肾移植受者与肝移植受者术后肺部感染的比较

目的 分析肾移植与肝移植术后肺部感染的异同点,探讨有效诊治措施.方法 对2004年1月至2008年12月间发生肺部感染的肾移植受者及肝移植受者进行回顾性分析,比较两组受者肺部感染的特点.结果 肾移植组肺部感染45例,肝移植组肺部感染23例,其肺部感染发生率分别分7.4%vs 56.1%(P<0.001),重症肺炎发生率2.6%vs 46.3%(P<0.001),肺炎诊断距移植中位时间(d)230(29-1080)vs 4(2-104)(P<0.001),肺炎病死率6.7%vs 17.4%(P=NS),肺部感染导致移植受者的死亡率0.5%vs 9.8%(P<0.001);两组细菌性感染的病原菌均以G-菌为主,但肝移植组受者多重耐药菌的比例较高(12.9%vs 37.0%,P=0.005).结论 了解肾移植及肝移植术后肺部感染的规律,能够为移植术后预防性抗感染治疗以及感染早期的经验性治疗提供依据,减少感染患者的死亡率及提高移植受者的存活率.     

BK多瘤病毒在肾移植受者中的感染特征

目的探讨肾移植受者术后BK多瘤病毒的感染特征和干预时机。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2018年1月在本中心检测尿液 BKV载量≥1.0×104 copy/mL的157例肾移植受者的临床资料,选择69例同期接受移植且尿液BKV载量始终<1.0×104 copy/mL 肾移植受者作为对照。结果157例BKV感染再激活受者中出现尿BKV阳性60例（38.2%）、BKV尿症66例（42.0%）、BKV血 症31例（19.7%）。BKV阳性患者与BKV阴性患者相比,尿隐血阳性率更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。受者尿液BKV载量 变化率与他克莫司谷值血药浓度变化率呈正相关（r2=0.351, P<0.05）。首次发现BKV再激活时,BKV阳性患者平均eGFR低于 基线水平（eGFR=60 mL/min·1.73 m-2）。干预后至末次随访,尿BKV阳性组平均eGFR可恢复至正常值,BKV尿症组和BKV血症 组肾功能有所改善但均未达到基线水平。结论肾移植术后部分受者尿隐血阳性与BKV再激活状态相关,BKV载量对免疫抑制 剂血药浓度的改变敏感。在BKV复制早期进行干预,适度减少免疫抑制剂剂量,能够有效控制BKV复制、维持移植肾功能。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染与急性排斥反应

目的 :探讨肾移植术后活动性巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染的发生率、原因以及对急性排斥反应的影响。方法 :检测 182例肾移植受者及其供者术前血清抗CMV抗体 ,受者术后定期PCR法检测体内CMVDNA ,对CMVDNA阳性的部分患者给予抗CMV治疗 ,并比较各组排斥反应的发生率。结果 :无论是供者还是受者 ,术前如血清抗CMV抗体阳性 ,受者术后发生活动性CMV感染者明显增多 ,且急性排斥反应的发生率亦明显增加 ;接受抗病毒治疗急性排斥反应明显减少。结论 :CMV感染是肾移植术后急性排斥反应的原因之一 ,预防和治疗CMV感染对肾移植术后急性排斥反应的防治具有重要意义。     

Alemtuzumab induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients

Background  Immunosuppression for immunologically high-risk kidney transplant patients usually involves antithymocyte globulin induction with triple drug maintenance therapy. Alemtuzumab, a humanized anti-CD52 antibody, was expected to be a promising induction therapy agent for kidney transplantation. However, currently no consensus is available about its efficacy and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab as immune induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.

Methods  In this prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled trial, we enrolled 23 highly immunological risk patients (panel reactive antibody >20%). They were divided into two groups: alemtuzumab group (trial group) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) group (control group). Patients in the alemtuzumab group received intravenous alemtuzumab (15 mg) as a single dose before reperfusion. At the 24th hour post-operation, another dosage of alemtuzumab (15 mg) was given. The control group received a bolus of rabbit ATG (9 mg/kg), which was given 2 hours before kidney transplantation and lasted until the removal of vascular clamps when the anastomoses were completed. Maintenance immunosuppression in both groups comprised standard triple therapy consisting of tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Acute rejection (AR) and infection episodes were recorded, and kidney function was monitored during a 2-year follow-up. χ² test, t test and Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed with SPSS17.0 software.

Results  Median follow-up was 338 days. In both the alemtuzumab group and ATG group, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values in surviving recipients were similar (P >0.05). White blood cell counts were significantly reduced in the alemtuzumab group for the most time points up to 6 months (P <0.05). One patient receiving alemtuzumab died for acute myocardial infarction at the 65th day post-operation. Two ATG patients died for severe pulmonary infection or cardiac and pulmonary failure. Cumulative 2-year graft survival rate was 90.9% in the alemtuzumab group and 81.8% in ATG group (P >0.05) respectively. There was one graft failure in the alemtuzumab group and two graft failures in ATG group, with all graft failures at tributed to rejection episodes. The alemtuzumab group had a 2-year cumulative freedom from rejection rate of 81.8%, compared with 72.7% for the ATG group (P >0.05).

Conclusion  Alemtuzumab induction therapy for highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients is an effective and safe protocol yielding an acceptable acute rejection rate.

     

Rituximab induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients

Background  The number of highly sensitized patients is rising, and sensitization can lead to renal transplant failure. The present study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of renal transplantation following induction therapy with rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.

Methods  Seven highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients who underwent rituximab therapy from December 2008 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 3 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 38.5 years (range, 21–47 years). The duration of hemodialysis was 3–12 months, with a mean duration of 11 months. For 4 patients, this was the second transplant; the previous graft survival time was 2–11 years, with a mean survival time of 5.8 years. All the female recipients had history of multiple pregnancies, and all patients had previously received blood transfusions. All donors were men, with a mean age of 32.5 years (range, 25–37 years). In 2 of the 7 patients, both class I and class II of panel reactive antibody were high; the remaining 5 patients showed either high in class I or in class II of panel reactive antibody. The mean panel reactive antibody value was 31% for class I and 51% for class II respectively. The donors and the recipients had the same blood type, with low lymphocyte cytotoxicity ranging from 2% to 5%. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch numbers were from 2 to 4. All patients received tacrolimus (0.1 mg∙kg^-1∙d^-1) and mycophenolate mofetil (750 mg twice per day) orally 3 days prior to surgery. All patients received a single dose of 600 mg rituximab (375 mg/m²) infusion on the day before surgery and polyclonal antibody (antithymocyte globulin) on the day of surgery. Postoperative creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, and occurrence of rejection by pathological biopsy confirmation were monitored.

Results  No patient had delayed graft function after surgery. Two patients had acute rejection, one on day 7 and the other on day 13 post-surgery. Diagnosis of acute rejections was based on the clinical assessments and pathological biopsy results. According to the Banff 07 classification of renal allograft pathology, one of the patients was Ia and the other was IIa; the C4d staining was negative in both patients. One patient received methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide and the other received antithymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy, both leading to successful reversion of the acute rejection. All patients were discharged postoperatively and all had normal renal function during the 7th to 12th month follow-up. Pulmonary infection occurred in 1 patient 4 months after surgery and was successfully cured.

Conclusion  Rituximab induction therapy can reduce the occurrence of postoperative humoral rejection in highly sensitized renal transplant recipients, suggesting that kidney transplantation may be safe and effective for these patients.

     

音乐治疗对肾移植受者生活质量的影响研究

目的探讨音乐治疗对肾移植受者生活质量的影响。方法选择26例稳定期(肾移植后12个月以上者)肾移植受者,随机分为试验组(n=13)和对照组(n=13),对试验组受者进行有计划的音乐治疗,对照组不参加音乐治疗。采用肾移植患者生活质量相关评定量表进行生活质量测定,观察6个月前后两组在生理功能、心理功能、社会功能及治疗4个维度及生活质量总分并比较。结果两组在音乐治疗开始前的生活质量4个维度测定方面,即:生理功能、心理功能、社会功能及治疗方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经过6个月的音乐治疗,试验组在生活质量相关评定的4个维度评分较治疗前有所升高,但对照组在心理功能、社会功能领域改善不明显;试验组在生理功能、心理功能及社会功能领域的评分均高于治疗前(P0.05)。结论音乐治疗能显著改善肾移植受者的生活质量,对肾移植患者的预后有一定的辅助作用。     

胸腺肽a1联合抗病毒药治疗肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺炎

目的研究胸腺肽a1对肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎的治疗效果和不良反应。方法肾移植术后CMV肺炎患者46例分为两组,组Ⅰ单独使用抗病毒药更昔洛韦,组Ⅱ联合应用胸腺肽a1和抗病毒药。结果46例患者总存活率56.52%(26/46),组Ⅱ存活率72.73%(16/22)明显高于组Ⅰ患者的41.67%(10/24)(P<0.05),两组各有1例发生急性排斥反应。结论胸腺肽a1联合抗病毒药可提高CMV肺炎的治愈率,是安全有效的抗CMV病毒肺炎的疗法。     

Interstitial pneumonitis is a frequent complication in liver transplant recipients treated with sirolimus

Background

Sirolimus is a powerful immunosuppressive drug which is being used increasingly after liver transplantation because of its renal sparing and anti-tumour effects. It has been associated with uncommon, but potentially fatal, interstitial pneumonitis.

Aim

To determine the frequency and outcome of sirolimus-associated pneumonitis following liver transplantation.

Methods

Retrospective study in an adult liver transplant centre.

Results

We identified five patients with siromimus-associated pneumonitis, three of whom were transplanted at our centre. Between 1999 and 2008 a total of 522 liver transplants were performed, in our unit, and 45 patients were switched from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus. Three of these 45 patients subsequently developed pneumonitis (6.7%). The most common presenting symptoms were cough and dyspnea. The duration of use of sirolimus before diagnosis of pneumonitis varied between 4 and 16?months. Trough serum sirolimus levels were elevated in 3/5 patients with pneumonitis. Sirolimus was withdrawn in all five patients with complete resolution of symptoms and radiological findings.

Conclusions

Pneumonitis is a relatively common side effect of sirolimus in liver transplant patients and can occur despite normal therapeutic blood levels. It is reversible on stopping the medication. Early recognition is important to prevent unnecessary investigations and prolonged morbidity.     

Presumed neurotrophic skeletal disease in diabetic kidney transplant recipients

A retrospective review of kidney transplant cases from 1969 to 1974 revealed a 20% incidence of neuropathic skeletal disease among diabetic patients, with the highest incidence occurring in the third and fourth years after transplantation. There were no identifiable differences in immunosuppressive drug management and sex predilection among nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients and the diabetic kidney transplant recipients. The presence of painless swelling in the lower extremity of these at-risk patients should be considered an early sign of impending pathological fracture, joint disruption, or both.     

肾移植受者自我管理现状及其相关影响因素研究

  目的  分析肾移植受者目前居家自我管理的现状,并探讨自我效能、焦虑、抑郁及自我管理支持对其的影响。  方法  采用便利抽样法选取2020年10月—2021年2月在北京市两家、长沙市一家三甲医院就诊的270例肾移植受者为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、慢性病自我效能量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表、肾移植受者自我管理和自我管理支持量表进行问卷调查。  结果  共回收有效问卷265份,肾移植受者自我管理总分为95(84,103)分,各维度中,问题解决为35(30,40)分,伙伴关系为14(12,16)分,自我照顾行为为45(40,49)分。肾移植受者自我管理与其焦虑(r=-0.259,P＜0.01)、抑郁(r=-0.332,P＜0.01)呈负相关关系;与自我效能(r=0.399,P＜0.01)、自我管理支持(r=0.500,P＜0.01)呈正相关关系。多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,年龄、居住地、移植术后时间、抑郁、自我效能和自我管理支持是肾移植受者自我管理的独立影响因素(均P＜0.05)。  结论  肾移植受者自我管理水平较好,但仍有半数患者处于中等水平。护理人员应重视肾移植受者的自我效能、负性情绪及自我管理支持对其自我管理行为的影响,可通过心理疏导、延续护理干预等方式,增加与患者的有益互动,以提高其自我管理水平。      

Clinical study of sirolimus-associated interstitial pneumonitis in kidney transplant recipients

<正>Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of twice - daily tacrolimus ( Tacrolimus BID; Prograf) vs once - daily prolonged release tacrolimus ( Tacrolimus QD; Advagraf) ,combined with steroids and mycophe-nolate mofetil in preventing acute rejection in De Novo     

致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素

目的 探讨致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素。方法 对102例术前致敏患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨群体反应抗体(PRA)水平、氨基酸残基配型、术后PRA水平升高及细胞因子基因型对急性排斥反应发生率的影响。结果和结论 102例致敏肾移植受者术后随访期间发生急性排斥反应33例次,其中PRA水平、氨基酸残基相配程度、术后PRA水平升高、TNF-α高产量基因型和IL-10高产量基因型对移植肾的急性排斥发生率均有显著性影响。术前综合评估这些因素,有利于制订合理的免疫抑制方案。     

Preoperative single-bolus high-dose antithymocyte globulin as induction therapy in sensitized renal transplant recipients

Background Immunological sensitization remains a major problem following renal transplantation. There is no consensus for the management of sensitized renal allograft recipients. The patients become tethered to dialysis while waiting for compatible donors. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative single- bolus high-dose antithymocyte globulin (ATG) as induction therapy in sensitized renal transplant recipients.Methods A total of 56 patients were divided into two groups according to the level of panel reactive antibody (PRA): non-sensitized group (PRA&lt;10%, n=30) and sensitized group (PRA≥10%, n=26). The characteristics of the recipients and donors were comparable between the two groups. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 1 g) or ATG (iv. 9 mg/kg) were given preoperatively in the two groups as induction therapy. After the transplantation, the patients were treated with standard triple therapy regimen consisting of tacrolimus (FK-506) or cyclosporine A, MMF, and prednisolone. Acute rejection (AR) and infection episodes were recorded and renal function was monitored during a 12-month follow-up. χ(2) test and t test were used to analyze the data.Results During the follow-up, 6 patients (20.0%) suffered AR episodes in the non-sensitized group and 4 (15.4%) in the sensitized group (P=0.737); 8 patients (26.7%) experienced 11 infection episodes (average, 1.4 episodes per infected patient) in the non-sensitized group, and 6 (23.1%) experienced 10 infection episodes (average, 1.7 episodes per infected patient) in the sensitized group (P=0.757, 0.890). The safety of the drugs, which was assessed by the occurrence of side effects, was comparable between the two groups. The hospital stay was 13－25 days (mean, 16.7±3.3) in the non-sensitized group and 14－29 days (mean, 16.2±3.1) in the sensitized group, respectively (P=0.563). No delayed graft function (DGF) was observed in all the patients. Both the 12-month actuarial patient and graft survival rates were 100% in the two groups.Conclusion Preoperative single-bolus high-dose ATG is an effective and safe induction therapy yielding acceptable acute rejection rate in sensitized renal transplant recipients.     

肝移植患者细菌感染的初步观察

目的:了解肝移植患者的菌群感染特点及药敏结果,指导临床工作。方法:回顾性分析2003年12月~2004年12月期间肝移植患者所分离的病原菌及其耐药性。结果:15例肝移植患者的各种送检标本共分离出细菌44株,G-杆菌占63.6%(铜绿假单胞菌居多),G 球菌占27.3%(表皮葡萄球菌为主),同时药敏结果表明G-杆菌对左旋氧氟沙星、泰能、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星和丁胺卡那敏感性较好,而对头孢三代、氨曲南和奥格门丁耐药性较高;G 球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁无耐药株,而对青霉素耐药性高达90%。结论:加强对肝移植病人的细菌监测,指导临床有效抗感染治疗。     

肾移植受者衰弱与睡眠质量相关性研究

目的 探究肾移植受者衰弱与睡眠质量的相关性,为临床预防和干预肾移植受者衰弱提供借鉴.方法 纳入2019年6-10月北京市首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院就诊的200例肾移植受者进行问卷调查,睡眠质量采用匹兹堡睡眠质量量表(PSQI)测量,衰弱情况使用Tilburg衰弱指数量表测量.采用非参数检验比较衰弱与非衰弱肾移植受者的...     

肾移植受者BK病毒感染的单中心回顾性研究

目的通过对肾移植术后受者的血清和尿液中BK病毒(BK virus,BKV)DNA拷贝数量的检测,探讨肾移植受者术后BK病毒的发病规律及其与临床转归的关系。方法对接受同种异体肾移植术的80例患者进行血清和尿液中BK病毒DNA拷贝数量的检测,利用SV40大T抗原免疫组化染色,对接受移植肾穿刺活检的80例病理学标本进行回顾研究,对诊断BK病毒相关性肾病(BK virus associated nephropathy,BKAVN)患者进行随访及病史复习。结果 BK病毒血症发生率为8.75%,BK病毒尿症发生率为37.5%,BKAVN发生率为2.5%,术后尿和血BK病毒DNA拷贝的变化趋势一致,术后6~12个月是BK病毒感染高峰期。结论 BKV感染对肾移植的效果有重要的影响,一旦出现BKVAN极易导致移植肾功能丧失;对肾移植受者应该进行BKV早期监测,减少免疫抑制剂的剂量治疗BKVAN的效果较好。     

135例肾移植受者移植物丢失的原因分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后受者移植肾丢失的原因。方法 回顾性分析 2002年1月1日~2022 年1月1日在中国人民解放军总医院第八医学中心肾移植术后移植物发生丢失的135例受者临床资料。结果 受者移植肾丢失135例,移植肾丢失原因包括排斥反应70例（51.8%）、受者带功能死亡37例（27.4%）、外科并发症12例（8.9%）、药物毒性4例（3.0%）、耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌感染4例（3.0%）、多瘤病毒相关性肾病3例（2.2%）、原发性无功能肾2例（1.5%）、原发病复发2例（1.5%）、肾前性急性肾衰1例（0.7%）。结论 肾移植术后受者移植物丢失原因主要原因是排斥反应,次要原因是受者带功能死亡,其他原因少见。