防蚴灵现场防护血吸虫感染效果

目的 目的 观察抗血吸虫感染新植物药防蚴灵现场防护效果。方法 方法 选择湖北省潜江市熊口镇赵脑村和瞄场村村 民为研究对象, 接触疫水前涂擦防蚴灵的村民作为实验组 （A组）, 未涂擦村民为对照组 （B组）。对两组村民进行问卷调 查, 并进行保护率 （血检和粪检） 比较。结果 结果 A组共调查139人, 血检阳性率为3.13％, 粪检阳性率为1.92％; B组共调查 162人, 血检阳性率为9.34％, 粪检阳性率为6.44%, 两组各率间差异均有统计学意义 （P均＜0.05）。结论 结论 防蚴灵具有 较好的现场防护血吸虫感染作用。     

青蒿琥酯预防日本血吸虫再感染临床观察

目的观察青蒿琥酯对日本血吸虫再感染的预防效果。方法志愿者分成3组,服药Ⅰ组服用青蒿琥酯6mg/kg,每周1次,连服4周;服药Ⅱ组于第1、3周服用青蒿琥酯6mg/kg,每周2次;对照组服用外观与青蒿琥酯相同的安慰剂。3组人员均于实验第4周末用吡喹酮40mg/kg驱虫处理,实验第8周末采用改良加藤法粪检观察早期治疗效果,第12周末评估预防再感染的效果。结果早期治疗阶段,服药Ⅰ组、服药Ⅱ组的粪检阳性率与实验前比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）;预防再感染阶段,服药Ⅰ组、服药Ⅱ组与实验前相比,粪检阳性率均显著下降（P均〈0.05）;而对照组粪检阳性率在实验前后无明显差异。结论青蒿琥酯具有较好的早期治疗和预防血吸虫再感染的效果,剂量6mg/kg,每周服药1次,连续4周的服药方式较好。     

“防蚴灵”预防血吸虫病感染效果观察

<正>植物提取液"防蚴灵"面世时间较短,其防护效果的研究相对较少,按照国家科技支撑计划"血吸虫病防治关键技术研究与集成示范"之"防治关键技术集成与示范"课题湖北省子项目技术要求,我们对沙市区玉壶村和西湖村因生产生活接触疫水的村民作为研究对象,观察"防蚴灵"预防血吸虫病效果。对象与方法研究对象:2012年7~9月,对玉壶村和西湖村该段时间所有因生产生活接触疫水的村民作为目标人群。Ⅰ组玉壶村村民生产生活接触疫水前涂     

现场应用青蒿琥酯预防日本血吸虫感染的效果分析

目的　观察现场应用青蒿琥酯预防日本血吸虫感染的效果。方法　将5098名接触疫水者随机分为青蒿琥酯组和安慰剂组,剂量均为6mg/kg顿服,在接触疫水后7～10d开始服药,每2wk服1次,脱离疫水后1wk内再服1次,末次服药后4wk,用尼龙袋集卵孵化法加改良加藤法进行效果考核。结果　青蒿琥酯组粪检阳性9例,阳性率0.37%（9/2438）,无急性血吸虫病发生;而对照组粪检阳性189例,阳性率7.11%（189/2660）,有5例发生急性血吸虫病。结论　口服青蒿琥酯能有效预防日本血吸虫感染。     

江山市血吸虫病查病依从性调查

目的以病原学与血清学检查对江山市历史血吸虫病疫区人群进行查病,观察依从性差异,并通过查病结果评价该市血吸虫病监测效果。方法根据历史疫情等情况抽取9个村作为试点村,剔除外出人员后,以现住村民和流动人口为查病对象,用改良加藤法进行粪检和酶联免疫吸附试验进行血检,比较不同人群的受检率及阳性率。结果两次粪检和血检受检率分别为92.19%、89.74%、99.65%。不同年龄组及不同教育程度两次粪检受检率差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）,46～55岁年龄组的受检率显著高于其他各年龄组（P〈0.05）,文盲对象的粪检受检率显著高于小学和初中的受检率（P〈0.05）;本次查病未查到血吸虫卵。结论血检依从性好于粪检,年龄、教育程度均能对粪检依从性产生影响;江山市血吸虫病监测防治效果良好。     

口服青蒿琥酯预防血吸虫感染优化方案的探讨

为优化青蒿琥酯现场应用预防血吸虫感染方案 ,选择铜陵市灰河乡太阳村江滩型血吸虫病重流行区 ,根据人群接触疫水特点 ,将人群分为短期接触疫水人群 (年接触疫水时间 <1个月 ) ,中期接触疫水人群 (年接触疫水时间为 2～ 3个月 )和长期接触疫水人群 (年接触疫水时间为整个感染季节 ) ,分别施以不同服药方案。3类人群按随机原则分别分为青蒿琥酯组和安慰剂对照组。预防服药前 1个月对所有观察对象进行粪检及吡喹酮 (PQT) 4 0 m g/kg顿服普治 ,各组人群均于末次服药后 1个月作粪检 ,评价预防效果。结果显示 ,短期、中期和长期接触疫水人群中 ,口服青蒿琥酯组粪检阳性率分别为 0 (0 /2 10 )、0 (0 /311)和 0 .48% (1/2 0 9) ;对照组粪检阳性率分别为 6 .2 5 % (13/2 0 8)、5 .45 % (17/312 )和 8.7% (18/2 0 7) ,3类人群的预防保护率分别为 10 0 %、10 0 %和 94.48%。研究表明 ,在江滩型血吸虫病流行区根据人群接触疫水特点而实施不同服药方案可起到较好的预防血吸虫感染的效果 ,且可避免药物的浪费 ,有利于该药的现场推广应用     

武警某部驻血吸虫病流行区官兵感染情况调查

目的调查武警某部驻血吸虫病流行区官兵血吸虫感染状况,并分析流行因素。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行血吸虫抗体检测,同时进行与血吸虫感染相关的训练、生产和生活行为方式的问卷调查,调查血吸虫感染的途径。结果共调查12459名官兵,年龄18～36岁,均为男性,血吸虫ELISA阳性率为1.2%,后勤班阳性率高于战斗班,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);来自疫区官兵的阳性率高于来自非疫区者(P0.05);2150名官兵参与问卷调查,100%的被调查对象均知晓感染血吸虫必须接触疫水,均认为接触疫水的方式是参加抗洪抢险和下河游泳,75人(3.5%)认为接触河边露水可以感染,163人(7.6%)认为还有其他不明原因可以感染;营区所处的地理位置、营区结构及营区内粪便的无害化处理与血吸虫感染密切相关。结论武警某部驻血吸虫病流行区官兵血吸虫ELISA阳性率较低;营区所在的地理环境、营区的结构和官兵的生产行为、生活方式是导致血吸虫病流行的主要因素。     

现场应用青蒿琥酯预防日本血吸虫感染的效果分析

目的：观察现场应用青蒿琥酯预防日本血吸虫感染的效果。方法：将5098名接触疫水随机分为青蒿琥酯组和安慰剂组，剂量均为6mg/kg顿服，在接触疫水后7－10天开始服药，每2wk服1次，脱离疫水后1wk内现服1次，末次服药后4wk，用尼龙袋集卵孵化法加改良加藤法进行效果考核，结果：青蒿琥酯组粪检阳性9例，阳性率0．37％（9／2438），无急性血吸虫病发生，而对照组粪检阳性189例，阳性率7．11％（189／2660），有5例发生急性血吸虫病。结论：口服青蒿琥酯能有效预防日本血吸虫感染。     

2015—2019年全国血吸虫病监测点病情监测结果分析

目的　分析2015—2019年全国血吸虫病疫情监测数据,为进一步控制和消除血吸虫病以及完善血吸虫病监测方案提供科学依据。方法　按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案（2014年版）》要求,在全国所有血吸虫病流行县（市、区）和三峡库区潜在流行县（市、区）设立国家血吸虫病监测点,按照不同流行类型对当地居民、流动人群、家畜血吸虫感染等进行监测,对血检阳性率、校正感染率、粪检阳性者特征、家畜感染情况等进行汇总、整理和分析。结果　2015—2019年,全国13个省（直辖市、自治区）453个血吸虫病流行县（市、区）和三峡库区4个潜在流行县（市、区）开展了监测。5年间本地居民血检阳性率从3.35%降至1.63%,校正感染率从0.05%降至0;流动人群血检阳性率从1.15%降至0.75%,校正感染率从0.20%降至0.001 03%。不同省份、职业和年龄本地居民和流动人群血检阳性率差异均有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。5年累计发现132例粪检阳性者,其中本地居民97例,年龄四分位间距为47～61岁;流动人群35例,年龄四分位间距为26～48岁;两者年龄构成差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。2015、2016年分别发现5头和1头血吸虫感染牛,2017—2019年未发现血吸虫感染阳性家畜。结论　全国血吸虫病疫情已进入低度流行阶段,未来应将监测工作作为一种干预手段,更多采取流动监测点监测,以及早发现风险、切断传播途径,助力我国血吸虫病消除。     

口服蒿甲醚降低洲坝垸型血吸虫病流行区人群感染血吸虫的效果

目的 :在洲垸型血吸虫病流行区 ,于传播季节观察经常接触疫水人群口服蒿甲醚预防感染血吸虫的效果。方法 :选择 5岁 - 60岁的村民 789人 ,随机配对分为蒿甲醚组 ( 395人 )和对照组 ( 394人 )。预防前 1个月 ,两组人群粪检 ,其血吸虫感染率各为 2 9.5%和 2 9.2 % ,随即用吡喹酮治疗 ,虫卵阳性者 1次顿服 50 mg/ kg,虫卵阴性者顿服 4 0 mg/ kg。蒿甲醚组人群于 6月上旬接触疫水半个月后口服第 1剂蒿甲醚6mg/ kg,以后每半个月服药 1次 ,共计 9次。对照组人群在上述时间内服安慰剂。两组人群于末次服药后 1个月作粪检 ,评价预防效果。结果 :蒿甲醚组和对照组完成 9次服药和作粪检的分别为 2 90人和 30 5人 ,虫卵阳性率则各为 1.7%和 2 6.9% ,两者间的差别具有显著意义。结论 :在洲垸型血吸虫病流行区 ,口服蒿甲醚可保护人群 ,防止重复感染 ,降低人群的血吸虫感染率。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.