Field intubation of trauma patients: Complications, indications, and outcomes

Neither the success nor the complication rate for field intubation of trauma patients is known with any certainty. A retrospective audit of 94 severely injured patients who required field intubation was undertaken. Fifty percent (13 of 26) of survivors and 67% (37 of 71) of nonsurvivors were successfully intubated in the field (not significant). Mechanism of injury was similar in both groups, but survivors were younger (27 v 60 years, P = .049) and less critically injured, as reflected by their Injury Severity Scale scores, their Trauma Scores, and their field Glasgow Coma Scale scores (22.1 v 30.8, P = .0035; 7.7 v 4.2, P < .0002; and 6.3 v 3.3, P < .0001). When compared with previously published studies of medical patients with cardiac arrest, the success rate was lower in our trauma patients. When compared with patients having similar injuries intubated at the trauma center, field intubation was three times more likely to be associated with the development of nosocomial pneumonia than was hospital intubation.     

The effect of working hours on outcome from major trauma

Objective

To determine whether being admitted with major trauma to an emergency department outside rather than within working hours results in an adverse outcome.

Methods

The data were collected from hospitals in England and Wales participating in the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN). Data from the TARN database were used. Admission time and discharge status were cross matched, and this was repeated while controlling for Injury Severity Score (ISS) values. Logistic regression was carried out, calculating the effects of Revised Trauma Score (RTS), ISS, age, and time of admission on outcome from major trauma. This allowed observed versus expected mortality rates (Ws) scores to be compared within and outside working hours. As much of the RTS data were missing, this was repeated using the Glasgow Coma Score instead of RTS.

Results

In total, 5.2% of people admitted "out of hours" died, compared with 5.3% of people within working hours, and 12.2% of people admitted outside working hours had an ISS score greater than 15, compared with 10.1% admitted within working hours. Outcome in cases with comparable ISS values were very similar (31.1% of cases with ISS >15 died out of hours, compared with 33.5% inside working hours.) The subgroup of data with missing RTS values had a significantly increased risk of death. Therefore, GCS was used to calculate severity adjusted odds of death instead of RTS. However, with either model, Ws scores were identical (both 0%) within and outside working hours.

Conclusions

Out of hours admission does not in itself have an adverse effect on outcome from major trauma.     

多发伤急救与急诊创伤救治模式的探讨

近年来,随着社会经济的快速发展,工业化步伐和城市化进程的加速,创伤,特别是交通伤的发生率逐年增高。有统计显示：我国每年约70万人死于创伤,仅交通事故伤致死约10万人,占世界各国交通事故死亡人数的第1位。创伤是1～44岁人群死亡的首位原因,在所有人群死亡的原因中占第3位。创伤已成为世界各国普遍面临的重大卫生问题,被称为＂现代文明疾病＂。严重创伤,特别是多发伤者数量逐年增加,人们对提高创伤救治水平的要求越来越高。     

重度颅脑损伤合并多发伤的救治体会

目的：探讨颅脑损伤合并全身其他部位外伤的临床救治方法。方法：回顾性分析我科2009-01-2012-08收治的84例以颅脑损伤为主的全身多发伤患者的临床资料和救治方法,总结救治经验。结果：以颅脑损伤为主的全身多发伤占据同一时期颅脑损伤患者的15．3％,合并伤中以胸部外伤和全身多发骨折最多。颅脑损伤处理最为棘手,ISS评分最高,按格拉斯哥结局量表GOS分级,经治疗和抢救后恢复良好27例（32．1％）,轻度残疾2l例（25．0％）,重度残疾24例（28．5％）,死亡12例（14．4％）例。死亡原因：8例因中枢性呼吸循环功能衰竭致死,2例因失血性休克,1例因严重的胸部外伤,1例因误吸致死。结论：颅脑损伤合并全身多发伤的患者多见于车祸伤。建立完善的急救体系和争取宝贵的救治时间是关键,入院后诊断明确和处理及时、正确是救治成功的前提,后期预防并发症的发生也是救治成功的重要方面。     

RESEARCH LETTER: Uptake of research findings into clinical practice: a controlled study of the impact of a brief external intervention on the use of corticosteroids in preterm delivery

To the Editor: There are a large number of studies addressing the impact of continuing medical education (Davis et al. 1995) and clinical guidelines (Grimshaw & Russell 1993) on changing clinical practice, but comparatively little on the impact of purchasers of health care. There is some evidence that financial incentives and penalties can influence practice (Greco & Eisenberg 1993). It has been suggested that purchasers can play an important role in implementing research findings (Haines & Jones 1994). Indeed, the separation of purchasers and providers has been viewed as an opportunity to use knowledge about effectiveness to improve health services (Dunning et al. 1994). We report a study the aim of which was to explore the impact that a specific brief external intervention might have on a detailed aspect of clinical practice: the use of corticosteroids in preterm labour. The intervention was initiated by public health physicians on behalf of a Health Authority. It formed a part of the Getting Research Into Practice (GRIP) initiative in the old Oxford Health Region, UK.  The administration of corticosteroids to mothers expected to deliver prematurely reduces neonatal mortality and morbidity (Crowley et al. 1990). The first trial which suggested that corticosteroids were effective in this role was published in 1972, and evidence from 12 trials was assembled in a systematic review published in January 1990 (Crowley et al. 1990). Despite the accumulating evidence, in 1991 many women delivering prematurely in the UK and elsewhere were not receiving corticosteroids (Anon 1992;Donaldson 1992). The apparent failure of obstetricians to make full use of this treatment has been cited as an example of the delayed implementation of research findings that can occur in clinical practice (Haines & Jones 1994; Enkin 1996).     

贝科能治疗多发伤后肝功能损害的疗效评价

目的：观察贝科能治疗多发伤后肝功能损害的疗效。方法：多发伤伴肝功能损害76例,随机分为两组,对照组40例,肌苷0.4g,维生素C 2.0g,门冬氨酸钾镁20ml,每日一次静滴,连续使用7d;治疗组36例,在此基础上加用贝科能,每日200U,一次静滴,连续使用7d。监测谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）。结果：治疗组临床症状和体征改善明显早于对照组。第7天ALT、AST比较差异有非常显著意义（P〈0.01）。结论：贝科能对多发伤后肝功能损害有明显的改善作用。     

严重多发伤的急救护理进展

介绍了严重多发伤的定义、临床特点和急救原则 ,重点阐述了严重多发伤的伤情评估、急救复苏与护理     

创伤并发多器官功能障碍综合征过程中氧代谢监测的价值

目的研究创伤后氧代谢变化及其对组织细胞代谢状况的评价，探讨创伤并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）发生发展中氧代谢监测的价值。方法选择武汉同济医院救治的146例各类创伤患者。采集相关氧代谢检测数据和计算参数，比较危伤组与重伤组，MODS组与非MODS（NMODS）组。存活组与死亡组各指标的变化水平，以轻伤组相应指标测定结果作为对照。并与修正创伤评分（RTS）、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分以及创伤与损伤严重度评分（TRISSRTs）法对Ps伤情或预后进行量化评价。结果氧代谢水平在创伤后即发生异常，与创伤严重度评分（ISS）、RTS、损伤器官部位与数量、低血容量性休克、全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）以及是否并发呼吸系统合并症等有关；并发MODS患者氧代谢水平变化更为明显，与轻伤对照组和NMODS组比较相关氧代谢比值改变差异均有显著性；死亡组乏氧代谢指标常呈持续恶化趋势，其代谢水平改变越显著，预示器官功能损害程度越严重，往往于死亡前达到峰值。结论氧代谢水平变化与创伤并发MODS的发生发展密切相关，动态监测组织细胞氧代谢状况对MODS发病过程具有一定的预警意义。     

急救绿色通道在严重多发伤救治中的作用

目的:探讨绿色通道急救模式在严重多发伤救治中的作用和意义。方法:回顾性分析2006年6月-2009年6月以绿色通道急救模式救治的120例多发伤患者的效果,并与2003年6月—2006年5月收治的106例非绿色通道组患者的救治效果进行比较。结果:2组患者在性别、年龄、致伤原因、ISS及伤后至入院时间等指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05);绿色通道组死亡率(4.2%)明显低于对照组死亡率(13.2%)(P0.05);绿色通道组在急诊室滞留时间、特殊检查时间、出急诊室至手术室时间及入院至手术时间均较对照组明显缩短(均P0.01)。结论:绿色通道急救模式缩短了严重多发伤患者的救治时间,降低了死亡率,提高了抢救成功率,是一种值得推广的急救模式。     

Diagnosis and monitoring of hemorrhagic shock during the initial resuscitation of multiple trauma patients: a review

The initial management of the multiple trauma victim requires evaluation for potential hemorrhage and ongoing monitoring to assess the efficacy of resuscitation and avoid complications related to hemorrhagic shock. A variety of strategies exist to assess circulatory status, including hemodynamic monitoring, tissue perfusion measurement, and use of serum markers of metabolism. We review available technologies used to assess fluid status and tissue perfusion in patients with blood loss or hemorrhagic shock, discuss how these methods can be used effectively and efficiently during initial trauma resuscitation to guide therapy and disposition, and suggest directions for future research to improve outcomes by providing more appropriate and timely care and avoiding unnecessary complications.     

一体化链式创伤急救护理模式结合预见性创伤护理在多发伤患者急诊救治中的应用效果

目的探讨一体化链式创伤急救护理模式结合预见性创伤护理在多发伤患者急诊救治中的应用效果。方法选取2019年12月至2020年12月我院收治的86例多发伤患者作为研究对象,按照护理方案将其分为对照组和观察组,各43例。对照组给予传统急救模式,观察组在对照组基础上给予一体化链式创伤急救护理模式结合预见性创伤护理。比较两组的护理效果。结果观察组的院前急救时间、多科会诊时间、检查完成时间、急诊-手术时间、急诊抢救时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。护理后,观察组的ISS评分低于对照组,CRAMS评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组诊间处理、急诊留观的患者占比低于对照组,专科病房、ICU的患者占比高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论一体化链式创伤急救护理模式结合预见性创伤护理用于多发伤患者急诊救治中,可提高急救效率,改善患者的创伤程度及预后,值得推广应用。     

胃癌术后早期肠内营养三种置管方式效果观察

目的探讨最适合老年胃癌患者术后早期肠内营养的一种置管方法。方法 2007年2月至2011年2月在成都市温江区人民医院普外科行胃癌手术的68例老年患者,根据术后置管方式分成鼻胃管联合空肠营养造口管(或鼻肠管)组、经鼻置三腔胃肠管组和胃造口置三腔胃肠管组,观察三组鼻咽部不适﹑恶心呕吐、肺炎等并发症的发生率以及住院时间、胃引流量、肠内营养给予量、肛门排气恢复时间等。结果胃造口置三腔胃肠管在畏管心理、鼻咽部不适、异物感、置管后严重咳嗽、咳痰及置管营养期间恶心、呕吐等发生率与另外两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);且该组术后8日皮褶厚度、上臂肌围长、氮平衡、转铁蛋白和CD4/CD8比值与术前1日比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,或P<0.01)。结论术后经胃造口置三腔胃肠管行早期肠内营养,并发症低,耐受性好,尤其适合老年胃手术患者。     

Morphologic and quantitative analyses of leukocytes in patients with multiple system trauma

Multiple system trauma can occur in accidents, natural disasters, and deliberate attacks, and vital areas of the body, such as the head, chest, and abdomen, may be affected. Investigators in the present study sought to examine morphologic and morphometric alterations of leukocyte responses in patients with multiple trauma during the first 4 h after a traumatic event. Venous blood samples were drawn from 51 patients, 30 male and 21 female, aged 16 to 59 y. The number of leukocytes increased significantly in all patients, but no significant differences were noted between the male and female groups. Complete blood counts revealed normal ratios of leukocyte types. It is suggested that in patients who have experienced multiple trauma, aggressive antibiotic therapy should be initiated to prevent posttraumatic infection and to protect against secondary organ failure.     

交通事故致严重多发伤的程序化急救处理

目的探讨提高交通事故致严重多发伤救治成功率的临床应用价值。方法交通事故致严重多发伤患者139例，随机分为治疗组和对照组（治疗组79例，对照组60例）。治疗组采取ABCDE制医生、护士抢救配合分工程序图程序化操作救治；对照组未采取ABCDE制医生、护士抢救配合分工程序图程序化操作救治。观察两组观察抢救成功率、诊断正确率、漏误诊率、并发症率。结果治疗组79例，抢救成功率89．57％，诊断正确率95．23％，漏误诊率19．00％，并发症率31．65％，治疗组抢救成功率明显高于对照组（t分别=10．52、11.43、12．72、11.32，P均〈0．05）。结论严重多发伤救治时制定了ABCDE制医生、护士抢救配合分工程序图进行程序化操作，可以使参加抢救的医护人员有序分工、紧密协作、迅速作出诊断、及时进行救治，可提高严重多发伤抢救成功率，减少了漏误诊率和并发症发生率，有一定的临床推广价值。     

严重多发伤的院内分期救治

目的：探讨严重多发伤的院内分期救治策略。方法：回顾性分析我科2008-01-2012-12收治的204例严重多发伤患者的临床资料。本研究将病例分为3组：组1,以胸伤腹伤为主的病例107例（52.5%）;组2,以四肢骨盆脊柱骨折为主的病例79例（38.7%）;组3,以胸伤腹伤四肢骨盆脊柱骨折均严重的18例（8.8%）。采用分期救治的策略,即按照严重多发伤在不同治疗阶段（手术复苏期、脏器功能支持期、创伤修复期和功能康复期）的特点,对伤者进行救治的方法。主要分析了手术复苏期各种急诊手术的复苏方式,心肺肝肾等各个主要脏器的功能支持手段以及创伤修复的方式。结果：全组204例,存活190例,存活率93.1%;死亡14例,死亡率6.9%。其中以胸伤腹伤为主的107例病例中,存活100例（93.5%）,死亡7例（6.5%）;以四肢骨盆脊柱骨折为主的79例病例中,存活77例（97.5%）,死亡2例（2.5%）;以胸伤腹伤四肢骨盆脊柱骨折均严重的18例病例中,存活13例（72.2%）,死亡5例（27.8%）。全组病例在手术复苏期死亡8例,占死亡总数的57.1%,死亡原因：创伤失血性休克3例,急性肺挫裂伤呼吸功能衰竭2例,弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）2例,急性脂肪栓塞并肺栓塞1例;在脏器功能支持期死亡4例,占死亡总数的28.6%,死亡原因：急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）2例,严重脓毒血症并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）2例;在创伤修复期死亡2例,占死亡总数的14.3%,死亡原因：迟发型肠坏死和创伤后脓胸全身感染各1例。结论：从接诊严重多发伤的第一刻起,特别是胸伤腹伤或合并骨盆脊柱损伤,即应主动、有计划地实施分期救治。掌握手术复苏期合理的手术复苏方式、加强重要脏器的功能支持以及选择最佳的创伤修复方式,是提高救治成功率、实施多发伤分期救治一体化模式的重要途径。     

血清肌钙蛋白I在多发伤患者中的应用探讨

目的观察严重多发伤患者肌钙蛋白Ι(cTnI)水平变化,并探讨其与创伤评分、多脏器功能障碍综合征之间的关系。方法将116例严重多发伤患者,根据有无合并胸部创伤分为两组:合并胸部创伤组80例,无合并胸部创伤组36例,进行ISS评分和胸部损伤定级(AIS)。用微粒子免疫发光法采集血样检测cTnI水平。结果116例多发伤患者中,cTnI升高37例,其中合并胸部创伤30例,无合并胸部创伤7例;cTnI峰值随ISS值升高明显前移且绝对值增高;严重多发伤合并胸部创伤患者cTnI值升高例数比例,随AIS值升高而升高,血清cTnI峰值比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);伴有MODS患者的血清,cTnI水平为8.48±5.22ng/ml,且持续时间较长,并与MODS的严重程度呈正相关。结论严重多发伤患者出现心肌损伤以合并胸部创伤者为主,但严重多发伤患者无论胸部创伤与否均可出现心肌损伤,心肌损伤程度与MODS的发生率密切相关。     

严重多发伤在ICU的监护与治疗

目的探讨外科重症监护室（ICU）在多发伤监护及治疗上的作用。方法总结2005年1月至2009年7月接受ICU监护和治疗的145例严重多发伤患者的临床资料,分析严重多发伤在ICU处理中的几个关键问题如复苏、外科病情变化的监护及重要脏器的功能支持;并提出预防及治疗对策。结果本组发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）14例（9.66%）,多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）17例（11.72%）,应激性溃疡伴出血38例（26.2%）;其治愈率分别为71.42%（10/14）、47.06%（8/17）、84.21%（32/38）。全组总存活率为90.34%（131/145）,病死率为9.66%（14/145）。结论在ICU能对一些危重患者可能发生的器官、系统衰竭的征象进行及时、系统、连续地严密监测和处理,以防止致命性并发症的出现,从而为专科治疗赢得宝贵时间。ICU治疗在严重多发伤的抢救治疗过程中具有非常重要的作用;强调严重多发伤抢救建立在重症监护平台上的多科室共同协作的抢救模式。     

以胸部损伤为主的严重多发伤的特点与救治

目的：探讨以胸部损伤为主的严重多发伤的特点与救治对策，以提高救治效果。方法：按照损伤严重度评分法（ＩＳＳ），对６３例ＩＳＳ值≥２０分、以胸部损伤为主的严重多发伤患者，采取各种对策进行抢救治疗。除抗休克、给氧、紧急气管内插管外，行单侧胸腔闭式引流４５例次，双侧引流４例次，剖胸探查１４例次，机械辅助呼吸１８例次，人工辅助呼吸１１例次。辅助呼吸时间按损伤特点和病情不同而定。结果：抢救成功３９例，死亡２４例（其中２１例合并脑外伤）。ＩＳＳ值２０～３０分者死亡２例，存活１０例；３１～６０分者死亡１５例，存活２９例；≥６０分者死亡７例，无一例存活。结论：以胸部损伤为主的多发伤其伤情重，处理复杂，病死率高；其救治对策应遵循抢救诊断治疗或抢救与伤情估计同时进行的原则：及时采取气管内插管或气管切开，保持呼吸道通畅，抗休克，积极处理血气胸，降颅压及适时应用机械辅助呼吸等。     

严重胸部复合伤术后的观察及护理

总结12例严重胸部复合伤术后的观察及护理.认为重点是要做好病情的监测,加强呼吸道管理,补充循环血量,加强输血、输液管理,保持闭式引流管通畅.经治疗和护理,患者术后住院10～52 d,平均24 d全部康复出院.