蛛网膜下腔出血误诊10例CT分析

对我院2005-03～2006—12蛛网膜下腔出血误诊10例CT分析如下。     

外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的CT分析

目的:提高对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的认识水平。方法:86例外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血,每例最少复查1次以上,详细观察脑沟、脑池异常变化情况。结果:CT扫描显示局限于纵裂池积血53例;局限于部分脑沟及脑池17例;广泛性蛛网膜下腔出血,表现为大片脑沟、脑池内高密度影16例。86例中,单纯蛛网膜下腔出血仅15例,其余71例均合并有其他颅脑损伤。结论:蛛网膜下腔出血常伴有其他颅脑损伤。CT复查可诊断不典型少量蛛网膜下腔出血。     

蛛网膜下腔出血的CT研究(附96例分析)

蛛网膜下腔出血（SH）可依其发病原因分为自发性及外伤性两种。CT应用前多由腰穿发现血性脑脊液而确诊犤１犦。CT问世以来，以其迅速、无创的特性成为发现该病的最佳手段。我院１９８８年１０月～２００１年５月CT扫描发现SH９６例，报告如下。１资料与方法男６０例，女３６例，年龄２０～８６岁，平均４６岁。自发性SH３６例，外伤性SH６０例。发病（外伤）至首次CT扫描时间为１５分钟～７天，扫描全部采用东芝TCT６００S或PICKERPQ５０００型CT机，基线OML，层厚＝层距＝８～１０mm，外伤组加照骨窗片。２结果９６例SHCT显…     

CT阴性蛛网膜下腔出血21例分析

我院自 1994年以来共收治 CT阴性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH) 2 1例 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组男 15例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 36～ 6 7岁 ,平均年龄 4 9.1岁 ,发病 3d内入院 19例 ,1周 2例 ,有 14例有高血压病史 ,既往均无 SAH病史。劳动时发病 14例 ,排便时发病 2例 ,情绪激动时发病 3例 ,无明显诱因发病 2例。以头痛、呕吐、脑膜刺激征阳性为表现者 9例 (42 .9% ) ,有头痛、无呕吐、脑膜刺激征者 7例 (占33.3% ) ,其余以呕吐为表现者 2例 ,以突发抽搐为表现者 1例 ,以眩晕、呕吐为表现者 1例 ,以突发耳鸣、口歪为表现者 1例。本组经过 1～ 2次 C…     

蛛网膜下腔出血继胼胝体出血1例

患者,男,65岁,因突发头痛、呕吐30分钟于入院。30分钟前患者在给他人治病中,突发剧烈头痛,喷射性呕吐胃内容物数次,面色青灰、出汗。来医院后20分钟行头颅CT检查,检查中平卧后头痛明显加重,数分钟后患者出现烦躁、多汗、神志恍惚,但无大小便失禁及抽搐,遂人院治疗。患者有高血压病史10年,血压最高达180／90mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa),自服药控制(具体药名不详)。     

CT扫描阴性的蛛网膜下腔出血延误诊治3例分析

蛛网膜下腔出血（Subarachnoid Heamorrhage,SAH）是神经科常见疾病,大部分可经头颅CT检查确诊,但少部分检查阴性。现将笔者碰到的3例典型病例报告如下。     

蛛网膜下腔出血的CT研究

目的研究蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的CT分型、伴随改变和不典型表现的鉴别诊断。方法对123例SAH患者(外伤性81例,自发性42例)头颅CT进行回顾性研究。结果 SAH分为单纯型和复合型,多累及2个脑池以上;自发性SAH多伴随脑室积血、脑积水和脑组织血肿,外伤性SAH颅内其他改变以硬膜下血肿、脑组织血肿和脑挫裂伤为主。结论认识SAH的CT表现和分型,有助于临床治疗。     

蛛网膜下腔出血的CT灌注成像研究

目的：探讨CT灌注成像评估蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血流动力学变化的价值。方法：实验组21例蛛网膜下腔出血（包括延迟发生脑梗死3例）和7例对照组病人进行CT灌注成像,比较各脑叶CT灌注参数值的差异。结果：实验组中有10例病人在灌注图上发现肉眼可见的低灌注区,CT平扫未见低密度改变。CBF值在实验组中发生延迟脑梗塞组为21.35±3.42,不发生组为23.37±2.29,对照组为26.59±2.47,实验组与对照组之间有显著性差异;TTS值延迟脑梗塞组为32.26±12.08,无延迟脑梗塞组为19.14±4.88,两者之间具有显著性差异,其余灌注参数在各组之间未见显著性差异。结论：CT灌注成像能够反映蛛网膜下腔出血后的脑血流动力学变化。     

蛛网膜下腔出血的CT漏诊情况分析

目的 探讨各级医院蛛网膜下腔出血（subaraehnoid hemorrhage,SAH）的CT漏诊情况及可能原因.方法 回顾性分析近10年国内文献发表的各医院CT检查漏诊的143例SAH的临床资料.结果 Hunt-Hess Ⅰ、Ⅱ级的SAH患者漏诊率较高（92.4％）.高龄组SAH漏诊率明显高于中年龄段组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.伴有高血压病、脑卒中病史的SAH患者漏诊率明显低于无此类并发症的患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.三级医院漏诊率明显低于一级、二级医院,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;一级医院相对漏诊风险（odds ratio,OR）是三级医院的2.748倍,差异有统计学意义（OR=2.748）.结论 Hunt-Hess分级较低、非SAH高发年龄段的SAH患者易漏诊,一级医院漏诊率较高,漏诊风险较大,临床应提高警惕.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死的CT表现

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死的CT表现。方法分析18例蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死的临床特点与CT表现。结果蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死发生在蛛网膜下腔出血后7-13d(平均10.5d),其梗死范围大、部位多,CT以双侧对称性分布的多发病灶为特点。结论CT对蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死有很大的诊断价值。     

16排螺旋CT血管造影在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血诊断中的应用

[目的]探讨16排螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者病因诊断中的应用价值.[方法]回顾性分析38例临床急性原发性SAH患者的临床资料,均分别进行MSCTA和数字减影血管造影(DSA),所有患者均完成VR、MIP、SSD处理,并对照手术或介入结果评估其诊断价值.[结果]MSCTA发现7例动静脉畸形,23例共24个动脉瘤,其中21例为单个动脉瘤,1例为两个动脉瘤,1例合并有动静脉畸形.动脉瘤直径最小2.0 mm,最大20 mm.MSCTA能清晰显示动脉瘤的瘤体大小、瘤颈、瘤轴指向、载瘤动脉及其动脉瘤与邻近血管分支和骨性组织间的空间关系.DSA检查发现25个动脉瘤,MSCTA的吻合率为96%.[结论]MSCTA诊断颅内动脉瘤有较高准确性,可以帮助原发性SAH患者查找病因,指导临床诊断与治疗.     

Prevalence of Herniation and Intracranial Shift on Cranial Tomography in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and a Normal Neurologic Examination

Objectives: Patients frequently present to the emergency department (ED) with headache. Those with sudden severe headache are often evaluated for spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with noncontrast cranial computed tomography (CT) followed by lumbar puncture (LP). The authors postulated that in patients without neurologic symptoms or signs, physicians could forgo noncontrast cranial CT and proceed directly to LP. The authors sought to define the safety of this option by having senior neuroradiologists rereview all cranial CTs in a group of such patients for evidence of brain herniation or midline shift. Methods: This was a retrospective study that included all patients with a normal neurologic examination and nontraumatic SAH diagnosed by CT presenting to a tertiary care medical center from August 1, 2001, to December 31, 2004. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to clinical information and outcomes, rereviewed the initial ED head CT for evidence of herniation or midline shift. Results: Of the 172 patients who presented to the ED with spontaneous SAH diagnoses by cranial CT, 78 had normal neurologic examinations. Of these, 73 had initial ED CTs available for review. Four of the 73 (5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2% to 13%) had evidence of brain herniation or midline shift, including three (4%; 95% CI = 1% to 12%) with herniation. In only one of these patients was herniation or shift noted on the initial radiology report. Conclusions: Awake and alert patients with a normal neurologic examination and SAH may have brain herniation and/or midline shift. Therefore, cranial CT should be obtained before LP in all patients with suspected SAH. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:423–428 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

Computed Tomographic Angiography for the Evaluation of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objectives: Computed tomography (CT) followed by lumbar puncture (LP) is currently the criterion standard for diagnosing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the emergency department (ED); however, this is based on studies involving a limited number of patients. The authors sought to assess the ability of CT angiography (CTA), a new diagnostic modality, in conjunction with CT/LP to detect SAH. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting to the ED with symptoms concerning for SAH were approached. All patients had an intravenous catheter placed and underwent a noncontrast head CT followed by CTA. Patients whose CT did not reveal evidence of SAH or other pathology underwent LP in the ED. CTAs were read within 24 hours by a neuroradiologist blinded to the patient's history. Results: A total of 131 patients were approached, 116 were enrolled, and 106 completed the study. In six of 116 patients (5.1%), aneurysm was found on CTA with normal CT and positive findings on LP; three had a positive CTA with normal CT and LP findings (one of which had a negative cerebral angiogram), and there was one false‐positive CTA. Follow‐up of all 131 patients showed no previously undiagnosed intracranial pathology. In this patient population, 4.3% (5/116) were ultimately found to have an SAH and/or aneurysm. Conclusions: In this pilot study, CTA was found to be useful in the detection of cerebral aneurysms and may be useful in the diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH. A larger multicenter study would be useful to confirm these results.     

Sensitivity of New-generation Computed Tomography in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: To determine the sensitivity of the initial new-generation CT (NGCT) scan interpretation for detection of acute nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and to decide whether lumbar puncture (LP) should follow a "normal" NGCT scan.
Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients admitted between March 1988 and July 1994 with proven SAH. Exclusion criteria were age <2 years, diagnosis other than acute SAH, history of head trauma within 24 hours before symptom onset, NGCT scan not done before diagnosis, and records not available. Patients were placed into two groups: symptom duration <24 hours (group 1) and >24 hours (group 2) prior to CT scan. The resolution of each NGCT scanner was recorded. An NGCT sceinner was defined as a third-generation scanner or more recent.
Results: Of 349 SAH patients, 181 met inclusion criteria. The sensitivity of NGCT scans for SAH was 93.1% for the group 1 patients ( n = 144) and 83.8% for the group 2 patients ( n = 37). The overall sensitivity was 91.2%. All the patients who had SAH not detected by NGCT scans were diagnosed by LP. There was no significant relationship between NGCT scanner resolution and sensitivity for SAH.
Conclusion: Initial interpretation of NGCT scans to detect SAH does not approach 100% sensitivity. A "normal" NGCT scan does not reliably exclude the need for LP in patients who have symptoms suggestive of SAH.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的预后因素分析及预后判别

【目的】探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）的预后影响因素。【方法】采用SAS V6．12统计软件,对年龄、性别、Hunt＆Hess分级、血管痉挛程度、动脉瘤的大小及部位、手术时机和Fisher＇s分级共8项34个水平对其预后进行单因素和多因素分析,然后引入Logistic多元回归模型,求得判别方程。【结果】血管痉挛的程度（rs=-0．73215,P〈0．01）及SAH的Fisher＇s分级（rs=-0．54601,P〈0．01）与预后明显相关,并得到判别方程。【结论】脑血管痉挛的程度及Fisher＇s分级是aSAH预后最为重要的两个独立判别因素。     

Emergency Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Evidence-Based Debate

Background

The diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is of paramount concern in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute headache. Computed tomography followed by lumbar puncture is a time-honored practice, but recent technologic advances in magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography with computed tomography angiography can present alternatives for clinicians and patients.

Objective

The aim of this article was to compare diagnostic strategies for ED patients in whom subarachnoid hemorrhage is suspected.

Methods

We analyze and discuss current protocols, in addition to summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Results

Through our residency's journal club, we organized an evidence-based debate that pitted proponents of the three subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnostic strategies against one another. Proponents of each strategy described its advantages and disadvantages. Briefly, computed tomography/lumbar puncture is time honored and effective, but is limited by complications and indeterminate lumbar puncture results. Magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography might be more effective in late presentations and can visualize aneurysms, yet has limited availability. Computed tomography with computed tomography angiography offers rapid diagnosis and is considered the most sensitive for diagnosing aneurysms, but has the highest radiation exposure.

Conclusions

Each of the three strategies used to diagnose subarachnoid hemorrhage has advantages and disadvantages with which clinicians should be familiar. Patient factors (e.g., age, body habitus, and risk factors), presentation factors (e.g., time from headache onset and severity of presentation), and institutional factors (availability of magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography) can influence the choice of protocol.     

CT对蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断价值

目的:探讨CT对蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断价值。材料与方法:分析经腰椎穿刺证实的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血45例以及外伤性蛛网下腔出血105例的CT征象。结果:自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的CT表现为脑池铸型高密度影,脑沟、脑内线状或雾带状高密度影。外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血常伴有灶性或普遍性脑挫裂伤,颅骨骨折等。结论:CT扫描在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血和外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的定位、定性诊断中具有十分重要的价值。     

自发性蛛网膜下隙出血患者头痛期间的身心体验

目的深入了解和理解自发性蛛网膜下隙出血患者剧烈头痛过程中的心理真实体验,以引导护士更好地为患者提供及时有效的心理支持和整体护理。方法采用半结构式访谈法分别对9名患者进行访谈,让患者在没有任何约束的情况下自由谈论其经历,对谈话内容采用内容分析法进行分析。结果访谈结果揭示了自发性蛛网膜下隙出血患者在剧烈头痛期间的主要心理体验,即极度的痛苦及忍耐、健康信息需求、医护人员的关心需求。结论在自发性蛛网膜下隙出血患者头痛期间,医护人员应给予患者强有力的心理支持和关爱,适当给予有效止痛,鼓励患者战胜病痛,满足患者的身心需要,以有效缓解患者因剧烈头痛带来的巨大压力,减轻患者的身心痛苦。     

蛛网膜下腔出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的危险因素,为临床预防和治疗提供理论依据.方法对济南军区148医院1992年1月～2002年1月住院的213名诊断为SAH病人的住院记录进行回顾,并按12的比例,选择性别、年龄、种族相匹配同期住院的非SAH病人作为对照组,观察危险因素对SAH的影响.结果213名SAH病人,男性91例,女性122例,平均年龄49.2±10.1岁,其中高血压107例(50.23%),冠心病43例(20.19%),卒中家族史27例(12.72%),抽烟63例(29.58%),戒烟1年以上35例(16.43%),经常饮酒39例(18.31%)明显高于对照组.结论高血压、冠心病、卒中家族史、抽烟、短期内戒烟、经常饮酒是SAH的危险因素.     

脑脊液置换对蛛网膜下腔出血并发脑血管痉挛的影响

目的：探讨脑脊液置换对原发性蛛NNTN出血（SAH）并发脑血管痉挛（CVS）的临床效果。方法：84例SAH患者随机分为2组各42例,均给予神经内科常规方法治疗。观察组每3d给予1次脑脊液置换,共计5次。结果：治疗4周后,与对照组比较,观察组CVS发生率明显降低,并且发生CVS的患者症状较轻,预后相对较好（均P〈0．05）。结论：配合脑脊液置换治疗可降低原发性SAH并发CVS的发生率,明显改善患者的预后。