在脑卒中和(或)TE发生风险,且随风险评分系统分值的增高而显著升高。这提示AF卒中预防性抗凝药物治疗需要正确评估而规范化实施。     

老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者发生缺血性脑卒中的危险因素分析

目的:分析老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)患者发生缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2010-01至2014-12期间收入院的180例房颤患者的临床资料。根据计算机断层摄影术(CT)和(或)核磁共振成像(MRI)检查确诊缺血性脑卒中,分为房颤合并缺血性脑卒中组(n=120例)和单纯房颤组(n=60例),分别评估两组患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、左心房内径(LAD)、血脂水平和肾功能等之间的差异。结果:房颤合并缺血性脑卒中组和单纯房颤组患者在CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、HCY、FIB、LAD之间差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、HCY、FIB、LAD是房颤患者发生缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素。CHA2DS2-VASc评分用于卒中危险分层与CHADS2评分比较有差异。结论:影响老年房颤患者发生缺血性脑卒中的因素除CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分系统外,联合测定HCY、FIB和LAD预测房颤患者发生缺血性脑卒中具有重要的临床价值,可使筛查非瓣膜性房颤患者发生缺血性脑卒中高危人群的工作操作更加方便、客观。CHA2DS2-VASc适宜筛查低危人群,CHADS2适宜筛查高危人群。     

CHA_2DS_2-VASc评分结合左心房内径在预测非瓣膜性心房颤动患者脑卒中风险评估中的应用

目的探讨CHA2DS2-VASc评分结合左房内径(LAD)对非瓣膜性房颤(NVAF)患者卒中风险的预测价值。方法对北京市应急总医院干部医疗科、心内科和首都医科大学附属北京市朝阳医院综合科于2012年1月至2014年12月收治的首次诊断为非瓣膜病心房颤动的患者共1216例进行同群队列研究,分为两组,一组为脑卒中组(366例),另一组为非脑卒中组(850例),收集相关资料,以缺血性脑卒中为终点事件,平均随访时间为(30±6)月,分析两组患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分、左心房内径及二者联合在非瓣膜性房颤患者发生脑卒中风险评估中的ROC曲线下面积。结果脑卒中组患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分(5.23±1.58分)显著高于非脑卒中组(2.96±1.52)分(P0.01)。脑卒中组患者的左心房内径(42.39±5.79)mm与非脑卒中组(42.12±6.85)mm相比,无显著差异(P0.05)。非瓣膜性房颤患者发生脑卒中风险评估中CHA2DS2-VASc评分、左心房内径、CHA2DS2-VASc评分+左心房内径的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.854、0.524、0.856,95%CI分别为0.83～0.88、0.49～0.56、0.83～0.88。CHA2DS2-VASc评分+LAD二者联合ROC曲线下面积较CHA2DS2-VASc评分相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 CHA2DS2-VASc评分对我国NVAF患者卒中风险的预测价值良好;LAD对NVAF患者卒中风险预测有诊断价值,但较CHA2DS2-VASc评分相比,诊断价值不高;CHA2DS2-VASc评分联合LAD对预测NVAF患者卒中风险价值较单独应用CHA2DS2-VASc评分无明显优势。     

CHA 2DS 2_VASc 评分与射频消融术前心房颤动患者左心房／左心耳血栓形成的关系

目的探讨CHA2DS2-VASc评分与射频消融术前心房颤动患者左心房（left atrium ,LA）/左心耳（left atrial ap-pendage ,LAA ）发生血栓事件的关系。方法根据术前食管超声心动图检查结果,将接受射频消融术的心房颤动患者分为LA/LAA血栓形成组（n＝21）与血栓未形成组（n＝21）,对照分析CHA2 DS2-VASc及CHADS2评分对血栓事件的预测价值。结果血栓形成组21例（3.8％）患者血栓均位于LAA ,低危组（0分）、中危组（1分）、高危组（≥2分）间,LA/LAA血栓事件发生率无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）,但≥3分患者血栓形成明显多于＜2分（ P＜0.01）。血栓形成组CHA2 DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、左心房内径（LAD ）显著高于血栓未形成组外,其余临床因素间比较均无统计学意义。多元Logistic回归分析显示：LAD、CHA2 DS2-VASc评分是LA/LAA血栓形成的独立危险因素（OR＝0.81、0.89,P＜0.05）。结论无论CHA2 DS2-VASc评分的高低,所有房颤患者射频消融术前均需接受食管超声心动图探查,LAD越大、CHA2 DS2-VASc评分越高,LA/LAA血栓事件发生可能性越高。     

单中心非瓣膜性心房颤动患者卒中评分对比及药物抗凝治疗现状统计分析

目的比较CHADS2评分以及CHA2DS2-VASc评分对单中心非瓣膜性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者进行卒中风险评估的差异,并对药物抗凝治疗现状进行统计分析。方法选择非瓣膜性房颤住院患者,将其分为药物治疗(DT)组和导管消融术(RFCA)组,收集患者基本临床资料,并行CHADS2评分以及CHA2DS2-VASc评分。对药物治疗组卒中高危(HDT)患者(CHA2DS2-VASc≥2分),RFCA组术后患者分别行建议服用华法林或新型口服抗凝药抗凝治疗的宣教。通过门诊复诊或者电话回访等方式对上述两组患者出院后3个月的情况进行随访。包括是否按出院医嘱规律服用抗凝药物,服用华法林者是否规律监测国际标准化比值(INR),近期(距随访时间1周内)INR,出血/栓塞事件。结果所有患者(175例)CHADS2得分(1.61±1.34)分,其中0分者36例,1分者62例,≥2分者77例;CHA2DS2-VAS得分(2.62±1.79)分,其中0分者15例,1分者44例,≥2分者116例。CHA2DS2-VASc得分显著高于CHADS2评分,其低危患者比例显著低于CHADS2评分,而其高危患者比例显著高于CHADS2评分。HDT组102例,RFCA组37例,两组基本临床资料比较无明显差异(P均0.05)。HDT组的抗栓率及达比加群酯使用率均小于RFCA组(35.3%vs 100%;2.0%vs 51.4%,P均0.01),而华法林使用率及INR的达标率,两组无明显差异(33.3%vs 48.6%;67.6%vs 72.0%,P均0.05)。结论 CHA2DS2-VASc得分显著高于CHADS2评分,其低危患者比例显著低于CHADS2评分,而其高危患者比例显著高于CHADS2评分。导管消融术后患者抗栓率高与应用新型口服抗凝剂相关。     

Different RBC aggregating properties of the Aalpha2Bbeta2gammaA2 and Aalpha2Bbeta2gammaAgamma' subpopulations of human fibrinogen

Human fibrinogen (TF) has been separated into two fractions: F1 - homodimers with respect to the gamma chain, and F2 - heterodimers composed of gammaA and gamma' polypeptides. Their rouleaux-inducing properties were as follows: (1) both, at the same concentration of 0.8%, were less effective than TF; (2) F1 produced larger rouleaux even under static conditions of a hemocytometer where F2 was silent; (3) F2 induced the process when a suspension was gently sheared between microscopic slides. Since the synthetic peptide gamma'(414-427) inhibited the rouleau formation in a mixture with F2, the C-terminal amino acids of the gamma' polypeptide probably bind the molecule to the cell. The inhibition was feebly visible in the native ratio of F1/F2, implicating a compensatory effect of F1.     

Characterization of two types of fetal hemoglobin: alpha 2G gamma 2 and alpha 2A gamma 2

The effect of differences in G gamma and A gamma fractions of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) on the kinetics of polymerization of HbS-HbF mixtures was studied. We also examined their effect on oxygen affinity, surface hydrophobicity, mechanical stability, and solubility of HbF. Differences in G gamma:A gamma ratio did not affect the polymerization of mixtures of HbF and HbS, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of HbF on the polymerization of HbS is independent of the G gamma:A gamma ratio of HbF and is totally dependent on the fraction of HbF in the mixture. The oxygen equilibrium curve of HbF was not affected by differences in the ratios of G gamma and A gamma in HbF. In contrast, surface hydrophobicity, mechanical stability, and solubility of HbF were affected by differences in the G gamma:A gamma ratio. The higher the G gamma:A gamma ratio, the smaller the elution volume on a TSK Gel SW hydrophobic column in high phosphate buffer. The mechanical stability of HbF was also dependent on the ratio of G gamma:A gamma; stability was greater at higher fractions of A gamma. Differences in the G gamma:A gamma ratio also affected solubility of HbF: HbF containing the higher fraction of G gamma was the more soluble. These data indicate that although alanine at the 136th position of the gamma chains has a stronger surface hydrophobicity than does glycine, this difference does not affect either the polymerization of HbS or the oxygen affinity of HbF.     

Structure-function of Hb Marseille-Long Island [alpha 2 beta 2 N-methionyl-2(NA2) His----Pro

Suspensions of red cells containing Hb Marseille-Long Island showed decreased oxygen affinity and low interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Oxygen equilibrium studies of the purified component confirmed these abnormalities. Oxidation rate measurements of carbonmonoxy-Hb Marseille and carbonmonoxy-Hb A by ferricyanide showed an increased rate for the former, suggesting an increased dissociation constant for carbon monoxide. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra in the high field region revealed small changes in the proximal region of the heme pocket. These results indicated that the mutation causes a perturbation at a distance from the mutation site.     

Influence of Mixed Na2O/K2O on Chemical Durability and Spectral Properties of P2O5-Al2O3-BaO-K2O-Na2O-Nd2O3 Phosphate Glasses

A series of 56P₂O₅-7.5Al₂O₃-5.9BaO-(28.56-x)K₂O-xNa₂O-1.51Nd₂O₃ phosphate glasses with different Na/(Na+K) ratios, which were specially designed for high-power laser application, were prepared by a high-temperature melting method. Except for the density, refractive index, glass transition temperature, and DC conductivity, the chemical durability and spectral properties, as emphasized by high-power and high-energy laser material, were further measured and analyzed. Regarding the chemical durability, the dissolution rates of these glasses do not show an evident mixed alkali effect with increasing the Na/(Na+K) ratio, although the effect is obvious for the glass transition temperature and DC conductivity. To better understand the nature of the dissolution mechanism, the ionic release concentrations of every element are determined. Both Na and K undergo ion exchange, but the ion exchange rate of K is much larger than that of Na. In terms of the spectral properties, the J–O parameters, emission cross-section, radiation lifetime, fluorescence lifetime, effective bandwidth, fluorescence branching ratio, and quantum efficiency are determined from absorption and emission spectra. The trend of Ω₂ deviating from linearity indicates that the coordination environment symmetry of Nd³⁺ ions and the covalence of Nd-O also present an evident mixed alkali effect. The most important finding is that the emission cross-section and fluorescence lifetime of Nd³⁺ ions at 1053 nm were not affected by the change in the Na/K ratio. According to the above experimental results, the optimized value of the Na/K ratio was determined, based on which the 56P₂O₅-7.5Al₂O₃-5.9BaO-(28.56-x)K₂O-xNa₂O-1.51Nd₂O₃ glass maintains a high emission cross-section with good chemical durability.     

Classification and characterization of hereditary types 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2M, 2N, and 2U (unclassifiable) von Willebrand disease.

All variants of type 2 von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients, except 2N, show a defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) protein (on cross immunoelectrophoresis or multimeric analysis), decreased ratios for VWF:RCo/Ag and VWF:CB/Ag and prolonged bleeding time. The bleeding time is normal and FVIII:C levels are clearly lower than VWF:Ag in type 2N VWD. High resolution multimeric analysis of VWF in plasma demonstrates that proteolysis of VWF is increased in type 2A and 2B VWD with increased triplet structure of each visuable band (not present in types 2M and 2U), and that proteolysis of VWF is minimal in type 2C, 2D, and 2E variants that show aberrant multimeric structure of individual oligomers. VWD 2B differs from 2A by normal VWF in platelets, and increased ristocetine-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA). RIPA, which very likely reflects the VWF content of platelets, is normal in mild, decreased in moderate, and absent in severe type 2A VWD. RIPA is decreased or absent in 2M, 2U, 2C, and 2D, variable in 2E, and normal in 2N. VWD 2M is usually mild and characterized by decreased VWF:RCo and RIPA, a normal or near normal VWF multimeric pattern in a low resolution agarose gel. VWD 2A-like or unclassifiable (2U) is distinct from 2A and 2B and typically featured by low VWF:RCo and RIPA with the relative lack of high large VWF multimers. VWD type 2C is recessive and shows a characteristic multimeric pattern with a lack of high molecular weight multimers, the presence of one single-banded multimers instead of triplets caused by homozygosity or double hereozygosity for a mutation in the multimerization part of VWF gene. Autosomal dominant type 2D is rare and characterized by the lack of high molecular weight multimers and the presence of a characteristic intervening subband between individual oligimers due to mutation in the dimerization part of the VWF gene. In VWD type 2E, the large VWF multimers are missing and the pattern of the individual multimers shows only one clearly identifiable band, and there is no intervening band and no marked increase in the smallest oligomer. 2E appears to be less well defined, is usually autosomal dominant, and accounts for about one third of patients with 2A in a large cohort of VWD patients.     

Experimental Investigation of Radiation Shielding Competence of Bi2O3-CaO-K2O-Na2O-P2O5 Glass Systems

The gamma-ray shielding features of Bi₂O₃-CaO-K₂O-Na₂O-P₂O₅ glass systems were experimentally reported. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the fabricated glasses was experimentally measured at seven energy values (between 0.0595 and 1.33 MeV). The compatibility between the practical and theoretical results shows the accuracy of the results obtained in the laboratory for determining the MAC of the prepared samples. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MACs) increase with the addition of Bi₂O₃ and A4 glass possesses the highest MAC and LAC. A downward trend in the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) with increasing the energy from 0.0595 to 1.33 MeV is found. The highest LAC is found at 1.33 MeV (in the range of 0.092–0.143 cm⁻¹). The effective atomic number (Z_eff) follows the order B1 > A1 > A2 > A3 > A4. This order emphasizes that increasing the content of Bi₂O₃ has a positive effect on the photon shielding proficiencies owing to the higher density of Bi₂O₃ compared with Na₂O. The half value layer (HVL) is also determined and the HVL for the tested glasses is computed between 0.106 and 0.958 cm at 0.0595 MeV. The glass with 10 mol% of Bi₂O₃ has lower HVL than the glasses with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mol% of Bi₂O₃. So, the A4 glass needs a smaller thickness than the other glasses to shield the same radiation. As a result of the reported shielding parameters, inserting B₂O₃ provides lower values of these three parameters, which in turn leads to the development of superior photons shields.