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1.
Yan Gao Jacson Shen Edwin Choy Henry Mankin Francis Hornicek Zhenfeng Duan 《Cellular oncology (Dordrecht)》2017,40(3):209-218
Purpose
Overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 has been observed in a variety of cancers and has been found to contribute to tumor cell growth and proliferation. However, the effect of inhibition of CDK4 in ovarian cancer is unknown. We investigated the therapeutic effect of the CDK4 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells.Methods
Cell viabilities were determined by MTT assay after exposure to different dosages of palbociclib and/or paclitaxel. Western blot, immunofluorescence, and Calcein AM assays were conducted to determine the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects of palbociclib in combination with paclitaxel. CDK4 siRNA was used to validate the outcome of targeting CDK4 by palbociclib in ovarian cancer cells.Results
We found that combinations of palbociclib and paclitaxel significantly enhanced drug sensitivity in both Rb-positive (SKOV3TR) and Rb-negative (OVCAR8TR) ovarian cancer-derived cells. When combined with paclitaxel, palbociclib induced apoptosis in both SKOV3TR and OVCAR8TR cells. We also found that palbociclib inhibited the activity of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), and that siRNA-mediated CDK4 knockdown sensitized multidrug resistant (MDR) SKOV3TR and OVCAR8TR cells to paclitaxel.Conclusions
Inhibition of CDK4 by palbociclib can enhance paclitaxel sensitivity in both Rb-positive and Rb-negative MDR ovarian cancer cells by increasing apoptosis. CDK4 may serve as a promising target in the treatment of ovarian cancer.2.
Aim
To explore information-seeking behaviors on links between cancers and environment.Method
Focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews realized, respectively, with individuals without and with personal cancer experience.Results
The majority of respondents reported informationscanning behaviors. Only half cancer patients searched for information regarding the links between cancers and environment.Conclusion
Little information is sought on links between cancers and environment.3.
Background
The cancer cachexia syndrome is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome affecting approximately half of the patients with a malignant tumor.Objective
Presentation of the pathophysiological processes in cancer cachexia and the clinical consequences.Material and methods
Selective literature search in PubMed with inclusion of the current guidelines.Results
Characteristic of cancer cachexia is a systemic inflammation syndrome. Tumor-specific and proinflammatory mediators lead to loss of appetite, systemic inflammation, metabolic and hormonal changes. Systemic inflammation has effects on protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of the liver and peripheral organs. Frequently, insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance are also present. The consequences are a diminished food intake, lower nutrient utilization and loss of muscle tissue, with or without loss of fat mass. In addition, cancer therapy even with newer targeted anticancer agents, may speed up muscle breakdown and promote the development of cancer cachexia.Conclusion
Cancer cachexia leads to a progressive reduction of performance, to fatigue and a loss of independence. In the multimodal therapy of cancer cachexia syndrome in cancer patients nutritional therapeutic measures represent an important component in order to improve the clinical course of patients.4.
Michael B. Rothberg Bo Hu Laura Lipold Sarah Schramm Xian Wen Jin Andrea Sikon Glen B. Taksler 《Cancer causes & control : CCC》2018,29(3):297-304
Importance
Cervical cancer screening guidelines are in evolution. Current guidelines do not differentiate recommendations based on individual patient risk.Objective
To derive and validate a tool for predicting individualized probability of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+) at a single time point, based on demographic factors and medical history.Design
The study design consisted of an observational cohort with hierarchical generalized linear regression modeling.Setting
The study was conducted in a setting of 33 primary care practices from 2004 to 2010.Participants
The participants of the study were women aged ≥?30 years.Main outcome and measures
CIN2+ was the main outcome on biopsy, and the following predictors were included: age, race, marital status, insurance type, smoking history, median income based on zip code, prior human papilloma virus (HPV) results.Results
The final dataset included 99,319 women. Of these, 745 (0.75%) had CIN2+. The multivariable model had a C-statistic of 0.81. All factors but race were independently associated with CIN2+. The model categorized women as having below-average CIN2+ risk (0.15% predicted vs. 0.12% observed risk), average CIN2+ risk (0.42% predicted vs. 0.36% observed), and above-average CIN2+ risk (1.76% predicted vs. 1.85% observed). Before screening, women at below-average risk had a risk of CIN2+ well below that of women with ASCUS and HPV negative (0.12 vs. 0.20%).Conclusions and relevance
A multivariable model using data from the electronic health record was able to stratify women across a 50-fold gradient of risk for CIN2+. After further validation, use of a similar model could enable more targeted cervical cancer screening.5.
J. Salvador J. A. Urtasun F. J. B. Duart R. García-Campelo R. G. Carbonero P. Lianes A. Llombart D. I. Casado J. M. Piera M. M. Mateu J. Puente F. Rivera C. A. Rodríguez J. A. Virizuela M. Martín P. Garrido 《Clinical & translational oncology》2017,19(3):341-356
Purpose
The Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) has conducted a study on the access to oncologic drugs across the 17 Spanish Regions with the aim of identifying potential heterogeneities and making proposals for eliminating the barriers identified at the different levels.Methods
An Expert Panel made up of medical oncologists designed a survey on certain indications approved for 11 drugs in the approach of breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer and support treatment. This survey was sent to 144 National Health System (NHS) hospitals.Results
77 hospitals answered the survey. The information modules analysed were: scope of the Commission that establishes binding decisions related to drug access; conditions, stages and periods of drug application, approval and administration processes; barriers to accessing drugs.Conclusions
The study shows variability in drug access. The SEOM makes proposals addressed to reducing the differences identified and homogenizing drug access conditions.6.
7.
Background
Although family caregivers play a crucial role in caring for, assisting and supporting loved ones with cancer, too little attention is paid to appropriate psychosocial support options.Objective
What could be the specific contribution of oncology nurses as members of the interprofessional healthcare team to improve the lack of support for family caregivers?Material and methods
Based on selected literature, research-based knowledge and case examples from a hospital, recommendations are made for the sensitization of health services.Results and conclusion
Due to their key position oncology nurses could provide invaluable input for appropriate psychosocial support of family caregivers. In order to provide a more targeted support for family caregivers, raising awareness within the healthcare team to the needs of family caregivers, responsiveness and continuity of care as well as mutual exchange are essential.8.
M. I. Martínez-Fernández J. L. Pérez Gracia I. Gil-Bazo R. Martínez-Monge 《Clinical & translational oncology》2016,18(7):743-747
Purpose
To investigate whether bone metastases-directed stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delays the emergence of castration resistance in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer (OPC).Methods and material
OPC is usually managed with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Migration to castration-resistant prostate cancer will inevitably occur in the majority of these patients. There are several strategies aimed to delay the emergence of castration resistance including intermittent ADT, second generation antiandrogens (abiraterone, enzalutamide) or metastases-directed SBRT. The present report describes two cases of patients with OPC that received SBRT 24 Gy/3Rx to the solitary bony lesion after ADT failure.Results
Both cases showed complete and durable biochemical response for 13 and 17 months, respectively.Conclusions
SBRT can be used to delay the emergence of castration resistance and the need for systemic therapy when used after ADT failure.9.
Background
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ca. 75% of malignant epithelial neoplasms of the lungs. In recent years profound insight has been gained regarding the molecular mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis and subsequently new targeted therapies as well as immunotherapies have been developed. These advances have had a significant impact on routine diagnostics in pathology.Objective
The article aims to give an overview of the most common histological subtypes of NSCLC as well as the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics.Material and methods
Selective search of the PubMed database.Results and discussion
Adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and large cell carcinomas are the most common histological subtypes. With the ancillary methods available in routine pathology even poorly differentiated tumors can be assigned to these entities. The NSCLC show numerous genetic changes of which alterations of EGFR, MET, ALK1 and ROS1 are target structures for personalized therapy.10.
Yaqiong Sun Jie Wu Hui Cai Shuyang Wang Qiaolan Liu William J. Blot Xiao Ou Shu Qiuyin Cai 《Cancer causes & control : CCC》2016,27(6):831-835
Purpose
No biomarker is available for pancreatic cancer early detection, but a small prospective European study involving 16 cases and 32 controls raised the possibility that anti-Ezrin autoantibodies may be associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. We aimed to validate this finding in a case–control study nested within a prospective study in the USA.Methods
Levels of anti-Ezrin autoantibodies were examined using ELISA in pre-diagnostic plasma samples of 73 cases and 145 matched controls. Paired t test and paired signed rank tests were used to determine the difference between two groups, and conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between anti-Ezrin autoantibody levels and risk of developing pancreatic cancer.Results
No association was found between levels of anti-Ezrin plasma autoantibodies and subsequent risk of developing pancreatic cancer.Conclusion
Anti-Ezrin autoantibodies did not appear to be useful as a plasma biomarker for early detection of pancreatic cancer.11.
12.
Bridget M. Cavanagh Claire E. Wakefield Jordana K. McLoone Gail Garvey Richard J. Cohn 《Journal of cancer survivorship》2016,10(2):330-341
Objective
There are few support programs with evidence-based practices which address the needs of cancer survivors from indigenous populations. This systematic review analysed the experiences and current support services for cancer survivors from indigenous populations following the cessation of cancer treatment.Methods
The data sourced for this article was identified from a systematic search of five databases (MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, PyscINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE). Studies were selected if they described the experiences of indigenous cancer survivors, their families, and/or clinicians primarily responsible for their care. In total 208 unique abstracts were screened, from which 17 studies were identified as having fulfilled all selection criteria.Results
Of the 17 articles reviewed, 12 described qualitative data and 5 provided quantitative data. Common themes identified included the importance of family support throughout the survivorship period, the negative effect of community stigmatization, fatalistic attitudes towards cancer, and the importance of spirituality in coping with, and understanding, the cancer experience. Potential barriers to accessing care included distance and difficulties revisiting the survivor’s cancer experience due to an associated fear of cancer recurrence.Conclusions
Indigenous cancer survivors would benefit from survivorship programs more specifically tailored to their individual circumstances, such as personalized spiritual care, facilitation of increased involvement of family members, and connection to other indigenous cancer survivors.Implications for Cancer Survivors
The results from this review indicate that there is a need for survivorship care to be shaped specifically for the needs of indigenous cancer survivors.13.
Purpose of Review
The aim of this review is to evaluate the trends in multidisciplinary management of localized penile cancer and systemic therapy for advanced disease in the evolving era of targeted and immune checkpoint therapy.Recent Findings
Organ preservation (surgical or incorporating radiation) and reconstructive techniques are important considerations for quality of life in penile cancer survivors. Although local recurrence may be higher with organ preservation, salvage therapy appears successful. Inguinal and pelvic node management requires multidisciplinary care, including chemotherapy; optimal use of radiation has not been fully defined. Advanced in understanding the biology of penile cancer, particularly with regard to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HPV status, have led to clinical trials of targeted and immune therapy for patients with refractory disease.Summary
Refinements in the management of penile cancer are occurring, though level 1 evidence remains scarce. Referral to specialized centers will facilitate successful completion of clinical trials to advance standard care in this disease.14.
Background
Early life exposures, including diet, have been implicated in the etiology of breast cancer.Methods
A nested case-control study was conducted among participants in the Nurses' Health Study who completed a 24-item questionnaire about diet during high school. There were 843 eligible cases diagnosed between onset of study (1976) and before the return of the high school diet questionnaire (1986), who were matched 10:1 with controls on the basis of age.Results
Women who had, during adolescence, a higher consumption of eggs, vegetable fat and fiber had a lower risk of breast cancer, whereas risk of breast cancer was increased among women who consumed more butter.Conclusions
A possible association of elements of adolescent diet with risk of breast cancer is reported, but the findings require confirmation in prospective study.15.
Purpose of review
This review summarizes current immunotherapies in breast cancer, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines.Recent findings
Combination immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors and cytotoxic therapies have shown promising results. Active clinical trials are ongoing in both early stage and metastatic settings for triple negative, HER2+, and hormone-positive breast cancer patients.Summary
Ongoing challenges remain in defining biomarkers that predict response to immunotherapy, determining the optimal combination immunotherapies, and enhancing the immunogenicity of breast cancer subtypes.16.
D. S. Robertson 《Cellular oncology (Dordrecht)》2018,41(1):103-106
Purpose
Purpose of the work is to highlight a possible connection between metabolic iodine and natural tumour control.Method
Method adopted is to use information available in the literature.Result
Result indicated a means of the purpose being attained.Conclusion
Conclusion drawn is that a tumour control method derives from the relationship studied.17.
Michelle Ferris Douglas F Easton Rebecca J Doherty Brian HJ Briggs Michelle Newman Ifthikhar M Saraf Sarah Scambler Lyndon Wagman Michael T Wyndham Ann Ward Rosalind A Eeles 《Hereditary cancer in clinical practice》2007,5(3):157-160
Objectives
To conduct a pilot population-based study within a general practice catchment area to determine whether the incidence of breast cancer was increased in the Ashkenazi population.Design
Population-based cohort study.Setting
A single general practice catchment area in North London.Participants
1947 women over the age of 16 who responded to a questionnaire about ethnicity and breast cancer.Main outcome measures
Incidence of breast cancer, ethnicity.Results
This study showed a 1.5-fold (95% CI 0.93–2.39) increase in breast cancer risk in the Ashkenazim compared with the non-Ashkenazi white population. The increased incidence was for both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer (expected incidence pre:post is 1:4 whereas in the Ashkenazim it was 1:1; 51 and 52% of cases respectively). This increase was not shown in the Sephardim. Asians had a reduction in incidence (OR = 0.44; 95% CI 0.10–1.89). Results were adjusted for other risk factors for breast cancer.Conclusion
This study showed a 1.5-fold increase in breast cancer rates in Ashkenazim compared with the non-Jewish white population when adjusted for age (i.e. corrections were made to allow comparison of age groups) and this is not observed in the Sephardic population. The proportion of premenopausal breast cancer was just over double that of the general population. This is the first general practice population-based study in the UK to address this issue and has implications for general practitioners who care for patients from the Ashkenazi community.18.
Purpose
The purpose of this systematic review was to identify, with supporting evidence, the impact of cancer and its treatment on the sexual function of adolescents and young adults.Methods
PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO articles were searched for relevant studies published in English. Fifteen studies, 13 quantitative and two qualitative, were included in this review.Results
Results indicated that cancer during the adolescent and young adult period has a significant negative impact on certain domains of sexual function in both men and women.Conclusions
Among adolescent and young adult males, there is evidence that cancer has detrimental effects on erection, ejaculation, and orgasm. Among adolescent and young adult females, cancer is associated with decreased desire, but there appear to be mixed findings with respect to arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction. Directions for future research are discussed.Implications for Cancer Survivors
A better understanding of the effects of cancer and its treatment during adolescence and young adulthood on sexual function could increase attention paid to sexual health in oncology settings and lead to improved psychosexual services for this population.19.
Cletus A. Arciero Jing Yang Limin Peng Kevin C. Ward Ruth O’Regan Aysegul A. Sahin Xiaoxian Li 《Breast cancer research and treatment》2017,166(3):743-755
Purpose
Racial disparity of breast cancer in each subtype and substage is not clear.Methods
We reviewed 156,938 patients with breast cancer from 2010 to 2012 from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Breast cancer was subtyped by hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status as HR+/HER2?, HR+/HER2+, HR?/HER2+, and HR?/HER2?.Results
African American (AA) patients had worse overall survival (OS) and breast cancer cause-specific survival (BCSS) in HR+/HER2? stages III and IV breast cancer and HR?/HER2+ stage IV cancer; they had worse OS but not BCSS in HR+ /HER2? stage II cancer and HR?/HER2? stage II cancer.Conclusion
AA patients with breast cancer had worse survival in certain subtype and stage, especially in ER+ breast cancer.20.
Aisha Lofters Winnie Siu Meghan Kyte Nakia Lee-Foon Fran Scott Onye Nnorom 《Cancer causes & control : CCC》2017,28(11):1207-1218