Chorioangioma of placenta: sonographic features

Chorioangioma is a benign vascular tumor of the placenta arising from primitive chorionic mesenchyme. Large (>4 cm) chorioangiomas are much rarer and are often associated with maternal and/or fetal complications. We describe the sonographic features of a large placental chorioangioma with normal outcome.     

Doppler sonographic diagnosis of respiration-dependent reversed flow in the hilar splenic vein.

We describe respiration-dependent reversed flow in the splenic vein detected by color Doppler sonography in 2 patients. In case 1, gray-scale sonography in a patient with liver cirrhosis and abdominal pain showed a hyperechoic, thickened colonic segment and diverticula, with increased echogenicity around the diseased colon. The liver was small, with a nodular surface and coarse echotexture. Doppler sonography of the portal and splenic veins showed a constant hepatopetal flow while the patient held her breath in midinspiration and a brief, transient color change restricted to the hilar splenic veins when the patient took a deep breath. In case 2, abdominal sonography in a patient with pneumonia and right-sided abdominal pain showed mural thickening of the appendix and left-sided pneumonic infiltration. The liver size and texture were normal. Color Doppler sonography of the portal and splenic veins showed a constant hepatopetal flow while the patient held his breath in midinspiration and a transient reversal of flow restricted to the splenic veins when the patient took a deep breath. Although the cause of this flow pattern is unclear, increased intra-abdominal pressure is a possible explanation.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断帆状胎盘32例分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对帆状胎盘的诊断价值及其临床意义。方法回顾性分析32例帆状胎盘的二维及彩色多普勒超声声像图特点,随访胎儿预后。结果产后临床诊断帆状胎盘例32例,超声正确诊断帆状胎盘22例,漏诊6例,4例误诊为球拍状胎盘;16例合并血管前置。典型的声像图特征是脐带胎盘入口远离胎盘,脐血管在胎膜下延伸进入胎盘实质,合并血管前置时,见胎膜下延伸的脐血管跨过宫颈内口,为脐动脉频谱;剖宫产24例,经阴道分娩8例,活婴30例,死婴2例。结论彩色多普勒超声检查能直接显示脐带根部胎盘入口部位与胎盘实质、宫颈内口的位置关系,是诊断帆状胎盘及筛查血管前置的首选方法,具有较高的临床价值。     

Color Doppler sonographic signs of respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow

PURPOSE: The role of respiration in modulating blood flow in the portal vein is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of respiration-dependent periodic hepatofugal portal venous blood flow as detected on color Doppler sonography. METHODS: Within 1 year, we identified 13 patients with respiration-dependent reversal of blood flow in the portal vein that was diagnosed on color Doppler sonography. This phenomenon was investigated by color Doppler sonographic examination of the portal venous flow during both mid-inspiration breath-holding and a respiratory cycle including deep inspiration; evaluation of hepatic vein Doppler waveforms as normal (triphasic) or decreased (flattened); and echocardiographic examination to determine the presence or absence of tricuspid regurgitation. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 53 years (range, 26-87 years). Seven of the 13 patients had heart disease (tricuspid regurgitation) with or without liver disease, 3 had liver disease without heart disease, and 3 had other diseases with no evidence of heart or liver disease. On Doppler sonography, 10 of the 13 patients had increased portal venous pulsatility (7 of the 10 had tricuspid regurgitation; the other 3 did not); the remaining 3 patients had neither increased pulsatility nor tricuspid regurgitation. Sonographic follow-up within 4 weeks in 4 of the 13 patients revealed loss of the respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow. CONCLUSIONS: Respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow is a rare finding associated with periodic portal hypertension in patients with right heart insufficiency and liver disease. Its clinical significance is unclear. Among our patients, its occurrence was predominantly associated with an increased venous pulsatility index due to tricuspid regurgitation or venous outflow obstruction. Further study is needed to investigate whether periodic respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow is predictive of the occurrence of continuous flow reversal.     

彩色多普勒血流显像检测围产期胎盘血管方法的探讨

目的：利用CDFI对围产期胎盘血管进行监测，寻找出探查UtA，UmA的规律及有效的监测指标。方法：对围产期58例正常妊娠和63例高危妊娠孕妇的UtA和UmA进行超声监测，将所得S/D值与国内外资料比较。结果：正常及高危妊娠组间，UmA的S/D值和UrA的S/D值分别在30周和26周后出现显著性变化，并将前者与后者正常值定为小于3.0和2.2，与国内外报道基本相一致。结论：以心脏为主或普通低档彩超完全可以同高性能彩超一样运用于围产期胎盘循环的监测，获取满意检测效果。     

Role of color Doppler imaging in diagnosing and managing pregnancies complicated by placental chorioangioma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of color Doppler imaging in the diagnosis and management of placental chorioangioma. METHODS: The medical records, sonographic reports, and sonograms of all pregnant women who had placental masses diagnosed in our sonography unit during the years 1992 through 2000 and had been evaluated using both gray-scale and color Doppler sonography were included in this study. Subjective evaluation of the amount and distribution of intralesional vascularity by color Doppler imaging was made in all cases. Cases of chorioangioma of the placenta were compared with cases of placental hemorrhage or subchorionic hematoma. The outcomes of the pregnancies were also recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen cases of placental masses were evaluated; 8 of them were identified as placental hemorrhage or subchorionic hematoma on the basis of the sonographic findings. The other 7 cases were identified prenatally as placental chorioangioma, at a mean menstrual age of 23 weeks and a mean maternal age of 29 years. The mean size of the tumor was 6.5 cm (range, 4-13 cm). All cases of chorioangioma showed either substantial internal vascularity or a large feeding vessel within the tumor. Three infants were delivered at term with favorable outcome; 2 of them demonstrated reduction of the intratumoral blood flow during follow-up. The other 4 cases were delivered at or before 32 weeks' menstrual age (1 intrauterine fetal death, 2 terminated pregnancies, and 1 normal infant). No case of placental hematoma demonstrated blood flow within the lesion or was associated with complications of the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Color Doppler imaging helps differentiate placental chorioangioma from other placental lesions and may be useful in the prenatal follow-up of chorioangioma.     

三维能量多普勒超声产前诊断胎盘植入性疾病

目的 评价三维能量多普勒超声（3D-PDUS）产前诊断胎盘植入性疾病（PAS）的价值。方法 纳入116例经超声诊断为前置胎盘孕妇,采用二维超声观察胎盘及周边结构,以3D-PDUS测量相关血流参数。根据产后临床及病理诊断将孕妇分为PAS组（n=32）及无PAS组（n=84）;根据胎盘绒毛侵袭子宫肌层深度将PAS组分为粘连性胎盘（PA）亚组（n=12）及异常侵袭性胎盘（AIP）亚组（n=20）。比较组间及亚组间3D-PDUS参数的差异。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评价3D-PDUS参数诊断PAS的效能。采用Cochran Q检验比较3D-PDUS参数与二维超声诊断PAS效能的差异。结果 PAS组血管化指数（VI）、流量指数（FI）及血管流量指数（VFI）均显著高于无PAS组（P均<0.05）;AIP亚组VI及VFI均显著高于PA亚组（P均<0.05）;亚组间FI差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。VI、FI及VFI诊断PAS的效能均较高,VI与VFI的敏感度、特异度及准确率均无明显统计学差异（P均>0.05）;FI与二维超声诊断效能差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;VI及VFI诊断效能明显高于FI及二维超声（P均<0.05）。结论 3D-PDUS定量检测胎盘及周边结构血流参数可用于产前诊断PAS。     

胆管细胞癌超声分型与彩色多普勒血流特征的探讨

目的探讨胆管细胞癌（CCC）的超声表现及彩色多普勒血流特征。方法对169例胆管细胞癌行二维超声检查，其中76例同时行彩色多普勒超声检查。观察和记录肿瘤所在部位、边界、大小、内部回声、肝内扩张胆管内径、肿瘤周边和内部彩色多普勒血流的分布情况，并根据二维声像表现对胆管细胞癌进行超声分型。结果169例胆管细胞癌超声检出团块型108例，结节型20例，狭窄型13例，囊状型9例，栓塞型12例，复合型（兼有2种或2种以上声像表现）7例。诊断准确率达93．49％（158／169），误诊的11例中5例诊断为单纯肝内胆管结石，4例诊断为单纯肝脓疡，2例诊断为肝内胆管囊状扩张。169例中肝门型胆管细胞癌发生率最高为52．07％（88／169），其次为左肝33．14％（56／169）。肿瘤近端肝内胆管扩张159例（159／169，94．08％）。胆管细胞癌合并结石59例（59／169，34．91％），其声像表现为肿瘤内见强回声团聚集，后伴明显声影，胆管壁显像不清。胆管细胞癌合并肝脓疡14例（14／169，8．28％），其声像表现为肿块内部或肿块旁见低回声液性区，液性区旁扩张的胆管内见实体回声。76例行彩色多普勒超声检查，肿瘤内见丰富动静脉血流信号者仅占14．47％（11／76）。49例（49／76，64．47％）肿瘤包绕门静脉分支致血管内彩色多普勒血流信号消失或血流束变细，其中22例（22／49，44．90％）可见与门静脉并行的肝动脉彩色多普勒血流束，27例（27／49，55．10％）肿瘤内门静脉与肝动脉彩色多普勒血流信号均消失。结论肿瘤形态不规则，境界不清楚，内部回声多样，肿瘤梗阻近端胆管扩张，肿瘤内部门静脉分支彩色多普勒血流信号消失是胆管细胞癌的特征性声像改变。充分认识胆管细胞癌的声像图特征可提高其术前超声诊断率，为临床治疗提供诊断依据。     

Color Doppler sonographic findings in penile fracture

We performed color Doppler sonographic examination on 4 patients, 3 of whom had preliminary diagnoses of penile fracture and 1 of whom had undergone an operation due to penile fracture a year previously. Color Doppler sonography helped evaluate the relationships between the hematoma and the vascular structures and aided in differential diagnosis of the vascular injuries that may accompany tunical rupture (or have similar clinical presentations) and Mondor's disease; thus, this method has a crucial role in choosing the treatment approach. Color Doppler sonography may also assist in the follow-up of patients after surgical or conservative treatment.     

Posterior mediastinal arteriovenous malformation with atypical color Doppler sonographic findings

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an anomaly of capillary development that results in a direct connection between branches of an artery and veins, with no intervening capillary network. A definite diagnosis of AVM is usually made with angiography. We report the case of a posterior mediastinal AVM found on routine sonography in a 64-year-old woman with neglected hypertension and severe back pain. Color Doppler imaging showed 2 adjoined vascular structures without a typical mosaic-like flow pattern, and spectral Doppler analysis showed low-resistance flow and arteriovenous shunting in 2 adjoined vascular structures. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by angiography. Because disastrous bleeding could result if needle biopsy were performed inadvertently in the case of a suspected mediastinal AVM, we suggest that color Doppler sonography be attempted if there is an adequate acoustic window.     

Urachal remnants in asymptomatic children: gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findings

PURPOSE: We undertook this study to evaluate the frequency of visualization and the sonographic appearances of urachal remnants (URs) in asymptomatic children. METHODS: One hundred eighty-two children without any urachus-related symptoms underwent sonography of the prevesical region and urinary bladder with high-frequency transducers. RESULTS: A UR was visualized in 180 (99%) of the children. The URs had a mean length +/- standard deviation of 13 +/- 5 mm. Most of the URs were ovoid, and most demonstrated a moderate protrusion into the bladder cavity. The URs with a central echogenic area were larger than those without central echogenicity. In 36 (61%) of the 59 URs that were evaluated with color Doppler sonography, vascular signals were demonstrated within the lesion. The URs with internal vascular signals were significantly larger than those without internal vascular signals. CONCLUSIONS: The gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic characteristics of URs seem to be related to their size and their degree of involution rather than to the age of the child. We think that URs are present in almost all children. URs should be considered normal findings if they are asymptomatic and their length is not significantly greater than 22.5 mm, the 95th percentile in our study.     

Renal infarct: contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonographic findings

Power Doppler sonography (PDUS) is a promising technique for the diagnosis of renal infarcts. PDUS's efficacy may be enhanced by using sonographic contrast agents. We evaluated 3 cases of renal infarction using PDUS and the sonographic contrast agent Levovist. The findings were compared with those of other imaging modalities, such as scintigraphy, CT, and angiography. In case 1, PDUS showed a patent interlobar artery only in the lower part of the right kidney and no other perfusion of the right renal parenchyma. Contrast-enhanced PDUS showed patchy areas of preserved perfusion in the lower and middle-upper anterior portions of the kidney. In case 2, PDUS showed diffuse and patchy perfusion defects in the anterolateral portion of the right kidney. On contrast-enhanced PDUS, no signal enhancement was seen in these areas, but the perfusion defects were better delineated. In case 3, PDUS showed no perfusion in the upper pole of the kidney; the nonperfused area extended to the posterior upper portion of the kidney but could not be distinguished from normal tissue. After injection of the contrast agent, there was no enhancement of the posterior extension of the upper pole infarct, but Doppler signals from the surrounding normal parenchyma were enhanced, so the area was more clearly demarcated. The administration of the contrast agent facilitated the visualization of the infarcts in all 3 cases.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断妊娠子宫嵌顿并胎盘植入1例

患者女,34岁,因"停经14周余,反复阴道出血3个月,小便困难10余天"就诊;既往孕6产2,人工流产4次,剖宫产2次、子宫捆绑术1次.超声:膀胱充盈,左上缘达脐下2横指;子宫增大,呈后倾后屈位,宫颈拉长,紧贴膀胱后方,宫体大部分位于子宫直肠陷窝内,宫底平宫颈外口水平(图1A);宫腔内见单活胎,头臀径78 mm,测值相当...     

超声观察妊娠期母胎循环及胎盘植入血流变化

胎盘损伤是围产期母婴发病和死亡的主要原因。随着胎盘植入发生率增加，术中出血及子宫切除率明显上升。产前超声显示血流明显优于MRI。本文围绕超声观察正常母胎循环及胎盘植入血流改变研究进展进行综述。