阿德福韦酯联合复方甘草酸单铵S治疗慢性乙型肝炎疗效分析

<正>乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是全球公共卫生问题。我国2005年《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》指出,慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)治疗的总体目标是:最大限度地长期抑制或消除HBV,减轻肝细胞炎症坏死及肝纤维化,延缓和阻止疾病进展,减少和防止肝脏失代偿、肝硬化、HCC及其并发症的发生,从而改善生活质量和延长存活时间[1]。本文在阿德福韦酯(ADV)抗病毒治     

关于降低慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者抗病毒治疗丙氨酸转氨酶阈值的探讨

由于血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平可反映肝细胞损伤情况, 且与慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者的预后密切相关, 国内外慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)管理指南均将ALT水平作为患者是否应启动抗病毒治疗的重要指标。我国现行《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)》[1]建议, 慢性HBV感染者启动抗病毒治疗的ALT阈值为≥1×正常值上限(ULN, 排除其他原因), 但并未明确规定ALT ULN参考值。除缺乏统一标准外, 我国临床实践中启动抗病毒治疗的ALT阈值多为40～64 U/L不等, 远高于部分国际权威CHB指南推荐的ALT阈值, 不利于我国慢性HBV感染者的管理。     

2012年版欧洲肝病学会慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染管理临床应用指南更新要点

2012年3月,欧洲肝病学会在Journal of Hepatology在线发布《慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染管理临床应用指南》(以下简称《指南》).该《指南》是基于2009版指南更新的,其更新要点如下. 一、流行病学 2012年版《指南》更新了未经治疗的慢性HBV感染随访研究结果,在未经治疗的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者中,5年累计肝硬化发生率为8％～20％;代偿期肝硬化患者中,5年累计失代偿期肝硬化发生率约20％;失代偿期肝硬化患者的5年生存率为14％～35％;肝硬化患者中,每年肝细胞癌(HCC)发生率为2％～5％[1].     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗若干热点

我国新版《指南》(2010版)慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)治疗的总体目标:"最大限度地长期抑制HBV,减轻肝细胞炎症坏死及肝纤维化,延缓或减少肝脏失代偿、肝硬化、肝细胞癌及其并发症的发生,从而改善生活质量和延长存活的时间."[1 ]删去了2005年版现阶段难以实现的"清除HBV","阻止疾病进展"的目标,体现出新版指南更为客观、现实.对于CHB患者,抗病毒治疗是关键措施,己取得了国内外各大CHB防治指南共识.干扰素治疗CHB已有20余年,1998年第一个用于治疗CHB核苷类药物拉米夫定(lamivudine,LAM)的问世以及随后陆续研发上市的阿德福韦( adefovir dipivoxil,ADV)、恩替卡韦(entecavir,ETV)、聚乙二醇干扰素( PEG-IFNα)、替比夫定(telbivudine,LDT)和替诺福韦(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate,TDF,我国尚未上市),CHB抗病毒治疗取得了很大进展,成百万CHB患者得到了救治,在抗病毒治疗过程中积累了许多治疗经验,发表了大量长期随访研究资料,同时也发现许多问题和挑战,如药物选择、提高免疫控制、优化治疗、耐药管理、停药复发再治疗等问题.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者启动抗病毒治疗：无需兼备年龄和家族史

我国《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)》[1]推荐:HBV DNA阳性、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)正常的慢性HBV感染患者, 须兼备年龄>30岁且有乙型肝炎肝硬化或肝细胞癌(HCC)家族史才推荐抗病毒治疗。而最近庄辉院士发表的文章[2]就ALT正常HBeAg阳性或阴性慢性HBV感染患者治疗是否必须同时兼备年龄和家族史首次进行了探讨, 明确提出毋须年龄和家族史同时兼备方可治疗。结合国内外相关研究成果和主要指南或共识声明中的慢性乙型肝炎初始治疗标准(表1), 该问题的建议如下。     

伴有肾脏损伤及其高危风险的慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗专家共识

正1前言(1)2015年版多个乙型肝炎防治指南推荐慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者在抗病毒治疗前后应监测肾脏功能相关指标。(2)对于具有肾脏损伤风险以及合并肾脏损伤的CHB患者提出了推荐治疗方案的意见和药物。2015年版亚太肝病学会(APASL)《亚太乙型肝炎临床管理指南》、2015年版中国《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》以及2015年版世界卫生组织(WHO)《慢性乙型肝炎感染预防、管理和治     

慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)

正本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制订,涉及CHB其他治疗方法和策略请参阅相关指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制订了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第1版),并于2010年第1次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础和临床研究取得很大进展,为此我们对本指南再次修订。本指南旨在帮助临床医师在CHB的预防、诊断和抗病     

《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(2015更新版)

<正>本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制订,涉及CHB其他治疗方法和策略请参阅相关的指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制订了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第1版),并于2010年第1次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础和临床研究取得很大进展,为此我们对本指南再次修订。本指南旨在帮助临床医生在CHB诊断、预防     

慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)

<正>本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制订,涉及CHB其他治疗方法和策略请参阅相关的指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制订了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第1版),并于2010年第1次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础和临床研究取得很大进展,为此我们对本指南再次修订。     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗专家共识

<正>自2005年12月中国《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》发布以来[1],国内外对于乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)及其相关慢性肝病的研究不断深入。亚太肝脏学会(APASL)、欧洲肝脏学会(EASL)及美国肝脏病学会(AASLD)陆续发布了各自更新的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)临床指南及共识     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.