食管癌和贲门癌术后吻合口瘘、胃瘘21例诊治体会

食管癌、贲门癌术后吻合口瘘是食管外科最严重的并发症，其发生率国内报道在3％～5％，死亡率20％-50％。而胃瘘的发生率则相对较低。正确处理术后吻合口瘘、胃瘘的发生，降低术后死亡率依然是胸外科医生面临的挑战。我科2008年5月至2011年5月期间食管癌和贲门癌术后有21例发生吻合口瘘、胃瘘，现总结如下。     

食管重建中食管胃吻合术式的改进（附65例分析）

在65例食管癌、贲门癌手术治疗中,对吻合口的处理采用食管胃“两定点吻合”加半边大网膜覆盖。作为术式改进组;另对50例食管癌,贲门癌采用传统吻合方式,将肌层行间断缝合包埋,作为对照组。两组患者在性别,年龄、病灶的病理分类等方面无明显差异。比较两组的吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生率,术式改进组未发生吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄;对照组发生吻合口瘘1例。发生吻合口狭窄4例。食管重建中,对吻合口的操作采用食管胃“两定点吻合法”能有效地避免和减少吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄的发生。     

食管癌贲门癌术后吻合口瘘的预防

为降低食管贲门癌术后吻合口瘘的发生率，应用深浅间隔进针哈合法或附加大网膜覆盖术，连续施行食管癌贲门癌切除５８４例，无吻合口瘘。说明此法对食管胃吻合口瘘及胸胃穿孔有较好的预防作用。     

"种植式"食管胃吻合术

目的 为了预防食管癌、贲门癌手术后吻合口瘘、胃液食管反流、吻合口狭窄等吻合口相关并发症，设计“种植式”食管胃吻合术，总结其临床经验。方法 将196例食管、贲门癌患者分为两组，实验组：116例切开胃壁浆肌层与食管下端等宽，游离黏膜及黏膜下层形成指套状凸起，在其顶部切口与食管下端吻合，最后把浆肌层切缘上提缝合至食管外膜包埋吻合口；对照组：80例采用常规单层食管胃吻合术。术后14天、1、3、6和12个月分别对两组患者进行上消化道X线钡餐造影或纤维胃镜检查。结果 实验组无吻合口瘘发生，发生吻合口狭窄1例，胃液食管反流4例；对照组发生吻合口瘘3例，吻合口狭窄3例，不同程度胃液食管反流60例。结论 “种植式”食管胃吻合术是一种具有预防吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和较好的抗胃液食管反流作用，且符合生理的食管胃吻合术。     

食管-胃黏膜吻合术治疗食管癌、贲门癌的护理

随着食管外科的普及和手术方法不断改进，食管癌、贲门癌根治术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和胃食管反流等并发症的发生已明显减少。我院于1998年至2006年共行食管癌、贲门癌切除食管-胃黏膜吻合术139例，经过周密的术后护理，患者恢复满意，现总结如下。     

食管胃、空肠唇状吻合术的临床应用

目的探讨食管胃空肠吻合术对预防食管癌、贲门癌术后并发症的影响。方法54例食管癌、贲门癌患者采用食管胃、空肠唇状单层Gambee法吻合,食管胃吻合43例,食管空肠吻合11例。结果全组术后恢复顺利,无吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄及明显反流性食管炎发生。术后3～12月钡餐检查示吻合口口径平均1.6(1.2～2.0)cm。54例平均随访5.8(1.5～8.0)年,术后3年、5年生存率分别为47.6%(20/42)和14.3%(14/28)。结论单层唇状吻合重建消化道有单层吻合和套入式吻合的双重优点,可防止吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和反流性食管炎的发生。     

食管癌贲门癌术后吻合口及胸胃瘘的临床分析

目的探讨食管癌、贲门癌切除术后吻合口及胸胃瘘发生的高危因素及防治措施。方法分析1990年1月～2003年12月间1369例行食管癌、贲门癌切除、食管重建术病人的临床资料。结果本组颈部吻合口瘘的发生率为16．24％。胸内吻合口及胃瘘发生率为2．0％，死亡率28．0％；前6年和近7年相比，胸内瘘的发生率为3．33％对1．46％(P=0．031)。胸内机械吻合瘘的发生率为0．51％。结论吻合口瘘及胸胃瘘是食管重建术后严重的并发症，应用机械吻合、熟练掌握手术技巧和加强围术期管理是预防瘘发生的有效方法。     

机械吻合与食管胃分层吻合术治疗食管和贲门癌的对比研究

目的比较机械吻合术与分层吻合术在预防食管和贲门癌手术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和食管反流并发症发生率的差异。方法将316例食管和贲门癌患者按入院顺序随机分为机械吻合组(162例,采用食管癌切除机械吻合术)和分层吻合组(154例,采用食管癌切除食管胃分层吻合术)。分别比较两组术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和食管反流并发症发生率。结果机械吻合组术后吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生率分别为1.2%和2.0%,而分层吻合组则分别为3.9%和4.7%,两组比较P<0.01。两组胃食管反流的发生率(88.8%、89.3%)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于预防食管和贲门癌手术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄方面,机械吻合优于分层吻合法。     

148例食管重建术的体会

吻合口瘘是食管重建严重的并发症。我院近8年行食管癌、贲门癌切除，食管─胃吻合重建食管148例，未发生吻合口瘘，总结报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料：本组148例。其中男119例，女29例。年龄40～72岁，平均52．8岁。中上段食管癌25例，中下段食管癌47例，贲门癌76例。主动脉     

一种新型的肌层内隧道食管胃吻合(附936例无吻合口瘘的经验)

从1981～1998年我们收治食管、贲门癌手术6200例,切除5242例。共发生吻合口瘘188例。切除和发生吻合口瘘率,分别为84.5％和3.3％。从1986年我院胸外科一组医生根据Redo、Lowers和刘鲲粘膜下“隧道”食管胃吻合进行了多项改进,共行食管、贲门癌切除936例,术后无吻合口瘘发生。其中贲门癌360例作了弓下吻合,中下段食管癌572例作了弓上吻合,4例中上段食管癌作了颈部吻合。我们对400例病人进行随访,食管钡餐正、斜及头低脚高位X线摄片,吻合口直径除8例有轻度狭窄(0.5cm),24例有轻度返流外,其余吻合口都在1～2cm。对280例作了食管镜检查并与240例“荷包”和“套叠”式吻合进行对照,不论从食管镜肉眼观察、粘膜活检及粘液pH值测定,两组都有明显的差异。肌层内“隧道”食管胃吻合实践证明有以下优点:①肌层内“隧道”食管胃吻合是用一片胃的浆肌层来建立一个保护屏障,以弥补食管因缺乏浆膜层而愈合能力差,因此能预防吻合口瘘。②肌层内“隧道”的吻合口吻合时是在一平面进行,吻合口周边不再包埋和套入,这样可避免吻合口狭窄。③吻合口在胃前壁环行肌的作用下而闭合,起到抗返流的作用。     

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目的　总结原发性胆囊鳞癌、腺鳞癌的诊治经验。方法　回顾性分析了浙江大学医学院附属第二医院 1994～ 2 0 0 3年收治的少见胆囊癌 9例 (鳞癌 1例 ,腺鳞癌 8例 )。结果　行根治性手术 4例 ,姑息性手术 5例。9例中有 8例得到随访 ,均在术后半年内死亡 ,术后中位生存期 5 1d。结论　胆囊鳞癌腺鳞癌恶性程度较高 ,但淋巴结转移相对较晚。对于合适病例应尽可能行根治性胆囊切除 ,必要时行扩大根治性切除 ,术后放疗可能是一个较好的治疗方式。     

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus —A case report

We treated a 66-year old woman with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus. The histologic features of this tumor seemed to originate from esophageal glands and their ducts. This deduction was based on the subepithelial growth pattern and the presence of in-situ carcinoma showing a glandular or squamous pattern at the location of the esophageal gland duct. Although the biological nature of this tumor was not elucidated, the prognosis is similar to that seen with the ordinary type of esophageal squamous carcinoma.     

胆囊鳞癌和腺鳞癌12例临床分析

目的总结原发性胆囊鳞癌和腺鳞癌的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析了解放军总医院肝胆外科1994—2004年收治的胆囊癌12例（鳞癌4例，腺鳞癌8例），男女各6例。结果行根治性手术9例，姑息性手术3例。12例中有11例得到随访，其中2例在1年后死亡，1例在半年后死亡，其余均在半年内死亡。术后中位生存期108d。结论胆囊鳞癌和腺鳞癌恶性程度高，但远处转移较少，有利于手术切除。术后放疗有可能是一个有效的方法。     

The surgical management of synchronous hepatocellular carcinoma and thoracic esophageal carcinoma

A 73-year-old man was hospitalized with pathologically documented hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis, and a 5.0-cm tumor located in the left lobe was resected by a left lateral segmentectomy. At the same time, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was identified by frozen section in a perigastric lymph node in the lesser omentum. Intraoperative endoscopy revealed a 1.0-cm erosive lesion in the thoracic esophagus that was subsequently found to be primary squamous cell carcinoma. Seven weeks later, a transthoracic subtotal esophagectomy with substernal, cervical esophagogastrostomy was performed. Twenty-two months after these resections there has been no recurrence of either the hepatocellular or esophageal carcinomas.     

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus is a rare carcinoma and there is little agreement about the treatment of this tumor. According to the analysis of previously reported tumors, biologic behavior of the tumor correlated with the spread of the lesion and degree of differentiation. We report a case of this tumor in a 31-year-old man. Resection of the tumor included the left upper lobe of the lung the phrenic nerve, pericardium and disseminations in the pleura. The clinicopathological feature of this case was high-stage disease and low-grade histology. Postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy were performed, and the patient is alive without recurrence 14 months after surgery.     

胆囊鳞癌和腺鳞癌12例临床分析

目的总结原发性胆囊鳞癌和腺鳞癌的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析了解放军总医院肝胆外科1994-2004年收治的胆囊癌12例(鳞癌4例,腺鳞癌8例),男女各6例。结果行根治性手术9例,姑息性手术3例。12例中有11例得到随访,其中2例在1年后死亡,1例在半年后死亡,其余均在半年内死亡。术后中位生存期108d。结论胆囊鳞癌和腺鳞癌恶性程度高,但远处转移较少,有利于手术切除。术后放疗有可能是一个有效的方法。     

Presence of a micropapillary pattern in mucinous carcinomas of the breast and its impact on the clinical behavior

Infiltrating micropapillary carcinomas (IMPC) of breast are highly angioinvasive tumors with poor prognosis. This study is based on the observation that a similar micropapillary pattern is also observed in mucinous carcinomas of breast. About 102 mucinous carcinomas were evaluated for the presence and impact of this micropapillary pattern on the clinical behavior. Of these, 68 were mucinous carcinomas with a micropapillary pattern (MUMPC), 20 had MUMPC mixed with an infiltrating duct carcinoma component, two were solid variants of papillary carcinoma with mucin (SVPCMU), five had collision of the MUMPC and SVPCMU patterns and seven were mucinous carcinomas with signet ring cells (MUS). The factors negatively affecting overall survival (OAS) and disease-free survival (DFS) included the histological type of mucinous carcinoma, nodal metastases, an irregular tumor border, <50% mucin and an IMPC type of local recurrence or metastases. In the multivariate analysis, the histologic type of mucinous carcinoma and an irregular tumor border were most significant for OAS and DFS. Thus, 86% of mucinous carcinomas in this study were mucinous variants of the angioinvasive infiltrating micropapillary carcinomas. These tumors can produce IMPC type of metastases and thus should be treated aggressively.     

膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的诊断和治疗（附14例报告）

目的：提高对膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的诊断与治疗水平。方法：结合文献回顾性分析14例膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤患者的临床和病理资料。结果：以膀胱肿瘤首诊11例,术前均经膀胱镜活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌（9例）、鳞癌（2例）,该组有3例行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检,结果2例为前列腺癌,1例为前列腺增生症,该例与余8例行膀胱前列腺切除或TURBT＋TURP后病理证实为前列腺癌。术后随访6～37个月。1例术后23个月死于心梗;1例术后10个月死于全身广泛转移和并发症;1例失访;8例无瘤生存。以前列腺肿瘤首诊3例分别行膀胱部分切除术＋双睾丸切除术、前列腺癌根治术＋TURBT、姑息性输尿管皮肤造瘘术,随访42、16、25个月,2例术后死于多发性转移,1例无瘤生存。结论：膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤是较少见的一种多原发肿瘤,临床上易漏诊。直肠指检、经直肠B超、PsA测定、活检和膀胱镜检的综合应用是目前诊断膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的主要方法。两者共存并不提示预后不良。     

Apocrine carcinoma of the breast —A case report

A case of apocrine carcinoma of the breast is reported herein. Apocrine carcinoma is a rare tumor characteristically composed of large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. This case involves a 34-year old woman who underwent a modified radical mastectomy and is now doing well with no evidence of recurrence, 10 months after her surgery.     

Flowcharts for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

No strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract carcinoma have been clearly described. We developed flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract carcinoma on the basis of the best clinical evidence. Risk factors for bile duct carcinoma are a dilated type of pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. A nondilated type of PBM is a risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma. Symptoms that may indicate biliary tract carcinoma are jaundice and pain in the upper right area of the abdomen. The first step of diagnosis is to carry out blood biochemistry tests and ultrasonography (US) of the abdomen. The second step of diagnosis is to find the local extension of the carcinoma by means of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Because resection is the only way to completely cure biliary tract carcinoma, the indications for resection are determined first. In patients with resectable disease, the indications for biliary drainage or portal vein embolization (PVE) are checked. In those with nonresectable disease, biliary stenting, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or best supportive care is selected.