高龄患者应用右美托咪定麻醉的效果

<正>随着社会老龄化的日益加重,高龄患者的手术麻醉日趋增多。由于高龄患者对麻醉耐受差,术中血流动力学波动大,术后苏醒延迟,谵妄发生率高。针对老年患者的特点,我院采用具有镇静催眠、抗焦虑、镇痛作用,又能抑制交感神经活性、改善手术期间的心血管稳定性的α2肾上腺素能受体(α2AR)激动药右美托咪定(Dex)静脉麻醉〔1,2〕,取得满意效果。     

右美托咪定对糖尿病患者经尿道前列腺等离子电切术的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对糖尿病患者行前列腺等离子电切术(TURP)术中血糖的影响。方法选择2018年5月—2019年5月该院收治的60例椎管内麻醉TURP术患者,年龄65~75岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为对照组与观察组,各30例。观察组给予负荷剂量0.3μg/kg右美托咪定静脉泵注(15 min),后给予维持剂0.2μg/(kg·h)至手术结束。对照组同样方式给予等容量生理盐水。记录麻醉前(T0)、手术开始(T1)、手术后30 min(T2)、手术结束(T3)时患者静脉血糖的变化。结果观察组患者用药后与对照组相比,观察组患者血糖波动性较小;与观察组相比,对照组血糖值在T2、T3时间点与T0时间点相比持续上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定在糖尿病患者行TURP术中血糖水平更平稳,减少由于血糖变化带来的手术不便。     

右美托咪定对超高龄老年患者循环系统的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定用于重症监护病房(ICU)中超高龄(80岁)老年患者镇静时对循环系统的影响。方法选择收住该院ICU患者(年龄80岁)30例,以随机方式分为右美托咪定负荷量组和普通量组各15例,两组患者均仅给予右美托咪定镇静。负荷量组给予负荷剂量及维持剂量,普通量组直接给予维持剂量,镇静效果以Ramsay评分2~4分为目标。对患者用药期间的一般生命体征〔呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、外周血氧饱和度(Sp O2)〕以及镇静药物相关并发症(低血压、心动过缓)进行监测与记录。结果两组患者镇静达标所需时间无显著差异(P0.05)。镇静达标后两组患者的MAP差异显著(P0.01),两组患者低血压事件发生率有统计学差异(P0.05)、心动过缓事件发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论超高龄老年患者使用右美托咪定镇静时,负荷量给药下诱发低血压及心动过缓的概率较大,建议对于超高龄老年患者镇静可直接给予维持剂量甚至小剂量的右美托咪定,必要时联合其他药物镇静以减少对循环系统的不良影响。     

右美托咪定应用于ICU机械通气患者的安全性

<正>右美托咪定属高效、高选择性α2肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)激动剂,与α2-AR的亲和力是可乐定的8倍〔1〕,具有镇静和弱镇痛作用,特点是在镇静的同时能维持患者意识清醒,且无明显的呼吸抑制作用〔2〕,故适用于重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气的患者。但右美托咪定的副作用限制了其在临床的广泛应用,以心动过缓和低血压多见,尤其是当应用负荷剂量时〔3〕。本研究探讨机械通气患者应用右美托咪定的安全性。1材料与方法1.1对象入选标准:(1)2012年3⁶月在9个ICU接受机     

预注右美托咪定对老年患者双腔管插管反应的影响

目的探讨预注右美托咪定在老年患者麻醉诱导中的应用。方法美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ级肺癌患者30例,随机分为右美托咪定组和对照组各15例。右美托咪啶组患者入室后给予复合剂量右美托咪定0.6μg/kg,10 min内泵入。对照组持续泵入等量生理盐水。随后全麻诱导,两组患者全麻诱导方法相同,当脑电双频谱指数(BIS)<45时插入双腔管,经纤支镜定位后行机械通气。观察给药前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后3 min(T3)、插管后5 min(T4)各时间点的心率、血压情况;记录两组维持相同麻醉深度的丙泊酚用量,观察并记录麻醉诱导期间的不良反应。结果两组患者T0时间点各项指标无统计学差异(P>0.05);与T0比较,两组T1时点收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)降低(P<0.05);对照组T2~T3时点SBP、DBP、HR升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,右美托咪定组T1时点SBP、DBP升高(P<0.05),T2~T3时点SBP、DBP、HR降低(P<0.05);右美托咪定组插管时丙泊酚用量较对照组明显减少(P<0.05);低血压、高血压等不良反应明显减少(P<0.05)。结论预注右美托咪定可有效减轻老年患者双腔管插管时心血管反应,维持血流动力学稳定,并缩短丙泊酚诱导的插管时间和减少丙泊酚的用量。     

右美托咪定在神经安定镇痛麻醉中的观察

目的:比较右美托咪定和咪达唑仑两种药物,了解右美托咪定对机体作用效果。方法:将选定日期进行下肢或中下腹部手术60位患者分为3组,待一切准备就绪,在术前20 min分别注射右美托咪定、咪达唑仑、生理盐水,记录观察患者体征。结果:右美托咪定的各项数据监测都优于咪达唑仑,但遗忘效果评估差于咪达唑仑。结论:右美托咪定更适用临床上安定镇静。     

右美托咪定对老年糖尿病患者止血带性心肌损伤的影响

目的观察术中应用右美托咪定(DEX)预处理对老年糖尿病患者止血带性心肌损伤的影响。方法择期全麻下行骨科下肢手术的高龄患者80例,采用静吸复合全身麻醉,将患者按数字随机表法分为糖尿病DEX组(D1),非糖尿病DEX组(D2,n=20),糖尿病非DEX组(C1)和非糖尿病非DEX组(C2),每组20只。D1和D2组持续泵注负荷量DEX 1μg/kg(15 min),随后以0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)速率维持至手术结束前30 min;C1组和C2组以同样的时间、速率持续泵注等容量0.9%生理盐水。观察记录气管插管前(T0),上止血带前(T1),上止血带后1 h(T2),松止血带后15 min(T3),松止血带后1 h(T4)和术后24 h(T5)平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和血糖(BG)变化,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、脑钠肽(BNP)浓度,硫代巴比妥酸法测定丙二醛(MDA)浓度,免疫抑制法测定磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CKMB)浓度,化学发光法测定肌钙蛋白(cTn)I浓度;同时记录患者苏醒拔管时间、术后回ICU停留时间以及住院时间等。结果苏醒拔管时间、术后ICU停留时间及住院时间D1组较C1组缩短(P<0.05);D2组较C2组缩短(P<0.05)。患者术后恢复情况D2组>C2组>D1组>C1组。术中各时间点,糖尿病患者麻醉后MAP、HR、BG水平均明显高于非糖尿病患者(P<0.05);T2时间点,D1组MAP、HR均明显低于C1组(P<0.05)。手术过程中所有患者各时间点的BG水平均无明显变化(P>0.05)。围术期糖尿病患者各时间点血清BNP、CK-MB、cTnI、TNF-α、IL-6及MDA水平均较非糖尿病患者高(P<0.05),术后D1组上述指标水平均明显低于C1组(P<0.05);D2组各时间点水平均明显低于C2组(P<0.05)。结论 DEX可有效抑制脂质过氧化作用,降低血清BNP、CK-MB、cTnI、TNF-α、IL-6、MDA水平。DEX预处理对行下肢手术的糖尿病高龄患者止血带性心肌损伤有一定保护作用。     

右美托咪定对食管癌患者围术期免疫功能的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对食管癌根治手术患者围术期免疫功能的影响。方法择期行食管癌根治手术的患者40例,年龄40～65岁,体重50～80 kg,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为两组:对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组),各20例。右美组麻醉诱导前右美托咪定0.5μg/kg 10 min静脉泵注,随后0.4μg/(kg/h)维持至关胸;对照组输入等量生理盐水静脉泵注。两组患者麻醉诱导均使用芬太尼3μg/kg、维库溴铵1 mg/kg、异丙酚2 mg/kg后气管插管,机械通气。术中持续吸入七氟烷维持AAI<40,间断追加芬太尼及肌松药。记录术中基本生命体征、手术前后血糖及CPR值。分别于麻醉前(T0)、手术结束(T1)、术后24 h(T2)、术后48 h(T3)抽取静脉血,测定血CD3、CD4、CD8、NK含量,计算CD4/CD8比值及血浆IL-2、IL-10浓度。结果两组患者术后血糖及CPR值均较术前明显升高(P<0.05),但右美组升高幅度明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者手术结束时CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8值均较术前明显下降(P<0.05),但右美组下降的幅度较对照组小(P<0.05);对照组在T2、T3时刻CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8仍较术前降低明显,与右美组同时点比较降低明显(P<0.05)。两组NK浓度在手术结束时均升高,右美组升高较对照组明显(P<0.05);右美组各时点IL-2、IL-10浓度无明显变化,对照组在T1、T2时点IL-2浓度降低,在T2、T3时点IL-10浓度升高,与右美组比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论全麻下行食管癌手术时,使用右美托咪定可以减轻手术创伤的应激反应,减轻术后免疫功能抑制。     

右美托咪定对糖尿病大鼠体液免疫及补体的影响

目的评价右美托咪定对糖尿病大鼠体液免疫及补体的影响。方法健康成年雄性SD大鼠72只,体重300~350 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=24):对照组(C组)、糖尿病组(DM组)和右美托咪定+糖尿病组(DEX组)。DM组和DEX组以链脲佐菌素(STZ)60 mg/kg一次性腹腔注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型,于模型稳定后4 w时3组大鼠均实施剖腹探查术,手术时间30 min。DEX组于手术开始前经10 min静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量1μg/kg,随后以5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)(容量1 ml/h)的速率维持4 h,C组和DM组给予等容量生理盐水。分别于术前(T0)、术毕(T1)、术后24 h(T2)和72 h(T3)时每组随机取6只大鼠采集血样,测定血糖,并采用ELISA法检测血清Ig G、Ig A及Ig M和补体CH50、C3及C4浓度;分别于T0~T3时采血结束后处死大鼠,处死前称重,解剖分离脾脏组织称重,计算脾脏指数。结果与C组比较,DM组和DEX组T0~T3时血清Ig G、Ig M浓度及脾脏指数降低,Ig A、CH50、C3及C4浓度升高(P<0.05);与DM组比较,DEX组T1~T3时血清Ig G、Ig M浓度及脾脏指数升高,Ig A、CH50、C3及C4浓度降低(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定可改善糖尿病大鼠围术期体液免疫及补体功能。     

术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对老年患者术后硬膜外吗啡镇痛的影响

目的观察术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对行腹式全子宫切除术的老年患者术后吗啡硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法择期行经腹子宫全切术病人48例,患者腰硬联合麻醉成功后,采用数字随机分组法分为四组各12例:对照组、D1组(右美托咪定组1μg/kg)、D2组(右美托咪定组2 g/kg)和D3组(右美托咪定组3 g/kg)。对照组给予生理盐水50 ml在1 h内输注完毕,右美托咪定各组计算好总量后生理盐水稀释至50 ml静脉1 h内输注完毕。术后使用吗啡行患者PCEA,观察术后24 h镇痛情况。记录术后12 h和12²4 h的吗啡用量、电子镇痛泵(PCA)泵总按压次数和有效按压次数;分别于术后0.5、2、6、12、24 h时,采用视觉模糊(VAS)评分法评价静息状态和活动状态下的疼痛程度,计算镇痛有效率;记录围术期心动过缓、低血压的发生情况和阿托品、麻黄碱的使用情况及镇痛期间恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果术后12 h吗啡用量、PCA总次数和有效次数D1、D2、D3组较对照组减少(P<0.05),D2组和D3组较D1组减少(P<0.05),D2组和D3组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后1224 h的吗啡用量、电子镇痛泵(PCA)泵总按压次数和有效按压次数;分别于术后0.5、2、6、12、24 h时,采用视觉模糊(VAS)评分法评价静息状态和活动状态下的疼痛程度,计算镇痛有效率;记录围术期心动过缓、低血压的发生情况和阿托品、麻黄碱的使用情况及镇痛期间恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果术后12 h吗啡用量、PCA总次数和有效次数D1、D2、D3组较对照组减少(P<0.05),D2组和D3组较D1组减少(P<0.05),D2组和D3组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后12²4 h四组患者吗啡用量、PCA总次数和有效次数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。四组患者静息状态下镇痛有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);D1、D2和D3组运动状态下镇痛有效率较对照组升高(P<0.05),D2组和D3组较D1组升高(P<0.05),D2组和D3组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。围术期心动过缓的发生次数和阿托品的使用量,D1、D2和D3组较对照组增加,D3组较D1和D2组增加(P<0.05),D1组和D2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低血压的发生次数和麻黄碱的使用量,D3组较其余三组增加(P<0.05),其余三组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组出现恶心发生率较其余三组增加(P<0.05),其余三组之间无统计学意义(P>0.05),余不良反应各组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论术中静脉应用右美托咪定可在术后12 h内明显增强硬膜外吗啡镇痛的效果,减少吗啡的用量,其中2μg/kg的右美托咪定对老年患者效果较好且围术期不良反应较少。     

Determination of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography

Cardiac output determined by Doppler echocardiography was compared with that determined by thermodilution at rest and during dobutamine infusion in 10 patients (group A) and by the Fick method at rest in 11 patients (group B). All patients had angina pectoris without valvular heart disease. Maximum spatial blood velocity and cross sectional aortic area were estimated by the Doppler technique and echocardiography. Cardiac output was calculated by multiplying blood velocity by aortic area at various levels in the ascending aorta. The best correlation of cardiac output between the invasive and non-invasive methods was obtained when maximum velocity in the aortic root and the aortic orifice area were used in the calculations. Cardiac output was considerably overestimated when area measurements in the aortic root were used.     

右美托咪定对不同年龄患者顺行性遗忘作用的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对不同年龄患者顺行性遗忘作用的影响。方法选择美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级、年龄18~84岁,在腰硬联合麻醉下复合右美托咪定行下腹部(剖宫产术除外)手术患者120例,其中男73例,女47例。根据患者年龄的不同分为四组:A组(23±4)岁,B组(36±3)岁,C组(65±3)岁,D组(75±5)岁。所有患者均给予右美托咪定负荷量1μg/kg,泵入10 min之后以0.2μg·kg-1·h-1剂量维持。术后24 h回访患者并评定右美托咪定的顺行性遗忘作用。结果 A组和B组右美托咪定顺行性遗忘作用无明显不同(P0.05),而C组与D组较前两组右美托咪定顺行性遗忘作用比较明显(P0.05),并随年龄的增大明显增加(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定具有一定的顺行性遗忘作用,且对老年患者更为明显。     

Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography

In order to evaluate Doppler echocardiography (DEC) used for cardiac output (CO) measurement, 22 patients (7 with coronary heart disease, 6 with dilatation cardiomyopathy, 5 with primary pulmonary hypertension and 4 with rheumatic heart disease) were studied. In all patients, invasive CO determination was performed by right heart catheterization, using thermodilution (T). In DEC, CO was calculated as CO = IV.S.HR, where IV was integral velocity, estimated on the basis of flow areas under planimetric curves, S was aortic root cross-section area, and HR was heart rate. A close correlation was demonstrated between DEC and T results (r-0.74). Only in one case with severe aortic atherosclerosis was there a significant difference between the data. This case excluded, the correlation becomes even closer (r-0.86). It is concluded that: 1) DEC is a valuable and precise method of CO assessment, 2) DEC may be used to monitor treatment efficacy, and 3) its limitation is aortic lesions.     

Determination of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography.

Cardiac output determined by Doppler echocardiography was compared with that determined by thermodilution at rest and during dobutamine infusion in 10 patients (group A) and by the Fick method at rest in 11 patients (group B). All patients had angina pectoris without valvular heart disease. Maximum spatial blood velocity and cross sectional aortic area were estimated by the Doppler technique and echocardiography. Cardiac output was calculated by multiplying blood velocity by aortic area at various levels in the ascending aorta. The best correlation of cardiac output between the invasive and non-invasive methods was obtained when maximum velocity in the aortic root and the aortic orifice area were used in the calculations. Cardiac output was considerably overestimated when area measurements in the aortic root were used.     

Comparison of cardiac dimensions by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has advanced rapidly as a valuable cardiovascular diagnostic technique. As the use of TEE increases, so does the importance of well-defined normal cardiac measurements. Presently, few data exist on the accuracy of M-mode TEE-derived measurements. Therefore in 81 adult patients, TEE-derived M-mode measurements were compared with analogous measurements that were made by standard M-mode transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The TTE and TEE measurements did not differ in aortic root diameter, end-diastolic left ventricular diameter, end-diastolic septal wall versus anterior wall thickness, or end-diastolic posterior wall versus inferior wall thickness. These TEE measurements were within 95% confidence limits of TTE measurements. TEE-derived left atrial diameter (3.5 +/- 0.8 cm) was less than that derived by TTE (3.8 +/- 0.8 cm; p less than 0.001) and fell outside of the 95% confidence interval. TTE left atrial size could be estimated as follows: TTE-derived left atrial diameter = TEE-derived left atrial diameter x 0.6 + 1.5 cm. In conclusion, M-mode measurements of aortic root diameter, left ventricular diameter, and wall thicknesses as derived by TTE and TEE are comparable. TEE-derived left atrial diameter may be used to estimate the left atrial TTE measurement. TEE-derived M-mode measurements are likely to be most useful when results of TTE are technically inadequate.     

Diagnostic value of transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgery

The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of intraoperative 2-D color Doppler transesophageal echocardiography (ITEE) for the surgeon and anesthesiologist in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery or heart valve replacement. Information given by ITEE in 100 cardiac operations was documented. We judged the ITEE information, considering to what extent it was not to be obtained by other methods and to what extent it influenced the operation itself. The value was classified as dispensable (0), informative (1), valuable (2), or essential (3). In 50 consecutive patients with heart-valve replacement (25 aortic valve prostheses, 25 mitral valve prostheses) ITEE was 38 x (0), 8 x (1), 4 x (2). In 50 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery it was 33 x (0), 11 x (1), 4 x (2), 2 x (3). The two essential diagnoses referred to undetected vein graft occlusions. Information classified as valuable mainly referred to left and right ventricular function or valvular and prosthetic valve function when difficulties occurred during and after extracorporeal circulation. In conclusion, information given by ITEE, although generally regarded as dispensable in the procedures considered, was valuable in 10% of cases and in 2% even essential.     

Transthoracic echocardiography versus transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac sources of embolism

Although the yield of potential cardiac sources of embolism by echocardiography in patients with stroke and arterial embolism has been low, with the advent of transesophageal echocardiography, a renewed enthusiasm for echocardiography in these patients has developed. This article reviews the six major studies comparing transthoracic to transesophageal echocardiography in the search for potential cardiac sources of embolism. The overall yield of transesophageal echocardiography in these studies for potential cardiac sources of embolism is 43% compared to 14% by transthoracic echocardiography in a total of 367 patients. In patients without clinical cardiac disease, the yield is lower but still substantially higher by transesophageal echocardiography (24% compared to 7% by transthoracic echocardiography). For left atrial thrombus, left atrial spontaneous contrast, patent foreman ovale, and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), transesophageal echocardiography is clearly superior than transthoracic echocardiography. Data on the detection of mitral valve prolapse and left ventricular thrombus are conflicting and neither method is clearly superior. In addition, transesophageal echocardiography identifies certain abnormalities including debris in the aorta and prosthetic strands that transthoracic echocardiography is incapable of identifying. Although transthoracic echocardiography should continue to be the initial screening modality for stroke patients, transesophageal echocardiography should be performed when surface findings are negative or equivocal in patients with likely cardioembolic stroke.     

Comprehensive assessment of cardiac anatomy in anesthetized patients by transesophageal echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography (TE) is a new imaging modality which provides a unique acoustic window to assess cardiac structures. The feasibility of using TE to obtain eight tomographic views of the heart was examined prospectively in 25 patients within 4 h following cardiac surgery. With the exception of the left ventricular apical view, which was not obtainable in 32% of patients, all views were present in each patient. Thus, TE not only provides a comprehensive assessment of cardiac anatomy, but also allows detailed left ventricular regional wall motion evaluation in the majority of patients.