骨科生物力学研究的测量方法学专家共识

骨科生物力学是以骨骼肌肉系统为对象,利用生物力学的方法将工程原理,尤其是机械力学原理应用于临床医学来解决骨科所遇到的问题的一门生物力学领域中相当重要的分支学科。骨科生物力学研究中常通过测试和测量骨、骨骼肌、肌腱和韧带、关节、脊柱等骨骼肌肉系统的力学特性参数,对标本进行综合评价。骨科生物力学测试测量方法包括机械测试方法、接触式测量方法以及非接触式测量方法。机械测试方法包括拉压试验、弯曲试验、扭转试验、纯剪切试验、疲劳试验、拔出试验、阻力矩试验、微力学试验等。接触式力学测量方法包括电阻应变测量方法、硬度测试方法等。非接触式力学测量方法包括光测法、声测法以及磁测法等。此外,还有计算机三维图像重建和有限元分析方法、分子生物力学研究方法以及三维捕捉和步态分析方法。上述方法在骨科生物力学研究的测试和测量中有各自的应用范围以及各自的优点以及不足。本文通过对这些方法的原理、应用范围以及优缺点的介绍,给相关领域研究者们提供方法学的指引,以便于在骨科生物力学研究中选择合适的测量方法。     

运动医学与生物力学

运动损伤在骨科门诊及急诊都占有相当高的比例，而且大部分与运动有关的损伤都发生于或涉及人体的骨骼肌肉系统，与一般的创伤、人工关节重建等手术相比，其需考虑的因素及层面更广、更复杂。因此，生物力学研究在运动医学临床应用上更显其重要性。由于大部分骨骼肌肉系统损伤是由于外部施加力量与内部承受能力不平衡所致，     

骨科生物力学的进展

骨科生物力学是指应用生物力学的方法来解决骨科所遇到的问题,即将工程原理、特别是机械力学原理应用于临床医学。它让一些原本束手无策的问题得以解决,如人工关节置换术的发明与临床应用减轻了退行性关节炎患者的痛苦。本次骨科生物力学重点刊共收录了大陆7篇及台湾3篇相关研究论文,内容涵盖了人工关节、骨折固定、足部、脊椎、手术方法、骨组织等,性质从临床应用到基础研究,运用了材料试验机测试或电脑模拟有限元分析等基本方法。使读者了解生物力学如何运用于骨科方面的研究,期望更多医生在临床中发现适合于骨科生物力学的研究题材。     

骨科研究存在的问题与对策

骨科研究涵盖的范围相当广泛，只要是跟骨骼肌肉系统相关的研究都与骨科临床有直接关系。若以研究类型和使用工具来区分，骨科研究基本上包括人体或体内实验、体外实验、计算器模拟工具及临床随访资料等研究类型（图1），各类型又分为各个主题及方法。[第一段]     

2010上海国际骨科生物力学研讨会会议通知

由中国力学学会中国生物医学工程学会生物力学专业委员会主办、上海市骨科内植物重点实验室暨上海交通大学附属第九人民医院骨科承办的2010上海国际骨科生物力学研讨会将于2010年7月23～25日在上海举行,会议邀请了美国、加拿大等国家和地区的十余位国际知名生物力学专家,围绕人工关节设计和临床应用的生物力学问题、     

关注骨骼,完美人生——中华医学会第八次全国骨科学术会议暨第一届国际COA学术大会

中华医学会骨科学分会于2006年11月12至15日在北京召开了第八次全国骨科学术会议暨第一届国际COA学术大会。本次会议的主题为“关注骨骼，完美人生”。吴仪副总理为本会的胜利召开专门发来贺信。祁国明、白书忠副会长、张耀华、韩晓明副秘书长等中华医学会领导以及卫生部窦熙照书记、北京卫生局金大鹏局长出席了会议。来自全国各地从事骨科专业的专家、学者4000多人参加了会议，美国、欧盟、日本、澳大利亚、韩国、丹麦、马来西亚等20余个国家和地区的200多名骨科专家、学者与会进行交流。大会还邀请了王正国、王澍寰、卢世璧、戴魁戎、胥少汀、郭世绂等骨科界老前辈与会指导。此次会议共收到稿件4665篇，是历届全国骨科学术会议中规模最大的一次，盛况空前。     

北美人口老龄化问题：骨科界面临的新挑战

译者序原文领衔作者Buckwalter教授是美国爱荷华（IOWA）大学医学院骨科的主任教授,也是北美和世界著名的骨科专家和学者.Buckwalter教授目前担任美国《Journal of Orthopaedic Research》,即《骨科研究杂志》的主编;同时也是《American Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery》即《美国骨关节外科杂志》负责骨科研究方面的主要编委.     

权威性骨科专业巨蔷——《中华骨科学》已陆续出版

由人民卫生出版社和中华医学会骨科学分会牵头组织编写的、针对骨科医生继续教育、骨科专业准八培训及执业医师考试等专业的具有规范性和权威性的专业参考书——《中华骨科学》陆续出版，全国发行。本书是由我国著名的骨科专家、工程院院士邱贵兴教授、戴魁戎教授总主编，各分卷主编由骨科各专业组主委及知名专家担任。编写人员由担任过各学组委员的专家、目前正担任各学组委员以及在相关专业中表现优异的中青年骨科专家组成。     

中华医学会第九届骨科学术会议暨第二届国际COA学术大会顺利闭幕

中华医学会第九届骨科学术会议暨第二届国际COA学术大会于2007年11月11日在郑州市国际会展中心顺利闭幕。本届会议由中华医学会、中华医学会骨科学分会主办，河南省医学会、河南省医学会骨科专业委员会、香港骨科医学院和香港骨科医学会共同协办，以“以人为本，和谐发展”为主题，取得了圆满成功。来自美国、加拿大、欧盟、日本、澳大利亚、韩国、新加坡、泰国等20余个国家和地区的200多名骨科专家及全国各地从事骨科专业的专家、学者5000余人参与了这次盛会，共同交流骨科学领域的最新进展。     

祝贺我国骨科界进入2000年

我们已步入21世纪,20世纪已成为历史。回忆过去,展望将来,骨科界的同道在新的世纪,将为骨科做出更大、更多地贡献。首先我感到21世纪的骨科知识必将超越纯医学的领域。按目前医学技术和方法的发展,骨科领域已有所扩大,如免疫学、生物力学、材料或多孔材料的直觉认识,以及康复学、理疗学、职业治疗等的介入和集体协同,都已有所深入,使骨科患者的治疗和功能康复,可较快地达到或接近正常健康水平。同时,为了工作需要,很多与骨科的交叉专业不断地建立和扩展,使骨科治疗有更明确的针对性,疗效得以提高。21世纪,骨科将比其他系统学科有更大的灵活…     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.